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Desai S, Russel SM, Berk G, Kimple A. LGBTQIA+ Outness in Otolaryngology Residency Applications. J Surg Educ 2024; 81:620-624. [PMID: 38553371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual/aromantic (LGBTQIA+) providers improve health outcomes of sexual and gender minority (SGM) patients, which demonstrates the importance of understanding the state of LGBTQIA+ representation at all levels of medical training. The U.S. does not systematically collect sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data from applicants, trainees, and attending physicians, prompting us to wonder whether SGM representation in surgical fields, such as otolaryngology, is adequate. Personal statements submitted to an otolaryngology program from 2019 to 2021 were searched for LGBTQIA+ terms, and those containing LGBTQIA+ terms underwent full text review to determine whether applicants identified themselves as LGBTQIA+. Across these 2 application cycles, the sampled residency program received 928 applications. Only 2 applicants of 928 (0.2%) self-disclosed their LGBTQIA+ identities in their personal statements. These results signify a scarcity of SGM diversity in otolaryngology and warrant deeper exploration into factors preventing residency applicants from self-disclosure of LGBTQIA+ identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Desai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah M Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Garrett Berk
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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2
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Maley CJ. Computation for cognitive science: Analog versus digital. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2024:e1679. [PMID: 38655784 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive science was founded on the idea that the mind/brain can be understood in computational terms. While computational modeling in science is ubiquitous, cognitive science takes the stronger stance that the mind/brain literally performs computations. Moreover, performing computations is crucial to explaining what the mind/brain does, qua mind/brain. Unfortunately, most scientists fail to consider analog computation as a legitimate and theoretically useful type of computation in addition to digital computation; to the extent that analog computation is acknowledged, it is mostly based on a simplistic and incomplete understanding. Taking computation to consist of only one type (i.e., digital) while ignoring another, interestingly distinct type (i.e., analog) leads to an impoverished understanding of what it could mean for minds/brains to compute. A full appreciation and understanding of analog computation-particularly in relation to digital computation-allows researchers to develop computational frameworks and hypotheses in new and exciting ways. Thus, somewhat counterintuitively, looking to the once-dominant computing paradigm of yesteryear can provide novel computational ways of thinking about the mind and brain. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Maley
- Department of Philosophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Yesantharao LV, Sriram S, Litvack JR, Chandrasekhar SS, Galaiya DJ. Is a Simple Checklist Associated With Improvement in Gender Representation at the AAO-HNSF Annual Meeting? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024. [PMID: 38591747 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In September 2017, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) added 2 questions querying panel organizers if gender/racial diversity was considered in selecting panel presenters, beginning with the 2018 Annual Meeting (AM). This study examines how this checklist impacted the gender diversity of panel presenters at the AAO-HNS AM. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional investigation comparing female representation before and after the addition of questions inquiring about diversity in 2018. SETTING A review of abstract submissions for the AMs from 2015 to 2021. METHODS AM Official Program Abstracts were used to obtain presenter names and specialty area for each panel. The percentage of female presenters, in total and stratified by specialty area, were compared before and after 2018 to quantify changes following the addition of the checklist. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the proportion of female panel presenters from 22.3% (total n = 1199) in 2015 to 2017 to 33.0% (total n = 1868) in 2018 to 2021 (P < .001) and in all panel specialties. The number of female moderated panels also significantly increased after checklist implementation from 22% to 38% (P < .001). Correspondingly, the number of panels with no female representation decreased from 42% in 2015 to 2017 to 23% in 2018 to 2021 (P < .001). CONCLUSION The addition of a checklist asking panel organizers to consider diversity in selecting panelists was associated with an increased proportion of female presenters at the AM. This simple strategy can be implemented by all medical conferences to help close the gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha V Yesantharao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shreya Sriram
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie R Litvack
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | | | - Deepa J Galaiya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zeng X, Li SJ, Lv SQ, Wen ML, Li Y. A comprehensive review of the recent advances on predicting drug-target affinity based on deep learning. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1375522. [PMID: 38628639 PMCID: PMC11019008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1375522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate calculation of drug-target affinity (DTA) is crucial for various applications in the pharmaceutical industry, including drug screening, design, and repurposing. However, traditional machine learning methods for calculating DTA often lack accuracy, posing a significant challenge in accurately predicting DTA. Fortunately, deep learning has emerged as a promising approach in computational biology, leading to the development of various deep learning-based methods for DTA prediction. To support researchers in developing novel and highly precision methods, we have provided a comprehensive review of recent advances in predicting DTA using deep learning. We firstly conducted a statistical analysis of commonly used public datasets, providing essential information and introducing the used fields of these datasets. We further explored the common representations of sequences and structures of drugs and targets. These analyses served as the foundation for constructing DTA prediction methods based on deep learning. Next, we focused on explaining how deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Transformer, and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), were effectively employed in specific DTA prediction methods. We highlighted the unique advantages and applications of these models in the context of DTA prediction. Finally, we conducted a performance analysis of multiple state-of-the-art methods for predicting DTA based on deep learning. The comprehensive review aimed to help researchers understand the shortcomings and advantages of existing methods, and further develop high-precision DTA prediction tool to promote the development of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Shu-Juan Li
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Lv
- Institute of Surveying and Information Engineering West Yunnan University of Applied Science, Dali, China
| | - Meng-Liang Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dali University, Dali, China
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Callender VD, Harvey VM, Hartman CL, Gohara M, Khan TT, Kwan W, Ginn LR. Do Women with Skin of Color Think They Are Well Represented in Skin Aging Prevention Information? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2024; 17:18-22. [PMID: 38638189 PMCID: PMC11022842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Objective There are clinical differences in healthy skin requirements and skin-aging features by race and ethnicity. However, individuals of color are underrepresented in dermatology-related medical information. We sought to gather information from women of color regarding their attitudes about the importance of the prevention of skin aging, available information, and perception of representation in skin-aging prevention information. Methods This study involved an observational, cross-sectional, online survey of women aged 18 to 70 years residing in the United States. Participants were placed into one of seven cohorts based on self-reported race/ethnicity. Relative frequencies of responses were compared across cohorts; adjusted logistic regression was used to assess perception of representation in skin-aging prevention information. Results The mean age of the 1,646 participants was 44.4 years. The mean (standard deviation) rating (from 0, "not at all important" to 10, "extremely important") of the importance of the prevention of skin aging ranged from 7.3 to 8.2 across the seven cohorts. All cohorts reported the most trusted source of information for skin-aging prevention products and treatments was a skin-care professional, but not all cohorts believed they are well represented in available sources of information. Older age, lower median household income, and a race/ethnicity of Black, Asian, "Other," and "More Than One Race" were less likely to report being well represented. Limitations People without internet access could not participate, potentially excluding some older and lower-income groups. Conclusion Women of color are less likely to feel represented in available information on the prevention of skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie D. Callender
- Dr. Callender is with Callender Dermatology and Cosmetic Center in Glenn Dale, Maryland
| | - Valerie M. Harvey
- Dr. Harvey is with Tidewater Physicians Multispecialty Group in Newport News, Virginia
| | - Corey L. Hartman
- Dr. Hartman is with Skin Wellness Dermatology in Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mona Gohara
- Dr. Gohara is with Dermatology Physicians of Connecticut in Branford, Connecticut
| | - Tanya T. Khan
- Dr. Khan is with Khan Eyelid and Facial Aesthetics in Dallas, Texas
| | - William Kwan
- Dr. Kwan is with Lasky Skin Center in Beverly Hills, California
| | - Lisa R. Ginn
- Dr. Ginn is with Skin@LRG in Chevy Chase, Maryland
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Filatov S, Auzinsh M. Towards Two Bloch Sphere Representation of Pure Two-Qubit States and Unitaries. Entropy (Basel) 2024; 26:280. [PMID: 38667834 PMCID: PMC11049020 DOI: 10.3390/e26040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We extend Bloch sphere formalism to pure two-qubit systems. Combining insights from Geometric Algebra and the analysis of entanglement in different conjugate bases we identify two Bloch sphere geometry that is suitable for representing maximally entangled states. It turns out that the relative direction of the coordinate axes of the two Bloch spheres may be used to describe the states. Moreover, the coordinate axes of one Bloch sphere should be rignt-handed and those of the other one should be left-handed. We describe and depict separable and maximally entangled states as well as entangling and non-entangling rotations. We also offer a graphical representation of the workings of a CNOT gate for different inputs. Finally, we provide a way to also represent partially entangled states and describe entanglement measures related to the surface area of the sphere enclosing the state representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Filatov
- Department of Physics, University of Latvia, Raina Boulevard 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
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Yang G, Wu H, Li Q, Liu X, Fu Z, Jiang J. Dorsolateral prefrontal activity supports a cognitive space organization of cognitive control. eLife 2024; 12:RP87126. [PMID: 38446535 PMCID: PMC10942645 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control resolves conflicts between task-relevant and -irrelevant information to enable goal-directed behavior. As conflicts can arise from different sources (e.g., sensory input, internal representations), how a limited set of cognitive control processes can effectively address diverse conflicts remains a major challenge. Based on the cognitive space theory, different conflicts can be parameterized and represented as distinct points in a (low-dimensional) cognitive space, which can then be resolved by a limited set of cognitive control processes working along the dimensions. It leads to a hypothesis that conflicts similar in their sources are also represented similarly in the cognitive space. We designed a task with five types of conflicts that could be conceptually parameterized. Both human performance and fMRI activity patterns in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex support that different types of conflicts are organized based on their similarity, thus suggesting cognitive space as a principle for representing conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyBeijingChina
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of MacauMacauChina
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyBeijingChina
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhongzheng Fu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Unversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
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Yudien MA, Brooks AD, Aarons CB. Medical Student Perceptions of Academic Surgery: Rose-Colored Glasses or Jaded Prism? J Surg Educ 2024; 81:373-381. [PMID: 38177035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stereotypes of surgeons are pervasive and play a role in medical students' decisions about pursuing a surgical career. This study aimed to determine: (1) how medical students' perceptions of surgery and surgeons changed following exposure to surgery during clerkship rotations; and (2) if gender and racial/ethnic identification played a role in this process. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this mixed-method study, clerkship students at one U.S. medical school were asked to anonymously contribute words and phrases that they associated with surgery to an online "word cloud" at the beginning and end of their 12-week surgery clerkship. In addition, an end-of-year, anonymous survey of their perceptions was administered and analyzed using a Grounded Theory approach. RESULTS Of 154 students invited to complete the online survey, analysis of 24 completed surveys suggested that students believe surgical culture to be toxic, with unfriendly attitudes, strict hierarchy, and lack of work-life balance. Analysis of 678 Word Cloud responses, however, indicated that the frequency of complimentary responses increased following surgery clerkships (25% vs 36%; z = -3.26; p = 0.001), while the proportion of responses describing surgery/surgeons as male-dominated, egotistical, and scary decreased (5% vs 1%, z = 2.86, p = 0.004; 9% vs 4%, z = 2.78, p = 0.005; 3% vs 0.3%, z = 2.56, p = 0.011, respectively). The association between surgeons and being White disappeared entirely. Female students were more likely than male students to state that their perceptions did not change following exposure (40% vs 0%; z = 2.19; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS With exposure to surgery, students' preconceived notions may be positively influenced. However, students continue to hold negative perceptions, and this effect may be stratified by gender identification. Institutions should work to address these perceptions in pre-clerkship years to attract a more diverse pool of future surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhal A Yudien
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Ari D Brooks
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cary B Aarons
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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9
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Silva-Santisteban A, Hernandez Woodbine MJ, Noriega MA, Rabinowitz LG, Grimshaw A, Farrell JJ, Chhoda A, Sawhney MS. Disparities in race, ethnicity, sex, and age inclusion in pancreatic cancer screening studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2024:S0016-5107(24)00138-X. [PMID: 38432492 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There are substantial differences in pancreatic cancer outcomes across ethnoracial stratifications. We sought to assess racial, ethnic, sex and age reporting and inclusion of participants in pancreatic cancer screening studies. METHODS A systematic search of Cochrane Library, Ovid Embase, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection from inception to 2022 was conducted. Original studies on pancreatic cancer screening were identified and assessed for reporting and inclusion on race, ethnicity, sex, and age. The pooled proportions of study participants for these characteristics were calculated and compared with population-based benchmarks. RESULTS Among 27 eligible pancreatic cancer screening studies, 26 reported data on either sex, race, or ethnicity, with a total of 5273 participants. Information on participant sex was reported by 26, race by 12, and ethnicity by 8 studies. Participants in these studies were almost all White (pooled proportion=93.1%; 95%CI:89.7%-96.4%) and non-Latino (pooled proportion=97.4%, 95% CI:94.0%-100%), and these groups were overrepresented when compared with the general population. Females were well represented with pooled proportion=63.2% (95% CI:59.9%-66.6). When reported, mean or median participant age was < 60 years. Meta regression revealed higher proportion of females in studies from the United States (p=0.002). No association between increasing participation of racial or ethnic underrepresented populations and study quality, ascending year of publication, or source of study funding was noted. CONCLUSION Substantial disparities in race, ethnicity, sex, and age reporting and inclusion in pancreatic cancer studies were noted, even among high-quality and publicly funded studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Silva-Santisteban
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maria Jose Hernandez Woodbine
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marco Antonio Noriega
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Loren G Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - James J Farrell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ankit Chhoda
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mandeep S Sawhney
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Idoiaga Mondragon N, Eiguren Munitis A, Berasategi Sancho N, Ozamiz Etxebarria N. Drawing the COVID-19 pandemic: how do children incorporate the health crisis and its consequences into their everyday thinking? Psychol Health 2024; 39:379-398. [PMID: 35438017 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2022.2066103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The general objective of this research was to explore how children understand and represent COVID-19 health crisis in their everyday thinking. DESIGN This research is based on a qualitative interpretive research methodology that uses 6-12 years children's drawings from San Sebastian (Basque Country, northern of Spain) to collect data. This technique allows children to visualize how they face this situation through a tool that promotes expression of their feelings and representations. RESULTS A total of 345 drawings were collected, and 949 elements related to the different coded categories were coded. The themes that have arisen were related to symbols of the pandemic (n = 307, 32.34%), emotions (n = 290, 30.55%), actions carried out (n = 258, 27.18%) and socialization (n = 94, 9.90%). No differences by age-range were found. CONCLUSIONS Children have a realistic representation of the COVID-19 virus and its consequences, which closely resembles the representation shown by the media and society. The children show a good understanding of the new measures and social rules associated with the pandemic. They are also very aware of the need to support their emotions by different spheres (family, educational and social context). Alternative play activities and art-based education must be promoted, avoiding the abuse of screens to reinforce their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahia Idoiaga Mondragon
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Amaia Eiguren Munitis
- Department Didactics and School Organisation, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | | | - Naiara Ozamiz Etxebarria
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
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Lees T, Ram N, Swingler MM, Gatzke-Kopp LM. The effect of hair type and texture on electroencephalography and event-related potential data quality. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14499. [PMID: 38084752 PMCID: PMC10922334 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Research utilizing event-related potential (ERP) methods is generally biased with regard to sample representativeness. Among the myriad of factors that contribute to sample bias are researchers' assumptions about the extent to which racial differences in hair texture, volume, and style impact electrode placement, and subsequently, study eligibility. The current study examines these impacts using data collected from n = 213 individuals ages 17-19 years, and offers guidance on collection of ERP data across the full spectrum of hair types. Individual differences were quantified for hair texture using a visual scale, and for hair volume by measuring the amount of gel used in cap preparation. Electroencephalography data quality was assessed with multiple metrics at the preprocessing, post-processing, and variable generation stages. Results indicate that hair volume is associated with small, but systematic differences in signal quality and signal amplitude. Such differences are highly problematic as they could be misattributed to cognitive differences among groups. However, inclusion of gel volume as a covariate to account for individual differences in hair volume significantly reduced, and in most cases eliminated, group differences. We discuss strategies for overcoming real and perceived technical barriers for researchers seeking to achieve greater inclusivity and representativeness in ERP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Lees
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nilam Ram
- Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Margaret M Swingler
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Loeb S, Sanchez Nolasco T, Byrne N, Allen L, Langford AT, Ravenell J, Gomez SL, Washington SL, Borno HT, Griffith DM, Criner N. Representation Matters: Trust in Digital Health Information Among Black Patients With Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2024; 211:376-383. [PMID: 38329047 DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000003822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the majority of US adults obtain health information on the internet, the quality of information about prostate cancer is highly variable. Black adults are underrepresented in online content about prostate cancer despite a higher incidence of and mortality from the disease. The goal of this study was to explore the perspectives of Black patients with prostate cancer on the importance of racial representation in online content and other factors influencing trust. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted 7 virtual focus groups with Black patients with prostate cancer in 2022 and 2023. Participants completed an intake questionnaire with demographics followed by a group discussion, including feedback on purposefully selected online content. Transcripts were independently analyzed by 2 investigators experienced in qualitative research using a constant comparative method. RESULTS Most participants use online sources to look for prostate cancer information. Racial representation is an important factor affecting trust in the content. A lack of Black representation has consequences, including misperceptions about a lower risk of prostate cancer and discouraging further information-seeking. Other key themes affecting trust in online content included the importance of a reputable source of information, professional website structure, and soliciting money. CONCLUSIONS Underrepresentation of Black adults in prostate cancer content has the potential to worsen health disparities. Optimal online communications should include racially diverse representation and evidence-based information in a professional format from reputable sources without financial conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Manhattan Veterans Affairs, New York, New York
| | - Tatiana Sanchez Nolasco
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nataliya Byrne
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Laura Allen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aisha T Langford
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joseph Ravenell
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Samuel L Washington
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hala T Borno
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Trial Library Inc, San Francisco, California
| | - Derek M Griffith
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Racial Justice Institute and Center for Men's Health Equity, Georgetown University, Washington, Disctrict of Columbia
| | - Nickole Criner
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Dumont H. [Sex therapy and support for women and couples]. Rev Infirm 2024; 73:34-35. [PMID: 38485400 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Sexuality is shaped by experience and by what has been passed down. Body image and sex influence desire and pleasure. In the case of endometriosis, suffering and pain can lead to shame and guilt. Encouraging people to talk to each other helps to create a free eroticism that resembles the couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dumont
- c/o La Revue de l'infirmière, 65 rue Camille-Desmoulins, 92442 Issy-les-Moulineaux cedex, France.
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14
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Wang JJ, Kibbe MM. "Catastrophic" set size limits on infants' capacity to represent objects: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Dev Sci 2024:e13488. [PMID: 38421117 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Decades of research has revealed that humans can concurrently represent small quantities of three-dimensional objects as those objects move through space or into occlusion. For infants (but not older children or adults), this ability apparently comes with a significant limitation: when the number of occluded objects exceeds three, infants experience what has been characterized as a "catastrophic" set size limit, failing to represent even the approximate quantity of the hidden array. Infants' apparent catastrophic representational failures suggest a significant information processing limitation in the first years of life, and the evidence has been used as support for prominent theories of the development of object and numerical cognition. However, the evidence for catastrophic failure consists of individual small-n experiments that use null hypothesis significance testing to obtain null results (i.e., p > 0.05). Whether catastrophic representational failures are robust or reliable across studies, methods, and labs is not known. Here we report a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis to examine the strength of the evidence in favor of catastrophic representational failures in infancy. Our analysis of 22 experiments across 12 reports, with a combined total of n = 367 infants aged 10-20 months, revealed strong support for the evidence for catastrophic set size limits. A complementary analysis found moderate support for infants' success when representing fewer than four objects. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of object and numerical cognitive development. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Previous work has suggested that infants are unable to concurrently represent four or more objects-a "catastrophic" set size limit. We reviewed this work and conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis to examine the robustness of this limit across individual small-n experiments. We found strong support for the evidence for catastrophic set size limits, and moderate support for infants' success when representing fewer than four objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Jenny Wang
- Department of Psychology & Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melissa M Kibbe
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Cummins I. Psychiatry, racism and crime: the case of Christopher Clunis reconsidered. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1334020. [PMID: 38384593 PMCID: PMC10880558 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1334020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In December 2022, the death of Christopher Clunis was made public. He had actually died in February 2021. Christopher Clunis was convicted of the manslaughter of a stranger, Jonathan Zito. He attacked Mr Zito at a train station. This paper will argue that this terrible event became a totemic symbol of the wider failings of the policy of community care. The image of Clunis being driven away from Court was repeatedly used in newspaper and other media reports as a reference point. The image reflects a number of long-standing traits in the representation of the "mentally ill." These are combined with a racial stereotype of Black men. The paper examines historical representations of the mentally ill as a context for a discussion of the Clunis case. The paper uses the work of Stuart Hall as an analytical tool to examine the questions of race and representation, and the moral panic following failings of community care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cummins
- School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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16
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Scambler S, Ahmed TA, Aiyere J, Cheng E. Diversifying the dental curriculum: A review of the Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree reading lists in a UK dental school. Eur J Dent Educ 2024; 28:71-78. [PMID: 37147927 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analysis of the diversity of reading lists on courses offered by universities is one way to assess what is being taught and how it shapes our understanding of the world. Very little work has been carried out so far within dentistry on decolonising the curriculum. Existing work looks at the representation of women or ethnic minorities but not at the dental curriculum per se. This article starts to address this. METHODS The reading lists within the 5 year Bachelor of Dental Surgery curriculum in a large UK dental school were collected and assessed. A data extraction spreadsheet was developed and journal articles on every course reading list across the 5 year curriculum were read in detail. Information on authorship and author affiliations, alongside patient and population representation within the article itself, were collected and collated. RESULTS We found that there are 2.5 times more male authors than female authors, and almost three times more male lead authors in the articles evaluated. The majority of journal articles included in the reading lists are written by academics and/or clinicians affiliated with institutions in the United Kingdom and most articles are from the global north. In addition, 65% of articles do not specify the focus patient or population group studied. DISCUSSION It is unlikely that current reading lists within dentistry fully reflect the composition of the profession itself, the variety of knowledge needed to provide evidence-based practice in a globalised oral health arena or the heterogeneous nature of the patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Scambler
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tasnim Aniqa Ahmed
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jesutomisin Aiyere
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Cheng
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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17
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De Jesús-Romero R, Holder-Dixon AR, Buss JF, Lorenzo-Luaces L. Race, Ethnicity, and Other Cultural Background Factors in Trials of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e50780. [PMID: 38300699 PMCID: PMC10870215 DOI: 10.2196/50780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in developing scalable interventions, including internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT), to meet the increasing demand for mental health services. Given the growth in diversity worldwide, it is essential that the clinical trials of iCBT for depression include diverse samples or, at least, report information on the race, ethnicity, or other background indicators of their samples. Unfortunately, the field lacks data on how well diversity is currently reported and represented in the iCBT literature. OBJECTIVE Thus, the main objective of this systematic review was to examine the overall reporting of racial and ethnic identities in published clinical trials of iCBT for depression. We also aimed to review the representation of specific racial and ethnic minoritized groups and the inclusion of alternative background indicators such as migration status or country of residence. METHODS Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials in which iCBT was compared to a waiting list, care-as-usual, active control, or another iCBT. The included papers also had to have a focus on acute treatment (eg, 4 weeks to 6 months) of depression, be delivered via the internet on a website or a smartphone app and use guided or unguided self-help. Studies were initially identified from the METAPSY database (n=59) and then extended to include papers up to 2022, with papers retrieved from Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane (n=3). Risk of bias assessment suggested that reported studies had at least some risk of bias due to use of self-report outcome measures. RESULTS A total of 62 iCBT randomized controlled trials representing 17,210 participants are summarized in this study. Out of those 62 papers, only 17 (27%) of the trials reported race, and only 12 (19%) reported ethnicity. Reporting outside of the United States was very poor, with the United States accounting for 15 (88%) out of 17 of studies that reported race and 9 (75%) out of 12 for ethnicity. Out of 3,623 participants whose race was reported in the systematic review, the racial category reported the most was White (n=2716, 74.9%), followed by Asian (n=209, 5.8%) and Black (n=274, 7.6%). Furthermore, only 25 (54%) out of the 46 papers conducted outside of the United States reported other background demographics. CONCLUSIONS It is important to note that the underreporting observed in this study does not necessarily indicate an underrepresentation in the actual study population. However, these findings highlight the poor reporting of race and ethnicity in iCBT trials for depression found in the literature. This lack of diversity reporting may have significant implications for the scalability of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson De Jesús-Romero
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Amani R Holder-Dixon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John F Buss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
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18
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Ramjee S, Hasan ZU. Strengthening TikTok Content Analysis in Academia Using Follower Count and Engagement. JMIR Dermatol 2024; 7:e54439. [PMID: 38289654 PMCID: PMC10865194 DOI: 10.2196/54439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ramjee
- Urology Department, Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, United Kingdom
| | - Zeeshaan-Ul Hasan
- Dermatology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Chapman AF, Störmer VS. Representational structures as a unifying framework for attention. Trends Cogn Sci 2024:S1364-6613(24)00002-0. [PMID: 38280837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Our visual system consciously processes only a subset of the incoming information. Selective attention allows us to prioritize relevant inputs, and can be allocated to features, locations, and objects. Recent advances in feature-based attention suggest that several selection principles are shared across these domains and that many differences between the effects of attention on perceptual processing can be explained by differences in the underlying representational structures. Moving forward, it can thus be useful to assess how attention changes the structure of the representational spaces over which it operates, which include the spatial organization, feature maps, and object-based coding in visual cortex. This will ultimately add to our understanding of how attention changes the flow of visual information processing more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus F Chapman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Viola S Störmer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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20
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Roads BD, Love BC. Modeling Similarity and Psychological Space. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:215-240. [PMID: 37562499 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-040323-115131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Similarity and categorization are fundamental processes in human cognition that help complex organisms make sense of the cacophony of information in their environment. These processes are critical for tasks such as recognizing objects, making decisions, and forming memories. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on similarity and psychological spaces, discussing the theories, methods, and empirical findings that have been generated over the years. Although the concept of similarity has important limitations, it plays a key role in cognitive modeling. The review surfaces three key themes. First, similarity and mental representations are merely two sides of the same coin, existing as a similarity-representation duality that defines a psychological space. Second, both the brain's mental representations and the study of mental representations are made possible by exploiting second-order isomorphism. Third, similarity analysis has near-universal applicability across all levels of cognition, providing a common research language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Roads
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Bradley C Love
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
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21
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Trepka E, Spitmaan M, Qi XL, Constantinidis C, Soltani A. Training-Dependent Gradients of Timescales of Neural Dynamics in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Their Contributions to Working Memory. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2442212023. [PMID: 37973375 PMCID: PMC10866190 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2442-21.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons exhibit multiple timescales related to dynamics of spontaneous fluctuations (intrinsic timescales) and response to task events (seasonal timescales) in addition to selectivity to task-relevant signals. These timescales increase systematically across the cortical hierarchy, for example, from parietal to prefrontal and cingulate cortex, pointing to their role in cortical computations. It is currently unknown whether these timescales are inherent properties of neurons and/or depend on training in a specific task and if the latter, how their modulations contribute to task performance. To address these questions, we analyzed single-cell recordings within five subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of male macaques before and after training on a working-memory task. We found fine-grained but opposite gradients of intrinsic and seasonal timescales that mainly appeared after training. Intrinsic timescales decreased whereas seasonal timescales increased from posterior to anterior subregions within both dorsal and ventral PFC. Moreover, training was accompanied by increases in proportions of neurons that exhibited intrinsic and seasonal timescales. These effects were comparable to the emergence of response selectivity due to training. Finally, task selectivity accompanied opposite neural dynamics such that neurons with task-relevant selectivity exhibited longer intrinsic and shorter seasonal timescales. Notably, neurons with longer intrinsic and shorter seasonal timescales exhibited superior population-level coding, but these advantages extended to the delay period mainly after training. Together, our results provide evidence for plastic, fine-grained gradients of timescales within PFC that can influence both single-cell and population coding, pointing to the importance of these timescales in understanding cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Trepka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover 03755, New Hampshire
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California
| | - Mehran Spitmaan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover 03755, New Hampshire
| | - Xue-Lian Qi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27157, North Carolina
| | | | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover 03755, New Hampshire
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22
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Rodriguez R, Anderson L, Woolhiser E, Balmorez T, Cook B, Hauptman M, Kirk J, Keime N, Dellavalle RP. Diversity Among American Dermatological Association Members by Sex and Geographic Region. JMIR Dermatol 2024; 7:e47802. [PMID: 38198199 PMCID: PMC10809161 DOI: 10.2196/47802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Emily Woolhiser
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas, KS, United States
| | - Timothy Balmorez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Bailey Cook
- Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Megan Hauptman
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica Kirk
- Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Noah Keime
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Dermatology Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Regional Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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23
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Blanco-Fernández V, Villegas-Simón I, Soto-Sanfiel MT. 'I Am they.' Non-Binary Representation in Television Fiction as a Manifestation of Social Conceptions. J Homosex 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38193863 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2024.2302424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This qualitative research uses a case study to observe non-binary representation in TV fiction. The Dan character from the Spanish series HIT (RTVE, 2020-present), who is the first openly non-binary character in Spanish TV fiction, is analyzed through the lens of Queer Media Studies. The research applies a combination of content and discourse analysis. Qualitative content categories include a character's visibility, identity, relevance, embodiment, and social interaction. Discourse analysis categories include character's construction, lexicalization, propositional framing, and focus. Results show that Dan's non-binary depiction revolves around three significant axes: dualism, confusion, and exceptional talent. These axes frame social attitudes toward non-binary people and are composed by a set of features identified in Dan's case which also informs society's mind-sets. These traits are proposed as an analytical-theoretical tool for further analyses of non-binary representation in different cultural contexts. The outcomes of this research may inform audiovisual industries, regulations and academia, and are useful to consolidate non-binary media studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María T Soto-Sanfiel
- Communications and New Media Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Tee J, Vitetta GM. Editorial: Advances in Shannon-based communications and computations approaches to understanding information processing in the brain. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 17:1352772. [PMID: 38239897 PMCID: PMC10794650 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1352772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Tee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Giorgio M. Vitetta
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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25
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Ekpo E, Balla S, Ngo S, Witting C, Sarraju A, Furst A, Rodriguez F. Under representation of Women in Reduced Ejection Heart Failure Clinical Trials With Improved Mortality or Hospitalization. JACC Adv 2024; 3:100743. [PMID: 38405270 PMCID: PMC10890822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are established sex-specific differences in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) outcomes. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) based on cardiovascular outcome benefits, typically either reduced cardiovascular mortality or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), influence current guidelines for therapy. OBJECTIVES The authors evaluate the representation of women in HFrEF RCTs that observed reduced all-cause or cardiovascular mortality or HHF. METHODS We queried Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, and PubMed for HFrEF RCTs that reported a statistically significant benefit of intervention resulting in improved mortality or HHF published from 1980 to 2021. We estimated representation using the participation-to-prevalence ratio (PPR). A PPR of 0.8 to 1.2 was considered representative. RESULTS The final analysis included 33 RCTs. Women represented only 23.2% of all enrolled participants (n = 24,366/104,972), ranging from 11.4% to 40.1% per trial. Overall PPR was 0.58, with per-trial PPR estimates ranging from 0.29 to 1.00. Only 5 trials (15.2%) had a PPR of women representative of the disease population. Representation did not change significantly over time. The proportion of women in North American trials was significantly greater than trials conducted in Europe (P = 0.03). The proportion of women was greater in industry trials compared to government-funded trials (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Women are underrepresented in HFrEF RCTs that have demonstrated mortality or HHF benefits and influence current guidelines. Representation is key to further delineation of sex-specific differences in major trial results. Sustained efforts are warranted to ensure equitable and appropriate inclusion of women in HFrEF trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eson Ekpo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sujana Balla
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Summer Ngo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Celeste Witting
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ashish Sarraju
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Furst
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research (PAVIR), Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Fatima Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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26
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Xue D, Blue EE, Conomos MP, Fohner AE. The power of representation: Statistical analysis of diversity in US Alzheimer's disease genetics data. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2024; 10:e12462. [PMID: 38500778 PMCID: PMC10945594 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease influenced by genetics and environment. More than 75 susceptibility loci have been linked to late-onset AD, but most of these loci were discovered in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) exclusive to non-Hispanic White individuals. There are wide disparities in AD risk across racially stratified groups, and while these disparities are not due to genetic differences, underrepresentation in genetic research can further exacerbate and contribute to their persistence. We investigated the racial/ethnic representation of participants in United States (US)-based AD genetics and the statistical implications of current representation. METHODS We compared racial/ethnic data of participants from array and sequencing studies in US AD genetics databases, including National Institute on Aging Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS) and NIAGADS Data Sharing Service (dssNIAGADS), to AD and related dementia (ADRD) prevalence and mortality. We then simulated the statistical power of these datasets to identify risk variants from non-White populations. RESULTS There is insufficient statistical power (probability <80%) to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with low to moderate effect sizes (odds ratio [OR]<1.5) using array data from Black and Hispanic participants; studies of Asian participants are not powered to detect variants OR <= 2. Using available and projected sequencing data from Black and Hispanic participants, risk variants with OR = 1.2 are detectable at high allele frequencies. Sample sizes remain insufficiently powered to detect these variants in Asian populations. DISCUSSION AD genetics datasets are largely representative of US ADRD burden. However, there is a wide discrepancy between proportional representation and statistically meaningful representation. Most variation identified in GWAS of non-Hispanic White individuals have low to moderate effects. Comparable risk variants in non-White populations are not detectable given current sample sizes, which could lead to disparities in future studies and drug development. We urge AD genetics researchers and institutions to continue investing in recruiting diverse participants and use community-based participatory research practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Xue
- Institute for Public Health GeneticsUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Institute for Public Health GeneticsUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Matthew P. Conomos
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Alison E. Fohner
- Institute for Public Health GeneticsUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
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27
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Safron A, Hipólito I, Clark A. Editorial: Bio A.I. - from embodied cognition to enactive robotics. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1301993. [PMID: 38034837 PMCID: PMC10682788 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1301993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Safron
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Inês Hipólito
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andy Clark
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Philosophy and Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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28
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George C, Wargo Aikins J. Developing a secure base in family intervention: using the adult attachment projective system to assess attachment in family relationships. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1291661. [PMID: 38022914 PMCID: PMC10654737 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1291661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Families are core to human well-being. Therapeutic intervention may be needed in the context of family disruptions. Attachment theory conceptualizes parents as the secure base and safe haven that support children's optimal development. Parents who have experienced their own attachment difficulties or traumas may not provide quality caregiving necessary for balanced secure parent-child attachment relationships. Following Bowlby's original thinking (1988), an attachment approach to family intervention views the therapist as a secure base that enables families to explore individual and system problems to restore equilibrium. Attachment informed therapy uses attachment theory to understand family functioning. However, the unavailability of valid economical assessment for examining attachment representations has constricted the practical utility of attachment theory in family therapy beyond applications of general concepts. This chapter describes the Adult Attachment Projective Pictures System (AAP) and explores its use as an efficient manner for assessing attachment representations within families that allows therapists to understand problematic interactions, disabling defensive processes, make predictions concerning negative patterns, and create targets for change and restorative intervention. Consolidating three decades of attachment and caregiving system research, we describe how distinct patterns of AAP responses for each adult attachment group map onto expected parenting and family system expectations and behaviors to provide a concise and informative framework. In addition to the traditional adult attachment patterns (Secure, Dismissing, Preoccupied, Unresolved), we describe for the first time expectations for two additional forms of incomplete pathological mourning (Failed Mourning and Preoccupied with Personal Suffering) that have been overlooked in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol George
- Mills College at Northeastern University, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Julie Wargo Aikins
- Merill Palmer Skillman Institute and The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Jones SC, Gordon CS, Mizzi S. Representation of autism in fictional media: A systematic review of media content and its impact on viewer knowledge and understanding of autism. Autism 2023; 27:2205-2217. [PMID: 36802826 PMCID: PMC10576905 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231155770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT The way autism is represented in fictional media can impact people's views of autistic people. For example, representations may contribute to negative views of autistic people as being unusual or dangerous, or they may challenge stereotypes and instead highlight the strengths of autistic people. This work aimed to review previous research to understand how autistic people have been represented in fictional media (Part A). It also sought to understand whether viewing fictional portrayals of autism has an impact on people's knowledge of autism and attitudes towards autistic people (Part B). Of 14 studies that were included in Part A, several unhelpful and stereotypical portrayals of autism emerged. Positive portrayals were those that highlighted the strengths of autistic people and reflected nuance. There is a need for greater diversity in representation of autism in fictional media. For example, not all autistic people are white heterosexual males. Across the five studies included in Part B, there were no improvements in people's knowledge of autism after watching or reading a short segment from a fictional TV series or novel that depicts an autistic person. Although there was a significant improvement in people's attitudes towards autistic people, these findings do not provide a complete picture given the short length of the media exposure and small number of studies. Future studies should investigate how multiple exposures to the representation of autistic people in both fictional and non-fictional sources can affect people's understanding of autism. There is also a need to develop more accurate and respectful ways of measuring people's knowledge of, and attitudes towards, autism.
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Gatzke-Kopp L, Keil A, Fabiani M. Diversity and representation. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14431. [PMID: 37840332 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gatzke-Kopp
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andreas Keil
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Champaign, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Sciences and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, USA
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Ayday E, Vaidya J, Jiang X, Telenti A. Ensuring Trust in Genomics Research. IEEE Int Conf Trust Priv Secur Intell Syst Appl 2023; 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38562180 PMCID: PMC10981793 DOI: 10.1109/tps-isa58951.2023.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Reproducibility, transparency, representation, and privacy underpin the trust on genomics research in general and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in particular. Concerns about these issues can be mitigated by technologies that address privacy protection, quality control, and verifiability of GWAS. However, many of the existing technological solutions have been developed in isolation and may address one aspect of reproducibility, transparency, representation, and privacy of GWAS while unknowingly impacting other aspects. As a consequence, the current patchwork of technological tools only partially and in an overlapping manner address issues with GWAS, sometimes even creating more problems. This paper addresses the progress in a field that creates technological solutions that augment the acceptance and security of population genetic analyses. The text identifies areas that are falling behind in technical implementation or where there is insufficient research. We make the case that a full understanding of the different GWAS settings, technological tools and new research directions can holistically address the requirements for the acceptance of GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Ayday
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH
| | - Jaideep Vaidya
- Management Science and Information Systems Department Rutgers University Newark, NJ
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence University of Texas - Health Houston, TX
| | - Amalio Telenti
- Dept. of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology Scripps Institute La Jolla, CA
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Richmond A. Commentary: Investigating the concept of representation in the neural and psychological sciences. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1259808. [PMID: 37965667 PMCID: PMC10641478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1259808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
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Riccioni A, Radua J, Ashaye FO, Solmi M, Cortese S. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Reporting and Representation of Race/Ethnicity in 310 Randomized Controlled Trials of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:S0890-8567(23)02149-4. [PMID: 37890665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.09.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reporting of race/ethnicity data in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications. Secondary objectives were to estimate temporal trends in the reporting, and to compare the pooled prevalence of racial/ethnic groups in RCTs conducted in the US to national estimates. METHOD We drew on, adapted, and updated the search of a network meta-analysis by Cortese et al. (2018) up to March 2022. We calculated the percentage of RCTs reporting data on race/ethnicity of participants in the published article or in related unpublished material. Temporal trends were estimated with logistic regression. The pooled prevalence of each racial/ethnic group across US RCTs was calculated using random-effects model meta-analyses. RESULTS We retained 310 RCTs (including 44,447 participants), of which 231 were conducted in children/adolescents, 78 in adults, and 1 in both. Data on race/ethnicity were reported in 59.3% of the RCTs (75% of which were conducted in children/adolescents and 25% in adults) in the published article, and in unpublished material in an additional 8.7% of the RCTs. Reporting improved over time. In the US RCTs, Asian and White individuals were under- and overrepresented, respectively, compared to national estimates in the most recent time period considered. CONCLUSION More than 30% of the RCTs of ADHD medications retained in this review did not include data on race/ethnicity in their published or unpublished reports, and more than 40% in their published articles, even though reporting improved over time. Results should inform investigators, authors, editors, regulators, and study participants in relation to efforts to tackle inequalities in ADHD research. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquim Radua
- DIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden and King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Florence O Ashaye
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, South Hampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Solmi
- University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program Ontario, Canada; Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Academic Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, Solent National Health System Trust (NHS), Southampton, United Kingdom, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone; the New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York; and the Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Kim YH, Park I, Cho SB, Yang S, Kim I, Lee KH, Choi K, Han SH. Three-Dimensional Virtual Reconstructions of Shoulder Movements Using Computed Tomography Images: Model Development. Interact J Med Res 2023; 12:e48381. [PMID: 37796554 PMCID: PMC10587804 DOI: 10.2196/48381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hee Kim
- Advanced Biomedical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Buem Cho
- Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyon Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kim
- SurgicalMind Inc, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Ha Lee
- Division of National S&T Data, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangnam Choi
- Division of National S&T Data, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Han
- Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fliorent R, Mistry S, Javaid K, Milani K. Skin of Color Is Underrepresented on Instagram: Assessing South Jersey Skin Talk as an Educational Tool to Increase Awareness. Cureus 2023; 15:e47388. [PMID: 38022218 PMCID: PMC10657636 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Instagram, a widely used social media platform with over two billion active users, has the potential to propagate dermatologic health information within the public sphere. However, there is a lack of representation of people of color (POC), making it crucial to share accurate and inclusive posts to increase awareness about dermatologic conditions. It is also necessary to address the misconceptions about skin diseases and other hereditary conditions within various ethnic groups. To combat this, a group of medical students created South Jersey Skin Talk (SJST), an initiative aimed to improve dermatologic health literacy in skin-of-color communities, particularly in underserved areas like Camden County, NJ. Using reliable sources to prevent the spread of misinformation, SJST's accessible Instagram page explains skin conditions, especially emphasizing appearances and manifestations in POC. The hypothesis being investigated by this group is that the implementation of SJST as a community intervention is expected to improve dermatologic health literacy in POC. Methods A 13-question survey was conducted via Qualtrics (Seattle, Washington) and was distributed on social media (Instagram, Facebook, Reddit, Twitter, TikTok, and GroupMe). It remained open for eight weeks during which users 18 years or older were invited to participate. The survey was divided into four sections: demographics, Instagram usage, knowledge of dermatology, and inclusion and diversity on SJST's page. A total of 184 total responses were collected, which were compared using chi-squared analyses on Qualtrics software. Results POC felt less represented on social media compared to White respondents prior to visiting SJST on Instagram (p < 0.00001). However, after viewing SJST, 87.5% of White participants and 88% of POC reported feeling represented on the page. Additionally, both groups of respondents indicated that they felt more knowledgeable about their primary skin concern after viewing the SJST's posts. Furthermore, 86.8% of POC reported that they would feel more confident participating in a conversation with their dermatologist regarding their primary dermatologic concern. Conclusion SJST is a community outreach organization focused on improving health literacy for POC and bridging the gap in healthcare disparities between White and POC populations. The results from this survey confirm the hypothesis and illustrate that community interventions targeted at education for POC increase health literacy and patient autonomy. These results also show that there is a need for more representation and diversity in medical dermatology on social media. Further studies should be done to investigate other disparities affecting adequate representation for POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Fliorent
- Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, USA
| | - Sonam Mistry
- Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, USA
| | - Kiran Javaid
- Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, USA
| | - Katharine Milani
- Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, USA
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Balu SR, Khoo A, Hunter CL, Ní Chróinín D. Does Case-Finding for Admission to Aged Care Rapid Investigation and Assessment Unit for Older Patients Improve Hospital Length of Stay? Evaluation of ARIA Unit. Int J Integr Care 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 37867578 PMCID: PMC10588540 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many older people present to emergency departments annually, often with complex geriatric syndromes, yet current acute care models and traditional admissions process may under-serve their needs. The multidisciplinary Aged Care Rapid Investigation and Assessment (ARIA) Unit seeks to bridge this gap, by actively identifying and assessing patients. Methods A prospective case-control study was undertaken at a single-centre tertiary referral institution. Patients were eligible for inclusion in ARIA group if admitted to ARIA via case-finding by the geriatrician or Aged Care Services Emergency Team, whilst standard geriatric admissions formed the control group. This study evaluates whether ARIA reduced hospital length-of-stay (LOS) and representation rates. Results 370 patients were included (185 each arm) with similar baseline demographics, frailty scores, and Charlson Comorbidity Indices. Patients admitted to ARIA had significantly shorter hospital LOS than those via standard pathway (3.3 days [IQR2.2-5.8] vs 7.5 days [IQR4.2-13.7], p < 0.00001). There were no significant differences in 90-day representation rates (n = 66 [35.7%] vs n = 64 [34.6%], p = 0.82). Discussion/Conclusion Introduction of an ARIA unit with a targeted approach to frontline geriatric services and case-finding is associated with improved LOS of older acute hospital patients. An economical cost analysis of this study would be beneficial in exploring potential financial savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundhar R. Balu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, AU
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shoalhaven District Memorial Hospital, Nowra, AU
| | - Angela Khoo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, AU
| | - Carol Lu Hunter
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, AU
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Liverpool, AU
| | - Danielle Ní Chróinín
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, AU
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Liverpool, AU
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Qin S. Emotion representations in context: maturation and convergence pathways. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:883-885. [PMID: 37598002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
How does the human brain develop stable emotion representations? According to recent work by Camacho et al., neural representations of contextualized emotional cues are distinct and fairly stable by mid-to-late childhood and activation patterns become increasingly similar between individuals during adolescence. Here, I propose a framework for investigating contextualized emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozheng Qin
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research & State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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Koester D. The (cognitive) future of motor control and learning. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1181808. [PMID: 37780123 PMCID: PMC10534033 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1181808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An ongoing debate exists regarding the compatibility of dynamic systems theory (DST) and symbol processing accounts (SPA), where SPA assume abstract representations and processing. Another aspect under discussion is if either one appropriately describes and explains motor control and the modification of motor skills. Both frameworks have their strengths and weaknesses. DST provides mechanistic explanations and takes system complexity and the environment into account without reference to mental entities. System behaviour is described mathematically and considered deterministic. In contrast, SPA propose that abstract content, that is, mental representations of the (own) body, and task requirements are critically important for movement control. It is argued that neither approach nor an (unaccomplished) unification of these frameworks can achieve a comprehensive understanding of motor control and learning. In this perspective article, it is argued that further effective sources of motor learning, such as emotional support and motivational guidance, have the potential to improve and preserve motor skills indirectly and should, thus, be recognised. Qualitative approaches focussing on understanding the athlete and the situation might be appropriate for applied work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Koester
- Faculty Sport Sciences and Personality, Business & Law School, Berlin, Germany
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Xie M, Muscinelli SP, Decker Harris K, Litwin-Kumar A. Task-dependent optimal representations for cerebellar learning. eLife 2023; 12:e82914. [PMID: 37671785 PMCID: PMC10541175 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar granule cell layer has inspired numerous theoretical models of neural representations that support learned behaviors, beginning with the work of Marr and Albus. In these models, granule cells form a sparse, combinatorial encoding of diverse sensorimotor inputs. Such sparse representations are optimal for learning to discriminate random stimuli. However, recent observations of dense, low-dimensional activity across granule cells have called into question the role of sparse coding in these neurons. Here, we generalize theories of cerebellar learning to determine the optimal granule cell representation for tasks beyond random stimulus discrimination, including continuous input-output transformations as required for smooth motor control. We show that for such tasks, the optimal granule cell representation is substantially denser than predicted by classical theories. Our results provide a general theory of learning in cerebellum-like systems and suggest that optimal cerebellar representations are task-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Xie
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Samuel P Muscinelli
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kameron Decker Harris
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington UniversityBellinghamUnited States
| | - Ashok Litwin-Kumar
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Khan K, Al-Izzi R, Montasem A, Gordon C, Brown H, Goldthorpe J. The feasibility of identifying health inequalities in social prescribing referrals and declines using primary care patient records. NIHR Open Res 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 37881458 PMCID: PMC10593349 DOI: 10.3310/nihropenres.13325.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Social prescribing (SP) is part of universal personalised care and available to everyone in the UK National Health Service. However, emerging evidence suggests access disparities in social prescribing. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using primary care records to access and analyse data on social prescribing. Our secondary aim was to compare characteristics of patients who are offered referral, referred to or decline referral for social prescribing to explore possible inequalities in access to social prescribing. Methods Patient records (n=3086) were extracted from 11 GP practices across Northwest England for accepted, offered and declined social prescribing referrals. Patient demographics collected included sex, age, ethnicity, mental and physical health diagnoses. Patient characteristics in social prescribing referrals were compared to the overall practice population (practice information from Public Health England). Referral and decline rates were compared by group (e.g. male/female decline rates). Results GP referral data showed inconsistent recording of wider determinants of health. Patient age, sex and mental and physical health conditions were consistently recorded. Other variables (marital status, interpreter need, education, disability, sexual orientation, non-English language, nationality) were recorded only sporadically and could not be used for analysis. Practices varied in referral patterns. Our preliminary findings identified under-referring of younger age groups and Asians, and higher declined referrals among individuals with physical health diagnoses. Conclusions Recording discrepancies meant that many patient factors could not be used to identify trends in social prescribing referrals and declines and assess equity. Primary care data recording must be consistent to understand SP referral trends and inequalities relating to the wider determinants of health. Preliminary results suggest some patient groups may be underrepresented in SP referrals, however this requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koser Khan
- Senior Research Associate, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration NWC, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Rachel Al-Izzi
- PhD student, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Alexander Montasem
- Senior Lecturer in Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Prseton, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Clare Gordon
- Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Health of Care, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Heather Brown
- Professor of Health Inequalities, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Joanna Goldthorpe
- Research Fellow NIHR Applied Research Collaboration NWC, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Marjadi B, Chiavaroli N, Sorinola O, Milos Nymberg V, Joyce C, Parsons C, Ryan A. Diversity Audit of Medical School Examination Questions. Teach Learn Med 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37553852 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2023.2240776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: This article reports the under-researched presentation of demographic, social, and economic diversity in medical school examination questions. Approach: The present study audited 3,566 pre-clinical and clinical multiple-choice and short answer examination questions in the same year (2018) from three medical schools in two continents to review the diversity of patients portrayed. The audit was based on an extension of Critical Race Theory beyond race and ethnicity to include pertinent social determinants of health. Findings: Patients were presented in 1,537 (43.1%) of the audited examination questions. Apart from age (89.4%) and binary genders (93.9%), other diversity characteristics were rarely portrayed (ethnicity 7.2%, relationship status 1.9%, sexual identity 1.1%, socio-economic status 0.5%, geographic residence 0.1%, disability 0.1%), or not at all (non-binary genders; residency status; religion/spirituality). Insights: While presenting excessive and unnecessary patient characteristics in examination questions should be avoided, the absence of many diversity aspects may reduce examination authenticity and defeat the teaching of diversity in medicine. Medical schools should consider a routine audit and reasonable improvement of the diversity features of patients in examination questions to support teaching and learning activities addressing patients' diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaputra Marjadi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Joyce
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - Carl Parsons
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - Anna Ryan
- Department of Medical Education, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Adu-Brimpong J, Pugh J, Darko DA, Shieh L. Examining Diversity in Digital Therapeutics Clinical Trials: Descriptive Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e37447. [PMID: 37531157 PMCID: PMC10433021 DOI: 10.2196/37447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital therapeutics (DTx) are an emerging class of software-based medical therapies helping to improve care access and delivery. As we leverage these digital health therapies broadly in clinical care, it is important to consider sociodemographic representation underlying clinical trials data to ensure broad application to all groups. OBJECTIVE We review current sociodemographic representation in DTx clinical trials using data from the Digital Therapeutics Alliance Product Library database. METHODS We conducted a descriptive analysis of DTx products. We analyzed 15 manuscripts associated with 13 DTx products. Sociodemographic information was retrieved and compared with the US population's demographic distribution. RESULTS The median study size and age of participants were 252 and 43.3 years, respectively. Of the 15 studies applicable to this study, 10 (67%) reported that females made up 65% or greater of the study cohort. A total of 14 studies reported race data with Black or African American and Asian American individuals underrepresented in 9 and 11 studies, respectively. In 7 studies that reported ethnicity, Hispanics were underrepresented in all 7 studies. Furthermore, 8 studies reported education levels, with 5 studies reporting populations in which 70% or greater had at least some college education. Only 3 studies reported health insurance information, each reporting a study cohort in which 100% of members were privately insured. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate opportunities for improved sociodemographic representation in DTx clinical trials, especially for underserved populations typically underrepresented in clinical trials. This review is a step in examining sociodemographic representation in DTx clinical trials to help inform the path forward for DTx development and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Adu-Brimpong
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Pugh
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - David Agyen Darko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lisa Shieh
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Vishne G, Gerber EM, Knight RT, Deouell LY. Distinct ventral stream and prefrontal cortex representational dynamics during sustained conscious visual perception. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112752. [PMID: 37422763 PMCID: PMC10530642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Instances of sustained stationary sensory input are ubiquitous. However, previous work focused almost exclusively on transient onset responses. This presents a critical challenge for neural theories of consciousness, which should account for the full temporal extent of experience. To address this question, we use intracranial recordings from ten human patients with epilepsy to view diverse images of multiple durations. We reveal that, in sensory regions, despite dramatic changes in activation magnitude, the distributed representation of categories and exemplars remains sustained and stable. In contrast, in frontoparietal regions, we find transient content representation at stimulus onset. Our results highlight the connection between the anatomical and temporal correlates of experience. To the extent perception is sustained, it may rely on sensory representations and to the extent perception is discrete, centered on perceptual updating, it may rely on frontoparietal representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Vishne
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Edden M Gerber
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leon Y Deouell
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.
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Leston-Bandeira C, Siefken ST. The development of public engagement as a core institutional role for parliaments. J Legis Stud 2023; 29:361-379. [PMID: 38013791 PMCID: PMC10519624 DOI: 10.1080/13572334.2023.2214390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Public engagement has become a noticeable activity for parliaments across the world. However, we lack understanding of its role despite considerable developments in scholarly work on public engagement in the sciences and on deliberative and participatory democracy by social scientists. This article provides a framework to understand the significance of parliamentary public engagement and to evaluate its effectiveness. It explains how parliamentary public engagement has emerged because of a representational shift in who is doing the representing in parliament and in what is represented, following key societal changes. We define parliamentary public engagement, showing the importance of differentiating between the activity, its effects and broader democratic ideals. We identify information and education as the types of engagement activity most developed by parliaments, with much still to do in consultation and participation activities. The article finishes with a discussion of seven key challenges in developing and implementing effective institutional parliamentary public engagement practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven T. Siefken
- Federal University of Applied Administrative Sciences, Bruehl, Germany
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Akuffo-Addo E, George A, Ogunyemi B. Skin of Color Representation at the Canadian Dermatology Association's Annual Conferences. J Cutan Med Surg 2023; 27:412-413. [PMID: 37493270 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231188441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie George
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Boluwaji Ogunyemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
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46
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Wanquet-Thibault P. [Pain within the healthcare team, a source of dyscommunication]. Soins 2023; 68:42-45. [PMID: 37536904 DOI: 10.1016/j.soin.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The subjective nature and complexity of the pain phenomenon make it a difficult symptom to take into consideration, regardless of where the patient is being cared for, leading to multiple sources of dyscommunication between professionals. Despite the undeniable progress that has been made, this recurring theme has received little attention in the professional literature. It is therefore worthwhile analyzing the causes of these relational problems and proposing avenues of reflection and work that could help remedy them.
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Rocca E, Burro R, Carradore M, Lonardi C, Vicentini G, Raccanello D. Interviews about pandemics and protective measures: studying key informants' representation to develop a web-application for fostering children and adolescents' resilience. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:2058-2072. [PMID: 36424708 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2151636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic can be defined as a biological disaster whose impact is particularly evident for children and adolescents, vulnerable populations because of their level of cognitive and affective development. For this reason, it is of paramount relevance to develop actions focused on disaster-related prevention and preparedness, including psycho-education. In this study, we aimed at exploring key informants' representation of the pandemic, also to identify the contents for the first two levels of a psycho-educational web-application for children and adolescents, i.e., PandHEMOT® (Pandemics - Helmet for EMOTions). We involved 25 experts with different professional roles through semi-structured interviews about a variety of aspects related to the pandemic. We coded each proposition according to four categories (i.e., Basic knowledge, Procedural knowledge, Safety behaviors, and Consequences). First, a generalized linear mixed model revealed that Safety behaviors was the most frequent category, followed by Consequences, and in turn by Procedural and Basic knowledge. Second, through a cluster analysis we identified three clusters corresponding to different response patterns and pandemic representations. Third, we conducted a thematic analysis to select the items to be inserted in the first and second level of PandHEMOT®, focused on the nature of pandemics and pandemic-related protective measures. Notwithstanding the limitations related to the small sample, this research permitted to explore the representation of different experts concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, these findings enabled to identify the contents for the initial levels of a web-application designed for increasing children and adolescents' knowledge on pandemics, emotions, and coping strategies. This initiative can be an example of a psycho-educational tool to enhance young people's disaster-related resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuela Rocca
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Burro
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Carradore
- Department of Cultures and Civilizations, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Lonardi
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Vicentini
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Pavez F, Saura E, Marset P. Police of the psyche: the psychiatrist and psychiatry in Spanish punk songs. BJPsych Bull 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37350336 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2023.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has revealed that stigma is not restricted to people with mental health problems but extends to the professionals involved in their care and treatment. Unlike other artistic manifestations, the study of the depictions of psychiatry in popular music is still a less-explored topic. This article addresses the subcultural portrayals of the psychiatrist and psychiatric treatments within Spanish popular music. The predominance of negative depictions of mental health professionals as social control agents was a striking finding, given the topicality that characterises punk music. It is suggested that the allegorical role assigned to the psychiatrist in such a specific narrative framework, marked by ideological factors, could potentially explain these findings. In contrast to other cultural manifestations that show a tendency towards more balanced views of psychiatric treatment and practice, the negative representations in Spanish punk songs seem to have evolved little over decades, reflecting outdated views of the psychiatric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Saura
- Association of Relatives and People with Mental Illness in Águilas and the Surrounding Area (AFEMAC), Aguilas, Spain
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49
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Idowu BD. A personal reflection upon navigating into a senior academic role. Front Sociol 2023; 8:979691. [PMID: 37415874 PMCID: PMC10321406 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.979691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
There are 22,795 University professors in the UK, where 6,340 are women and only 40 are Black women, whilst Asian women are a few more in number. This clearly demonstrates the uncommon narrative of the under-representation of Black minority ethnic (BME) academics in higher education (HE) which has been written about in detail. In contrast, it is rare to read reports on initiatives to successfully navigate senior academic posts. In this article, I will describe two initiatives that I have developed and organized to successfully navigate senior BME academic posts, which have impacted my journey. The first initiative was to understand why postdoctoral researchers were "post-docing" for years, having not been successful in making the transition to lecturers. What was hindering the transition? I was one of them, and some of my female peers as well, who incidentally left HE. I was determined not to leave. I again thought about how to tackle it. It is a known fact that hearing successful BME people experiences and journeys and also understanding how they navigated HE can be powerful. In addition, empowering oneself with additional skills including mentoring, networking, applying for positions, not excluding ourselves due to the lack of confidence, and finally, the importance of having a work-life balance is important as health is wealth. I used this to put together the BME Early Career Researcher (ECR) conference-How to Stay in Academia. After 6 years, it is still going strong. In this article, I will share the impact made over the years which will include testimonies and promotions, including my recent promotion to an associate professor. The second initiative was to understand the barriers and challenges of senior lecturers being promoted to readers and professors. Having successfully transitioned to a lecturer, being overlooked for promotion was now an issue. The project was conducted in 2016/17 at KCL as part of the action plans that needed to be delivered having been a recipient of the Bronze Race Equality Charter Mark. I was provided with a cohort of 51 names of BME staff from different disciplines and was directed to see how I would engage them to hear their experiences. My first concern was that the staff would have engaged in previous initiatives with little or no benefits to them; however, this did not deter me. I thought of the best approach which commenced with a phone interview and then followed up with a focus group, ending with an informal conversation with the Principal of the University. Within 6 months, a BME male was promoted to professor. After a year, both genders were promoted to associate professors (readers) and professors, and to date, I am aware of at least 10 promotions. In both examples, I will demonstrate the support from our allies, some of whom are senior leaders that have openly supported us in our journey. This article will demonstrate a slight shift in the narrative, but a lot more needs to be done, and I am convinced the time is right to start pushing for more. This special issue is an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadine D. Idowu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Kenny CT, McCartan C, Simko T, Kuriwaki S, Imai K. Widespread partisan gerrymandering mostly cancels nationally, but reduces electoral competition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217322120. [PMID: 37310996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217322120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Congressional district lines in many US states are drawn by partisan actors, raising concerns about gerrymandering. To separate the partisan effects of redistricting from the effects of other factors including geography and redistricting rules, we compare possible party compositions of the US House under the enacted plan to those under a set of alternative simulated plans that serve as a nonpartisan baseline. We find that partisan gerrymandering is widespread in the 2020 redistricting cycle, but most of the electoral bias it creates cancels at the national level, giving Republicans two additional seats on average. Geography and redistricting rules separately contribute a moderate pro-Republican bias. Finally, we find that partisan gerrymandering reduces electoral competition and makes the partisan composition of the US House less responsive to shifts in the national vote.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cory McCartan
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Tyler Simko
- Department of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shiro Kuriwaki
- Department of Political Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kosuke Imai
- Department of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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