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Quin C, Soriano D, Bereder I. [Sexuality among the elderly: understanding the weight of stereotypes]. Soins Gerontol 2024; 29:33-36. [PMID: 38677809 DOI: 10.1016/j.sger.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Sexuality is an integral part of health and accompanies human beings throughout their lives. It contributes to well-being and improves quality of life. The social representations conveyed by Western society modulate sexuality and can play a decisive role in the expression of seniors' sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Quin
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nice, 4 avenue Reine-Victoria, 06000 Nice, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Denis Soriano
- Ehpad Ancilla et Le Clos de Cimiez, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Bereder
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nice, 4 avenue Reine-Victoria, 06000 Nice, France
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Yao Y, Yang F. Perceptions of Consumer Fraud and Aging Among Older People and the Judiciary in China. J Aging Soc Policy 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38683965 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2024.2349496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Systematic research has been conducted on the relationship between aging and consumer fraud victimization. But few empirical studies examine the reality of judicial dispute resolution in consumer fraud against older people from the perspective of older adults and judges in China. Based on 161 court rulings, this qualitative study explores the perceptions of older adults in litigation about their experiences of being defrauded in China, alongside judges' responses. Results reveal that common fraud patterns used by business perpetrators render older individuals more susceptible to fraud. Older plaintiffs strategically frame "old age" in litigation, potentially as a tactical maneuver, while also readily emphasizing the importance of procedural justice. Results further show that judges expressed either negative ageism or age-neutral discourse in response to fraud targeting older individuals. Findings highlight the need to enhance consumer education to prevent fraud and address ageist stereotypes among older people. Findings also highlight the need to encourage Chinese courts to consider individual case specifics, leading to fair judgments and the protection of older individuals from fraud while upholding their rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yao
- School of Law, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Law, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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Boakye PN, Prendergast N, Bailey A, Sharon M, Bandari B, Odutayo AA, Anane Brown E. Anti-Black Medical Gaslighting in Healthcare: Experiences of Black Women in Canada. Can J Nurs Res 2024:8445621241247865. [PMID: 38644764 DOI: 10.1177/08445621241247865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereotype about Black people contribute to nurses and healthcare providers gaslighting and dismissing of their health concerns. Despite the popularity of the term medical gaslighting in mainstream literature, few studies have explored the experiences of Black women during pregnancy and childbirth. PURPOSE This paper aims to provide an in-depth insight into Black women's experiences of anti-Black medical gaslighting when accessing care during pregnancy and childbirth. METHODS Utilizing qualitative methods, we conducted 24 semi-structured interviews with Black women in the Greater Toronto Area. We used thematic analysis to ground the data analysis and to generate insight into Black women's experiences. RESULTS Three overarching themes: 1) Not Being Understood: Privileging of Medical Knowledge Contributing to the Downplaying of Health Concerns, 2) Not Being Believed: Stereotypes Contributing to Dismissive Healthcare Encounters and 3) Listen to Us: Turning off the Cycle of Medical Gaslighting. These themes highlight ways anti-Black medical gaslighting manifests in Black women's healthcare encounters to create differential access to treatment and care. CONCLUSIONS Anti-Black medical gaslighting contributes to differential access to treatment and care. Improving equitable access to treatment and care must involve addressing structural and epistemic biases in healthcare and fostering a culture of listening to humanize the experience of illness.
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Wallace HM, Carrillo A, Kelley J. Perceptions of narcissism in college professors. J Soc Psychol 2024; 164:169-186. [PMID: 35311480 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We conducted three studies to examine perceptions of grandiose narcissism in college professors. Narcissism might appear incompatible with the profession if professors are viewed fundamentally as helpers or as introverted bookworms. Then again, people might expect professors to display big egos congruent with the prestige of their profession and their privileged public platforms. Our research indicates that professors are generally not seen as highly narcissistic according to the criteria of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, though they are viewed as more narcissistic than elementary school teachers. More professor narcissism was expected at colleges that prioritize scholarly productivity over teaching excellence. Male professors were viewed as more narcissistic, but only for narcissism dimensions associated with interpersonal hostility and for judgments of whether professors are "narcissistic." We discuss possible implications for narcissistic professors' ability to exploit the gap between academic ideals and reward system realities.
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Norberg J, McMains S, Persson J, Mitchell JP. Frontotemporal contributions to social and non-social semantic judgements. J Neuropsychol 2024; 18:66-80. [PMID: 37255262 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Semantic judgements involve the use of general knowledge about the world in specific situations. Such judgements are typically associated with activity in a number of brain regions that include the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). However, previous studies showed activity in brain regions associated with mentalizing, including the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ), in semantic judgements that involved social knowledge. The aim of the present study was to investigate if social and non-social semantic judgements are dissociated using a combination of fMRI and repetitive TMS. To study this, we asked participants to estimate the percentage of exemplars in a given category that shared a specified attribute. Categories could be either social (i.e., stereotypes) or non-social (i.e., object categories). As expected, fMRI results (n = 26) showed enhanced activity in the left IFG that was specific to non-social semantic judgements. However, statistical evidence did not support that repetitive TMS stimulation (n = 19) to this brain region specifically disrupted non-social semantic judgements. Also as expected, the right TPJ showed enhanced activity to social semantic judgements. However, statistical evidence did not support that repetitive TMS stimulation to this brain region specifically disrupted social semantic judgements. It is possible that the causal networks involved in social and non-social semantic judgements may be more complex than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Norberg
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Persson
- Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mendonça M, Fekih-Romdhane F, Loch AA. Ultra-high risk for psychosis stigma: an updated Systematic Review. Braz J Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38281160 DOI: 10.47626/1516-4446-2023-3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify if stigma associated with schizophrenia has also been directed towards the ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) population, the present review aimed at synthetizing the existing literature to update and extend our understanding on the topic. METHODS A systematic PRISMA-compliant review was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science for articles published until 30/04/2023, using a combination of search terms describing the at-risk mental states for psychosis and stigma and correlated terms. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included. Twenty-nine addressed UHR individuals directly, and 9 conducted interviews with non-patients regarding UHR. A total of 2560 UHR individuals were assessed; mean sample size was of 88.3 participants. Most of the studies were quantitative non-randomized/observational with young adults, 71.4% used SIPS (Structured Interview for Psychosis-risk Syndromes) and 25.0% used CAARMS (Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States). Overall, the summarized studies have mainly involved individuals already attending UHR clinics from Western and high income countries. Studies can be grouped into five forms of stigma, among which the most frequently explored was perceived public stigma, followed by public stigma, self-stigma/internalized stigma, stigma stress and associative stigma. The main study design was quantitative nonrandomized, with only one interventional study. Most of the results confirmed the presence of stigma toward UHR individuals and findings provide additional support to the fact that stigma seems to be present since the very early stages of the disease. CONCLUSION There is still a paucity of research and knowledge gaps about UHR-related stigma. Nevertheless, results suggest the presence of stigma toward UHR individuals, supporting the fact that stigma is present since the early stages of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mendonça
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, Manouba, Tunisia. Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Brazil
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Ng M, See C, Ignacio J. Qualitative systematic review: The lived experiences of males in the nursing profession on gender discrimination encounters. Int Nurs Rev 2023. [PMID: 38133995 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This review aims to synthesise the best available evidence exploring the lived experiences of males in the nursing profession on gender discrimination encounters. BACKGROUND The underrepresentation of males within the nursing profession could potentially cause discrimination and stereotypes against them, causing barriers to entry into, and retention within, the profession. With a shortage in manpower, the deterrence of males to nursing might exacerbate the existing manpower shortage. This review consolidates and highlights the lived experiences of males in the profession. METHODS The review was synthesised according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Employing the meta-synthesis approach, two independent reviewers conducted critical appraisal and data extraction of included studies, using the standard Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Instrument for Qualitative Research and a standardised data extraction form, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-three studies were included. Extracted findings were aggregated into 14 categories and synthesised into three themes: stereotypes, discrimination and challenges faced by males. DISCUSSION The synthesised findings showed that male nurses faced gender discrimination in multiple facets. These caused them to have difficulty in carrying out their nursing duties, missing out of clinical opportunities and causing them multiple social and mental stressors. CONCLUSION This review informed the discriminatory experiences faced by males within the nursing profession. With males already underrepresented within this profession, it is imperative for interventions, policies and research to be made to address this issue to improve experiences of male nurses, thereby limiting the deterrence of males into the profession. IMPLICATIONS Findings of this study showed that males are being stereotyped and discriminated, resulting in challenges faced solely because of their gender. Effective interventions and policies could be implemented to alleviate the negative experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ng
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celine See
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeanette Ignacio
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Galip ÖB. Talent has no race, has no face - but it has a skin colour: The 'appropriate femininity' with the case of Kurdish-Swedish Actress Evin Ahmad. Open Res Eur 2023; 3:194. [PMID: 38576873 PMCID: PMC10993007 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16156.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Sexist and misogynist attitudes towards actresses in the mainstream film industry and other media have been the target of feminists for decades. Stigmatized and stereotyped images of immigrants on the screen have also been scrutinized. However, very little attention has been given to the ways in which actresses with foreign background, not necessarily from Black communities, are portrayed and narrated. Addressing this issue would reveal how non-Western body images on screen are racialized according to certain Western beauty standards. Sweden is often described as the most gender-equal film industry in the world; however, this does not mean that marginalization and subordination of non-white actresses with foreign backgrounds, does not occur. Accordingly, using the framework of feminist film critique and drawing on the works of Homi Bhabba, Sara Ahmed and Patricia Hill-Collins, this article offers a reading of Swedish-Kurdish actress Evin Ahmad's experiences to demonstrate how 'beauty' and 'body' culture involve a complicated terrain around race, skin colour and body image. This article argues that a generalized ideology of beauty and stereotypical images of a Middle Eastern woman imposed on Ahmad demonstrate that values and attributes such as beauty, appearance and sexual attractiveness should be understood in the context of social and cultural relations, rather than as universally valued or devalued individual characteristics.
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Rosenfeld DL, Brannon TN, Tomiyama AJ. Racialized Perceptions of Vegetarianism: Stereotypical Associations That Undermine Inclusion in Eating Behaviors. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2023; 49:1601-1614. [PMID: 35796506 PMCID: PMC10517590 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shifting societal eating patterns toward a vegetarian diet offers promise for improving public health and environmental sustainability. Yet concerns exist about racial disparities in inclusion, as some sentiments suggest that vegetarianism is stereotypically associated with Whiteness. Through four studies (total N = 3,234), we investigated associations U.S. adults hold between race and vegetarianism, along with implications for behavior change and belongingness among Black individuals. Participants, across racial backgrounds, strongly associated vegetarianism with Whiteness, both explicitly and implicitly. A race prime led Black participants to report lower interest in becoming a vegetarian, whereas a prime of race-vegetarianism associations decreased Black participants' feelings of belongingness in the vegetarian community. Exposure to racially inclusive messaging about vegetarianism, meanwhile, increased belongingness among Black participants. These findings provide the first quantitative insights into racial stereotypes about vegetarianism and pose future directions for theory, research, and practice at the intersections of race and eating behavior.
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March-Llanes J, Mas-Ruiz L, Moya-Higueras J, Rius-Torrentó J, Estrada-Plana V, Bañeres J, Lavega-Burgués P. Chedoke-McMaster attitudes towards children with handicaps scale for traditional sporting games (CATCH-TSG): initial validation in 7 different languages in adult and young populations. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1254580. [PMID: 37818419 PMCID: PMC10561691 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1254580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measuring attitudes towards disability is meant to assess which interventions are most likely to create changes in population attitudes. Physical activities, such as Traditional Sports Games, are an excellent methodology to fight against the stigma of disabled people. Thus, the main aim of this study was to validate the Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes towards Children with Handicaps Scale (CATCH) adapted to a physical activity environment. Methods Additionally, we implemented this process in a combined way, 7 languages and 2 versions (adult and youth) at the same time. Results The results showed that the CATCH-TSG scale provides the scientific community with a valid and reliable tool for professionals who want to assess the change in attitudes towards people with disabilities after receiving a psychoeducational intervention that includes physical activity (TSG). Discussion Researchers will compare respective results from different countries and ages using different versions of the scale, jointly validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume March-Llanes
- Department of Psychology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de Desenvolupament Social i Territorial (INDEST), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lluis Mas-Ruiz
- University of Lleida, Computer Engineering and Digital Design, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Moya-Higueras
- Department of Psychology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de Desenvolupament Social i Territorial (INDEST), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Veronica Estrada-Plana
- Department of Psychology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de Desenvolupament Social i Territorial (INDEST), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Judit Bañeres
- Department of Psychology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de Desenvolupament Social i Territorial (INDEST), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pere Lavega-Burgués
- Institut de Recerca de Desenvolupament Social i Territorial (INDEST), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Motor Action Research Group (GIAM), INDEST, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Abstract
Unfortunately, some people are perceived as boring. Despite the potential relevance that these perceptions might have in everyday life, the underlying psychological processes and consequences of perceiving a person as "boring" have been largely unexplored. We examined the stereotypical features of boring others by having people generate (Study 1) and then rate (Study 2) these. We focused on occupations (e.g., data analytics, taxation, and accounting), hobbies (e.g., sleeping, religion, and watching TV), and personal characteristics (e.g., lacking humor and opinions, being negative) that people ascribed to stereotypically boring others. Experiments then showed that those who were ascribed boring characteristics were seen as lacking interpersonal warmth and competence (Study 3), were socially avoided (Study 4), and enduring their company required compensation (Study 5). These results suggest that being stereotyped as a bore may come with substantially negative interpersonal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehr Panjwani
- London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
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Pavez F, Saura E, Marset P. Police of the psyche: the psychiatrist and psychiatry in Spanish punk songs. BJPsych Bull 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37350336 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2023.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has revealed that stigma is not restricted to people with mental health problems but extends to the professionals involved in their care and treatment. Unlike other artistic manifestations, the study of the depictions of psychiatry in popular music is still a less-explored topic. This article addresses the subcultural portrayals of the psychiatrist and psychiatric treatments within Spanish popular music. The predominance of negative depictions of mental health professionals as social control agents was a striking finding, given the topicality that characterises punk music. It is suggested that the allegorical role assigned to the psychiatrist in such a specific narrative framework, marked by ideological factors, could potentially explain these findings. In contrast to other cultural manifestations that show a tendency towards more balanced views of psychiatric treatment and practice, the negative representations in Spanish punk songs seem to have evolved little over decades, reflecting outdated views of the psychiatric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Saura
- Association of Relatives and People with Mental Illness in Águilas and the Surrounding Area (AFEMAC), Aguilas, Spain
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Chen L, Liu J, Han M, Su Y. The effect of different representations of pictures on the activation of gender stereotypes. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37224505 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2216330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is N400 effect on the representation of gender stereotype in the different picture priming condition from the behavioral and ERP levels, and further explore whether there is hierarchical structure of upper category, secondary category, typical example and counter-example based on this. The results showed: (1) under the condition of picture priming, N400 effect would be induced when representing the conflict of gender stereotypes. (2) Category representation and example representation can activate different regions of the brain. When the priming stimulus was upper category (gender picture) and secondary category (occupational gender picture), N400 effect mainly appeared on the electrode of frontal region in left hemisphere.When the priming stimuli were typical example (typical example picture) and counter-example, the N400 effect mainly appeared on the electrodes in the frontal region of the right hemisphere.(3) the gender stereotype representation of picture activation has hierarchical structure, that is, N400 amplitude induced by upper category activation < secondary category activation < typical sample activation < counter-example activation. These findings suggest that the representation of gender stereotypes has a hierarchical structure at the picture level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangxin Liu
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meiling Han
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Su
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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Martín-Carbonell M, Espejo B, Castro-Melo GP, Sequeira-Daza D, Checa I. Psychometric Properties of and Measurement Invariance in the Questionnaire of Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood in Health Care College Students and Health Professionals of Colombia: Psychometric Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e42340. [PMID: 36892936 PMCID: PMC10037170 DOI: 10.2196/42340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In health professionals, negative stereotypes toward older adulthood have been associated with the difficulty in recognizing pathological processes and the refusal to care for older patients because of assuming that communication with them will be uncomfortable and frustrating. For these reasons, research on stereotypes in these groups has acquired growing importance. The usual strategy to identify and evaluate agist stereotypes is to use scales and questionnaires. Although multiple scales are currently used, in Latin America, the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Negative Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood (Cuestionario de Estereotipos Negativos sobre la Vejez [CENVE]), developed in Spain, is widely used but without evidence of construct validity in our context. In addition, although in the original version, a factorial structure of 3 factors was found, in later studies, a unifactorial structure was obtained. OBJECTIVE The objective is to study the construct validity of the CENVE in a sample of Colombian health personnel to clarify its factorial structure and concurrent validity. Likewise, the measurement invariance according to gender and age was studied. METHODS A nonprobabilistic sample of 877 Colombian health professionals and intern health students was obtained. The data were collected online using the LimeSurvey tool. To study the factor structure of the CENVE, 2 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were carried out, one to test a single factor and the other to test the 3-related-factor structure. The factor measurement reliability was evaluated with the composite reliability index (CRI) and the average variance extracted (AVE). The measurement invariance was studied according to gender (men and women) and age (emerging adults, 18-29 years old, and adults, 30 years old or older). Using a structural equation model, the relationship between age and the latent CENVE total score was studied to obtain evidence of concurrent validity, since studies indicate that the younger the age, the greater the number of stereotypes. RESULTS The 1-factor structure was confirmed. The reliability results indicated that both indices show adequate values. Likewise, the existence of a strong invariance in measurement by gender and age group was verified. After contrasting the means of the groups, the results showed that men show more negative stereotypes toward old age than women. Likewise, emerging adults also showed more stereotypes than adults. We also verified that age is inversely related to the latent score of the questionnaire, such that the younger the age, the greater the stereotype. These results are in agreement with those obtained by other authors. CONCLUSIONS The CENVE shows good construct and concurrent validity, as well as good reliability, and it can be used to assess stereotypes toward older adulthood in Colombian health professionals and health sciences college students. This will allow us to better understand the effect of stereotypes on agism.
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Johnson J, Sattler D, Van Hiel A, Dierckx K, Luo S, Vezzali L. Empathy for a Black Woman Victim of Police Sexual Violence: The Roles of Crime-Related Stress and Stereotype Attributions. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:4640-4661. [PMID: 36036552 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221118964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Police sexual violence has been ranked as the second most common form of misconduct among police officers. Moreover, there is evidence that Black women are at heightened risk of being victims of such police violence. A report titled Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women has brought international attention to the minimal empirical focus on such police violence toward Black women. To address this lacuna in the literature, using an incident of police sexual assault of a woman, we assessed whether victim's race and participants' level of crime-related stress (i.e., stress due to crime victimization) would influence empathic responding toward the victim. Prolific participants (N = 411) first completed a measure of crime-related stress. They then read an article describing a White police officer's sexual assault of a Black or White woman. Next, participants completed a racial stereotype-related measure (i.e., Black women's higher sexual proclivity) and a stereotype-unrelated measure (i.e., perceived victim untrustworthiness), and reported their victim-directed empathic responding. At high stress levels, participants reported less empathy for the Black (relative to White) victim. At low stress levels, there was greater Black victim-directed empathy. The race effects on empathy were mediated by heightened attribution of Black women-related stereotypical beliefs to the Black victim at high stress levels and by diminished attribution at low stress levels. In sum, we addressed the lacuna in the literature on police sexual violence against Black women while providing evidence that stress can play a critical role in the occurrence of the oft-cited outgroup-directed empathy deficit.
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Herrera SN, Larsen EM, Deluca JS, Crump FM, Grivel M, Blasco D, Bryant C, Shapiro DI, Downing D, Girgis RR, Brucato G, Huang D, Kufert Y, Verdi M, West ML, Seidman LJ, Link BG, McFarlane WR, Woodberry KA, Yang LH, Corcoran CM. The association between mental health stigma and face emotion recognition in individuals at risk for psychosis. Stigma Health 2023; 8:31-39. [PMID: 36968262 PMCID: PMC10038192 DOI: 10.1037/sah0000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-stigma has been associated with reduced accuracy of face emotion recognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). Stigma may also relate to slowing of performance during cognitive tasks for which a negative stereotype is relevant. This study aimed to investigate the association of mental illness stigma with face emotion recognition among CHR individuals. Participants were 143 CHR individuals identified using the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS). Face emotion recognition was assessed using the Penn Emotion Recognition Task (ER-40). Stigma was assessed using discrimination, stereotype awareness, and stereotype agreement subscales of the Mental Health Attitudes Interview for CHR. We tested associations of ER-40 accuracy and response times with these stigma variables, including the role of clinical and demographic factors. Racial/ethnic minoritized participants had higher attenuated positive symptoms than non-minoritized participants. Longer ER-40 response times were correlated with greater stereotype agreement (r=.17, p=.045) and discrimination (r=.22, p=.012). A regression model predicting ER-40 response times revealed an interaction of stereotype agreement with minoritized status (p=.008), with slower response times for minoritized participants as stereotype agreement increased. Greater disorganized symptoms and male gender also predicted longer response times. ER-40 accuracy was not associated with stigma. Overall, minoritized CHR individuals with greater internalized stigma took longer to identify face emotions. Future research is needed to assess whether slower response times are specific to social cues, and if internalized stigma interferes with performance in real-world social situations. Reducing stigma may be an important target for interventions that aim to improve social skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaynna N. Herrera
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Emmett M. Larsen
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joseph S. Deluca
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | | | - Margaux Grivel
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York NY, USA
| | - Drew Blasco
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York NY, USA
| | - Caitlin Bryant
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA, USA
- Commonwealth Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
| | - Daniel I. Shapiro
- Commonwealth Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis CA, USA
| | - Donna Downing
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland ME, USA
| | - Ragy R. Girgis
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
| | - Gary Brucato
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
| | - Debbie Huang
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
| | - Yael Kufert
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Mary Verdi
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland ME, USA
| | - Michelle L. West
- Commonwealth Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland ME, USA
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Commonwealth Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Bruce G. Link
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside CA, USA
| | - William R. McFarlane
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland ME, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Kristen A. Woodberry
- Commonwealth Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland ME, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Yang
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York NY, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC VISN 2), James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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17
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Casas LC, Álvarez JJ, Vivaldi LV, Montero AR, Bozo N, Babul J. Primary health care, access to legal abortion and the notion of ideal victim among medical practitioners: The case of Chile. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1007126. [PMID: 36467236 PMCID: PMC9714443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1007126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2017, Chile enacted new legislation allowing access to legal abortion on three grounds, including rape. This article summarizes a qualitative, exploratory study that examined the role of primary healthcare services in the treatment of rape survivors in order to identify challenges and strengths in accessing legal abortion. The relevant data was collected through 19 semi-structured interviews conducted with key informants. The angry legislative debate that preceded enactment of the 2017 abortion bill evidenced the presence of strong biases against survivors of sexual violence. At the time, abortion opponents sought, inter alia, to discredit women who report rape, arguing that such claims would be misused to secure illicit abortions. In actual fact, however, rape has turned out to be the least used of all grounds for abortion, with girls and teens making up the smallest group of seekers. This article presents our findings on rape-related issues, notably the biases and shortcomings of medical practitioners regarding the new abortion law. We noted with concern their failure to screen for sexual violence and propensity to stigmatize the victims, a phenomenon that becomes exacerbated when it involves particularly vulnerable populations, such as girls and women who are poor, homeless, migrant, or who abuse alcohol or drugs. We further noted that prevalent stereotypes based on the notion of the ideal victim can revictimize girls and women and work to defeat the intent of the law. In Chile, the primary healthcare system is a key point of entry for abortion. In this highly charged arena, however, lack of political will, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, have kept health care practitioners from undergoing timely, gender-sensitive training on the new law, a key requirement for ensuring dignified care and respect for women's rights. We conclude that if government policy is to prevent multiple, intersectional discrimination, it must recognize the diversity of women and adapt to their specific contexts and singularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia C. Casas
- Faculty of Law, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan J. Álvarez
- Instituto de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Adela R. Montero
- Centro de Medicina Reproductiva y Desarrollo para el adolescente (CEMERA),Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Abstract
Cultural stereotypes that equate aging with decreased competence and increased forgetfulness have persisted for decades. Stereotype threat (ST) refers to the psychological discomfort people experience when confronted by a negative, self-relevant stereotype in a situation where their behavior could be construed as confirming that belief. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of ST on memory performance in older adults over 24 months. The ST levels on average significantly declined, or improved in the memory training, but not the health training group. Although not significant at the .01 level, the bivariate correlation indicated that change in ST was moderately related to change in verbal memory, suggesting the possibility that improvements (or reductions) in ST may be related to increases in verbal memory scores. We discovered that the unique contribution of ST into the memory performance of healthy older adults offers a possible malleable trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd B. Monroe
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keenan A. Pituch
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael A. Carter
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Nursing, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laurie Abbott
- Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults (OA; 65+) can become cognitively fused with negative attitudes and stereotypes. Given the verbal nature of ageist stereotypes, mindfulness and acceptance-based practices (MABPs) may help the impact of negative aging attitudes by increasing non-judgmental awareness, cognitive defusion, and acceptance. As part of a larger study, this project examined whether an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) consistent MABP would reduce negative aging attitudes using an experimental design. We hypothesized that assignment to the MABP condition would be associated with lower negative aging attitudes for both OAs and university undergraduates (18-25). METHOD Both OAs (N = 60) and undergraduate student (N = 60) participants were assigned to the experimental or comparison condition (MABP vs. sit-and-think task) and were then presented negative ageist stereotypes assessed with two ageism measures. RESULTS Following the MABP, undergraduates who received a MABP had significantly lower ageism scores than did undergraduates who did not, while OAs endorsed higher scores on ageism after receiving the MABP (vs comparison group; ps < .05). There was no significant condition by age sample interaction effect. CONCLUSION Results suggest that undergraduates and OAs may have different strategies for recontextualizing ageist attitudes, with OAs possibly employing different strategies when confronted with ageism in an experimental context. Overall, aging education, OA experimental research, and evidence-based interventions for negative beliefs about aging are needed. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Lester
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy R Murrell
- Murrell Psychological Services, LLC, Springfield, MO, USA
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20
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Adams MM, Hatch SA, Winsor EG, Parmelee C. Development of a Standard Push-up Scale for College-Aged Females. Int J Exerc Sci 2022; 15:820-833. [PMID: 35992503 PMCID: PMC9362895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ACSM/CESP push-up test exemplifies the limiting nature of the gender binary in fitness. Males perform the standard push-up (from toes) while females perform the modified push-up (from knees), even if capable of multiple standard push-ups. Differences in upper body strength are used to justify the test protocol. Though the load difference between modified and standard positions is substantially less than the gender strength gap. Additionally, current fitness ratings are over 30 years old. The purpose of this study was to develop a new standard push-up rating scale for college-age females. Cis-female college students (n = 72) were recruited to perform maximal repetitions in the modified and standard positions. Health history and physical activity information was gathered prior to the test. Trained research assistants provided standardized warm-up, modelled correct form, and administered the tests. Order of the tests was randomized and there was at least 48 hours between test days. Mean push-ups in the standard position was 9 (8.87) and 17.5 (11.76) in the modified position. Participants who resistance train did significantly more repetitions of each. Linear regression was used to develop an equation to predict standard push-up repetitions from modified repetitions. The equation was applied to the current repetition ranges for each fitness category, and a new standard scale was developed. The new scale ratings are similar to the Revised Push-up but lower than the Fitnessgram® Healthy Zone. The modified or "girl" push-up contributes to gender stereotypes about muscular fitness. Providing females with the option to be graded on the standard push-up is a step to reducing gender bias in fitness. Future research is needed to validate this scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Adams
- Department of Human Performance & Movement Sciences, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
| | - Sophie A Hatch
- Department of Human Performance & Movement Sciences, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Winsor
- Department of Human Performance & Movement Sciences, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
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21
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Heydarian NM, Castro Y, Morera OF. A brief report examining the stereotype content model with blind Americans. Rehabil Psychol 2022; 67:231-234. [PMID: 35201821 PMCID: PMC10846887 DOI: 10.1037/rep0000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE The stereotype content model is a unifying theory of the makeup of stereotypes and their consequences on emotions and behaviors. There is a need to study this theory from the perspectives of those most affected by them-targets of stereotypes. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN Blind adults (n = 264) living in the United States completed the stereotype content measure asking participants to rate the extent to which they believed members of wider society held certain beliefs about Blind persons. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses showed good fit for the four-factor model of stereotype content: warmth, competence, status, and competition. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the stereotype content model and begins to extend the stereotype content model to be inclusive of the perspectives of those who are the targets of stereotypes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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22
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Agudo U, Arrese M, Liberal KG, Matute H. Assessing Emotion and Sensitivity of AI Artwork. Front Psychol 2022; 13:879088. [PMID: 35478752 PMCID: PMC9037325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is currently present in areas that were, until recently, reserved for humans, such as, for instance, art. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is not much empirical evidence on how people perceive the skills of AI in these domains. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to AI-generated audiovisual artwork and were asked to evaluate it. We told half of the participants that the artist was a human and we confessed to the other half that it was an AI. Although all of them were exposed to the same artwork, the results showed that people attributed lower sensitivity, lower ability to evoke their emotions, and lower quality to the artwork when they thought the artist was AI as compared to when they believed the artist was human. Experiment 2 reproduced these results and extended them to a slightly different setting, a different piece of (exclusively auditory) artwork, and added some additional measures. The results show that the evaluation of art seems to be modulated, at least in part, by prior stereotypes and biases about the creative skills of AI. The data and materials for these experiments are freely available at the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/3r7xg/. Experiment 2 was preregistered at AsPredicted: https://aspredicted.org/fh2u2.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujué Agudo
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.,Laboratorio de intervención, Bikolabs/Biko, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Arrese
- Laboratorio de intervención, Bikolabs/Biko, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Helena Matute
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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23
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Grün FC, Heibges M, Westfal V, Feufel MA. "You Never Get a Second Chance": First Impressions of Physicians Depend on Their Body Posture and Gender. Front Psychol 2022; 13:836157. [PMID: 35386902 PMCID: PMC8978719 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.836157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A first impression matters, in particular when encounters are brief as in most doctor-patient interactions. In this study, we investigate how physicians’ body postures impact patients’ first impressions of them and extend previous research by exploring posture effects on the perception of all roles of a physician – not just single aspects such as scholarly expertise or empathy. In an online survey, 167 participants ranked photographs of 4 physicians (2 female, 2 male) in 4 postures (2 open, 2 closed). The results show that male physicians were rated more positively when assuming open rather than closed postures with respect to all professional physician roles. Female physicians in open postures were rated similarly positive for items related to medical competence, but they tended to be rated less favorably with respect to social skills (such as the ability to communicate with and relate to the patient). These findings extend what is known about the effects of physicians’ body postures on the first impressions patients form to judge physicians’ medical versus social competencies. We discuss practical implications and the need for more research on interaction effects of body postures and physician gender on first impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Grün
- Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Division of Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Heibges
- Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Division of Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Westfal
- Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Division of Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus A Feufel
- Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Division of Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Abstract
The relationship between violence, gender and mental health is a complex one which is yet to be fully understood. Gender role stereotypes are social constructs that can powerfully influence and regulate human behaviour, including violence; and so it is likely that they also influence the nexus of violence management and mental health which is at the core of forensic psychiatry. In this article, we examine how gender role stereotypes might influence the practice of forensic psychiatry: specifically, in relation to women as violent offenders, as patients in secure psychiatric care and as clinicians working in forensic settings. We identify areas of development in women's forensic mental health services, and examine whether patriarchal influences and gender role stereotypes may have inadvertently impacted upon these changes. We also consider whether these changes may maintain pre-existing barriers to treatment for both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ali
- West London NHS Trust, Southall, United Kingdom
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25
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Long Y, Jiang X, Wang Y, Zhou X, You X. You Are Old, but Are You Out? Intergenerational Contact Impacts on Out-Group Perspective-Taking and on the Roles of Stereotyping and Intergroup Anxiety. Front Psychol 2022; 13:781072. [PMID: 35369171 PMCID: PMC8970797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perspective-taking (PT) is an important ability to imagine the world from another's point of view. Prior studies have shown that younger adults are more likely to consider the opinions of age-based in-group members relative to out-group members. However, the cause of this priority is still unknown. We conducted three independent studies to explore the effect of intergenerational contact on younger adults' PT toward older adults and the possible roles of stereotyping and intergroup anxiety. A total of 192 college students completed the Perspective taking Scale in Study 1 after being primed with age-based intergroup relationships. The results indicated that younger adults found it more difficult to take the perspective of older adults than that of their peers. 200 college students completed the Prior Contact Scale, Intergroup Anxiety Scale, Negative Stereotype Scale, and PT Scale in Study 2. The results demonstrated that intergenerational contact improved PT toward older adults by disrupting negative stereotypes, and intergroup anxiety moderated this mediating relationship. A total of 215 college students completed the PT Scale in the context of imagining intergenerational contact in Study 3. Interestingly, imagined contact effectively increased younger adults' ability to take older adults' perspectives. The present research verifies that contact is important for influencing younger adults' emotional (intergroup anxiety) and attitudinal (stereotyping) factors that are critical to improving younger adults' ability to take older people's perspectives. This is of great significance for developing harmonious intergenerational relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Long
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinxin Jiang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- The Mental Health Education Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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26
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Nguyen-Phuong-Mai M. What Bias Management Can Learn From Change Management? Utilizing Change Framework to Review and Explore Bias Strategies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:644145. [PMID: 34975601 PMCID: PMC8714784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper conducted a preliminary study of reviewing and exploring bias strategies using a framework of a different discipline: change management. The hypothesis here is: If the major problem of implicit bias strategies is that they do not translate into actual changes in behaviors, then it could be helpful to learn from studies that have contributed to successful change interventions such as reward management, social neuroscience, health behavioral change, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The result of this integrated approach is: (1) current bias strategies can be improved and new ones can be developed with insight from adjunct study fields in change management; (2) it could be more sustainable to invest in a holistic and proactive bias strategy approach that targets the social environment, eliminating the very condition under which biases arise; and (3) while implicit biases are automatic, future studies should invest more on strategies that empower people as "change agents" who can act proactively to regulate the very environment that gives rise to their biased thoughts and behaviors.
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27
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Lin YJ, Chiou JY, Huang JY, Su PH, Chen JY, Yang HJ. A Comparative Prevalence of Birth Defects between Newborns of Immigrant and Native-Born Mothers in Taiwan: Ten Years of Population-Based Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:12530. [PMID: 34886255 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, newborns born to immigrant mothers have accounted for about 10% of the total births in Taiwan. However, little is known about whether there are differences between newborns of immigrant and native-born mothers regarding the prevalence and the possible causes of birth defects. By combining four nationwide databases and assessing all newborns between 2005 and 2014 in Taiwan as research subjects, this study determined the prevalence of birth defects stratified into nine categories (neuronal, facial, cleft, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urogenital, musculoskeletal and chromosomal abnormalities) in the newborns of immigrant mothers and native-born mothers. We found that the prevalence of any birth defects in newborns of immigrant mothers (ranging from 0.98 to 1.24%) was lower than that of native-born mothers (2.86%). Skeletomuscular system defects are the most common among newborns of women from the main immigrant countries (0.24–0.42%), while circulatory system defects were the most common among newborns of Taiwanese women (0.92%). The risks of all defects remained lower for newborns of immigrant mothers (AORs ranged from 0.37 to 0.47) after controlling for possible confounding variables. The higher rates of birth defects among newborns of native-born mothers may be attributed to an older maternal age at childbirth and a higher prevalence of diabetes than that of immigrant mothers. The findings from this study imply that the prevalence of birth defects between newborns of immigrant and native-born mothers is not similar, as evidenced by a decade of population-based data.
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28
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Raffaelli B, Kull P, Mecklenburg J, Overeem LH, Storch E, Terhart M, Neeb L, Reuter U. Patients' and Health Care Workers' Perception of Migraine Images on the Internet: Cross-sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e32707. [PMID: 34766918 PMCID: PMC8663508 DOI: 10.2196/32707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The representation of migraine in the media is stereotypical. Standard images of migraine attacks display stylish young women holding their head in a pain pose. This representation may contribute to the social stigmatization of patients with migraine. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze how patients with migraine and health care workers perceive online images of migraine. METHODS The study consisted of an anonymous web-based survey of patients with migraine at the Headache Center of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (migraine group) and employees and students at our university (health care group). A total of 10 frequently used Adobe Stock photos of migraine attacks were presented to the participants. Each photo was rated on a scale of 0% to 100% based on how closely it resembled a realistic migraine attack (realism score). Patients with migraine also indicated how much each photo corresponded to their own experience of migraine as a percentage (representation score). We calculated the mean realism and representation scores for all photos and conducted further analyses using the categories male or female models, younger or older models, and unilateral or bilateral pain pose. RESULTS A total of 367 patients with migraine and 331 health care employees and students completed the survey. In both groups, the mean realism score was <50% (migraine group: 47.8%, SD 18.3%; health care group: 46.0%, SD 16.2%). Patients with migraine identified their own migraine experience in these photos to a lesser degree (mean representation score 44.4%, SD 19.8%; P<.001 when compared to the realism score). Patients and health care workers considered photos with male models to be more realistic than photos with females (P<.001) and photos with older models to be more realistic than those with younger people (P<.001). In the health care group only, a bilateral pain posture was deemed more realistic than a unilateral pose (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Standard images of migraine attacks are considered only slightly or moderately realistic by patients and health care workers. Some characteristics perceived as more realistic such as male sex or older age are in contrast with migraine epidemiology. A more accurate representation of migraine in the media could help to raise awareness for migraine and reduce the associated stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Raffaelli
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kull
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasper Mecklenburg
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Storch
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Terhart
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Neeb
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Reuter
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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29
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Swift HJ, Barber SJ, Lamont RA, Weiss D, Chasteen AL. Editorial: Age-Based Stereotype Threat Effects on Performance Outcomes. Front Psychol 2021; 12:773615. [PMID: 34795622 PMCID: PMC8592906 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Swift
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Barber
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruth A. Lamont
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Gonzalez VM, Skewes MC. Belief in the myth of an American Indian/Alaska Native biological vulnerability to alcohol problems among reservation-dwelling participants with a substance use problem. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2309-2321. [PMID: 34837658 PMCID: PMC8642279 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Belief in the myth of an American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN)-specific biological vulnerability (BV) to alcohol problems is associated with worse alcohol outcomes among AIAN college students who drink, despite also being associated with greater attempts to reduce drinking. This study examined the association of belief in a BV with alcohol use among reservation-dwelling AI adults with a substance use problem. METHODS Participants (n = 141) who drank alcohol in the past 90 days were selected from a larger AI sample who self-identified as having a substance use problem. Moderated-mediation analyses examined whether belief in a BV was positively associated with alcohol- and substance use-related consequences and whether self-efficacy and craving mediated the association of belief in a BV with alcohol use. RESULTS Among participants who reported using alcohol but not hard drugs (e.g., methamphetamine, opioids), greater belief in a BV was associated with more drinking days, which in turn was associated with greater alcohol-related consequences. Among participants who used alcohol only, belief in a BV was also significantly associated with greater craving, and in turn with more drinking days. Among individuals who used both alcohol and hard drugs, greater belief in a BV was associated with fewer drinking days, but was not significantly associated with substance use-related consequences. No association was found between belief in a BV and self-efficacy to avoid alcohol or drug use. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals who use only alcohol, belief in a BV may contribute to more drinking days and greater alcohol-related consequences through its association with greater craving. This study provides further evidence of the potential harm of internalizing the belief that being AIAN contributes to the risk for alcohol problems, a notion that lacks scientific evidence despite decades of research. The findings highlight the importance of combating societal myths regarding AIAN peoples and the internalization of these stereotypes.
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Abstract
Extant research on the topic of death and dying in modern society frequently includes the observation that death is now rendered invisible, and dying individuals are stigmatized and socially avoided. The current research speculated that lack of contact with a dying individual may promote negative perceptions of the dying, and this may in turn lead to further avoidance of them. Three studies were conducted: The first study examined how frequently the current U.S. participants had social contact with a dying individual; the second study investigated what perceptions they have of the dying, and the third study tested for potential causal links between negative perceptions of the dying and social avoidance of them. The results indicated: Only a small number of the U.S. participants ever had frequent social contact with a dying individual outside their family; they, nevertheless, shared several common negative perceptions of the dying; and those negative perceptions exerted different effects on one's avoidant attitude toward a dying individual-only making males more avoidant, especially in a physically close social relationship. Two concepts, medicalization and masculinism, were suggested as possible explanations for why dying individuals are stigmatized and avoided in modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Kang
- New Mexico State University Board of Regents, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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Wu X, Zhao Y. Degree Centrality of a Brain Network Is Altered by Stereotype Threat: Evidences From a Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:705363. [PMID: 34531795 PMCID: PMC8439390 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found the effects of stereotype threat (ST) on cognitive processes, emotions, and motivations which could account for the underperformance in domain tasks. Efficient brain function does not require the function of different brain regions during specific tasks, but it does require the brain networks on which information is transported. Based on these, the effects of ST on the degree centrality under the resting state of brain regions related to these processes were investigated under math-related ST. The results showed that RSDC was decreased in the left hippocampus and left middle occipital gyrus (MOC), while RSDC was increased in the left precuneus, the right angular gyrus (AG), and the right superior parietal gyrus (SPG) under ST. Interestingly, we also found that the right-left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and the right hippocampus were negatively correlated with manipulation check (MC) score in the ST group, while the right-left ATL and the right hippocampus were positively correlated with MC score in the control group. These results might reflect those individuals who attempted to inhibit the negative emotions induced by the negative stereotypes under ST conditions while increasing the self-relevant processes by retrieving episodic memory or autobiographical memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yufang Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
As social and interdependent beings, we have responsibilities to each other. One of them is to recognize each other appropriately. When we fail to meet this responsibility, we often stigmatize. In this paper, I argue that the COVID-19-related stigmatization is a variation of the lack of recognition understood as an orientation to our evaluative features. Various stereotypical behaviors regarding COVID-19 become stigmatized practices because of labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss and discrimination, and power. When people stigmatize COVID-19 victims, they orient themselves to their evaluative quality of being vulnerable to the SARS-CoV-2 virus by internalizing the victims as dangerous, understanding them as separable, and being motivated to act with them differently. All this causes the COVID-19 victims to lose status and suffer discrimination for which they do not experience participatory parity in different facets of their lives, rendering the COVID-19-related stigmatization an appalling example of misrecognition.
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Song J, Li J, Liu Y, Ruan Y. The Attitude of Work-Oriented and Family-Oriented Chinese Women Toward the Evaluations Based on the Traditional Positive Stereotype That Women Are Virtuous. Front Psychol 2021; 12:653234. [PMID: 34393893 PMCID: PMC8355492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People typically reject being negatively stereotyped but overlook the ways in which they are positively stereotyped. The current study focused on the attitude of Chinese women toward being evaluated based on the traditional positive stereotype that women are virtuous; family/work centrality as a boundary condition of these attitudes; and three perceptions that may mediate the link between this type of evaluation and attitudes of women. In experiment 1, female college students were identified as work-oriented or family-oriented based on their responses to a questionnaire regarding their focus on these two domains. They then read a vignette in which a man evaluated a female target under random assignment to one of three conditions, namely: group positive stereotype evaluation, individual positive stereotype evaluation, or unstereotypical positive evaluation. The participants rated how much they liked the female target, as an indicator of their attitude toward evaluations based on the stereotype that women are virtuous. In experiment 2, female college students were classified as work- oriented or family-oriented, and then read a vignette in which a man (the target) evaluated them. They were randomly assigned to the group positive stereotype evaluation, individual positive stereotype evaluation, or unstereotypical positive evaluation. Participants rated how much they liked the male target, as an indicator of their attitude toward evaluations based on the positive stereotype that women are virtuous. Across both studies, ANOVA showed that work-oriented women liked evaluations based on both group and individual stereotypes less than the family-oriented women. Regression-based analyses showed evidence of a mediation process in which work-oriented women viewed the virtuous positive stereotype as implying a prescriptive social demand that women should engage in family roles, resulting in a negative reaction to this type of evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- Institution of Psychology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junnan Li
- Institution of Psychology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- Institution of Psychology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Ruan
- School of Marxism, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Popular media has aroused concern that Chinese only children are growing up lonely owing to their lack of sibling interaction Mu et al. (2007). However, little research has been directed at determining whether Chinese adults believe in the only-child-as-lonely stereotype and whether Chinese only children actually suffer more loneliness than their peers with siblings. Three studies were conducted to examine belief in the only-child-as-lonely stereotype and determine whether only children report greater loneliness than children with siblings. With the first study, the prevalence of the only-child-as-lonely stereotype among young adults from six cities (Study 1, N = 588) was examined. The results showed that belief in this stereotypical perception was common among young Chinese adults, particularly those who had siblings. We then examined the validity of this stereotype by analyzing data from three samples, consisting of Chinese emerging adults (Study 2, N = 699) and late adolescents (Studies 3.1 and 3.2, N = 345 and 210, respectively). Results from Studies 2 and 3 consistently showed that, contrary to the stereotype, Chinese only children reported lower levels of loneliness than their counterparts with siblings. Additionally, open-ended responses from the adolescent participants in Study 3 provided hints about the situations that provoke their loneliness. The results are explained in terms of the two theoretical approaches to loneliness. In sum, our research suggests that belief in the loneliness of only children is widespread in Chinese society, but the evidence indicates that reports of loneliness are greater for those who grew up with siblings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Lin
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Toni Falbo
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Wen Qu
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Guangxi Normal University
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Abstract
Asian Americans are the fastest growing U.S. immigrant group, projected to become the largest immigrant group by 2065, but the quantity of research on Asian Americans' health has not mirrored changing demographics. Asian Americans have been understudied for more than 25 years, with only 0.17% of National Institutes of Health (NIH) expenditures allocated to projects including Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander populations (Ðoàn et al., 2019). This disproportionality may result in part from the model minority stereotype (MMS) being extended to health, perpetuating the ideas that Asian Americans are well-positioned with regard to health status and that associated research is not essential. Accordingly, the aims for this article are threefold: (a) bring attention to the inadequate representation of the Asian American population in health-related science, (b) question the MMS in health, and (c) outline potential pathways through which the MMS limits what is knowable on Asian American health issues and needs. We discuss the limited meaningfulness of nonrepresentative aggregated statistics purporting the model minority image and provide counterexamples. We also present a stereotype-constraints model with the MMS contributing to a bottleneck for Asian American health-related knowledge, accompanied by present-day circumstances (e.g., sparse data, few psychologists/behavioral medicine scientists focused on Asian American health). We conclude with initial recommendations for addressing MMS-associated constraints in psychology and more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Annette L. Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
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de la Fuente-Núñez V, Cohn-Schwartz E, Roy S, Ayalon L. Scoping Review on Ageism against Younger Populations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3988. [PMID: 33920114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systematic efforts have been carried out to study ageism against older populations. Less is known about ageism against younger populations, including how it is defined, how it manifests, its effects, and how it can be addressed. A scoping review was conducted aimed at identifying available evidence on these topics. A comprehensive search strategy was used across thirteen databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL. Records were screened by two independent reviewers. Data extraction was done by one rater and independently reviewed by a second rater. Of the 9270 records identified, 263 were eligible for inclusion. Most of the evidence focused on the manifestation of ageism (86%), followed by a focus on the determinants of ageism (17%), available interventions to address ageism (9%), and the effects of ageism (5%). This study points to the inconsistent terminology used to describe ageism against younger populations and the relatively limited theoretical rationale that guides existing studies. It also highlights key research gaps and points to the strengths of existing research.
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38
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Lekas HM, Pahl K, Fuller Lewis C. Rethinking Cultural Competence: Shifting to Cultural Humility. Health Serv Insights 2021; 13:1178632920970580. [PMID: 33424230 PMCID: PMC7756036 DOI: 10.1177/1178632920970580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare and social services providers are deemed culturally competent when they offer culturally appropriate care to the populations they serve. While a review of the literature highlights the limited effectiveness of cultural competence training, its value remains largely unchallenged and it is institutionally mandated as a means of decreasing health disparities and improving quality of care. A plethora of trainings are designed to expose providers to different cultures and expand their understanding of the beliefs, values and behavior thus, achieving competence. Although this intention is commendable, training providers in becoming competent in various cultures presents the risk of stereotyping, stigmatizing, and othering patients and can foster implicit racist attitudes and behaviors. Further, by disregarding intersectionality, cultural competence trainings tend to undermine provider recognition that patients inhabit multiple social statuses that potentially shape their beliefs, values and behavior. To address these risks, we propose training providers in cultural humility, that is, an orientation to care that is based on self-reflexivity, appreciation of patients’ lay expertise, openness to sharing power with patients, and to continue learning from one’s patients. We also briefly discuss our own cultural humility training. Training providers in cultural humility and abandoning the term cultural competence is a long-awaited paradigm shift that must be advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen-Maria Lekas
- New York State Office of Mental Health, Social Solutions and Services Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kerstin Pahl
- New York State Office of Mental Health, Social Solutions and Services Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Crystal Fuller Lewis
- New York State Office of Mental Health, Social Solutions and Services Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
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Kim JHJ, Drake BL, Accortt EE, Pollin IS, Bairey Merz CN, Stanton AL. Younger Women Living with Chronic Disease: Comparative Challenges, Resiliencies, and Needs in Heart Disease and Breast Cancer. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:1288-1302. [PMID: 33428530 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Younger women with chronic disease (<60 years of age), especially women with stereotypically "men's" heart disease (HD), are understudied. Unique difficulties may occur with HD, which is less commonly associated with women, compared with breast cancer (BC). Similarities may also exist across younger women, as chronic disease is less normative in younger people. Intersections of gender, age, and the specific disease experience require greater attention for improving women's health. This exploratory qualitative study compared younger women's experiences of HD or BC. Methods: Semistructured interviews with 20 women (n = 10 per disease) were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Results: Amidst building careers, intimate relationships, and families, women felt thwarted by disease-related functional problems. Cognitive-behavioral coping strategies spurred resilience, including integrating the illness experience with self-identity. Barriers arose when medical professionals used representativeness heuristics (e.g., chronic disease occurs in older age). Important experiences in HD included worsened self-image from disability, negative impact of illness invisibility, and persisting isolation from lacking peer availability. Initial medical care reported by women with HD may reflect gender biases (e.g., HD missed in emergency settings and initial diagnostics). New information provided by the younger women includes limited illness-related optimism in women with HD facing age and gender stereotypes, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of peer availability in BC. Conclusions: Greater public awareness of younger women with chronic disease, alongside structural support and connection with similarly challenged peers, is suggested. As advocacy for BC awareness and action has strengthened over past decades, similar efforts are needed for younger women with HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline H J Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brittany L Drake
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eynav E Accortt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irene S Pollin
- Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - C Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Annette L Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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40
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Paradiso MM, Rismiller KP, Kaffenberger JA. Unconscious gender bias: A look at speaker introductions at the American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85:1652-1653. [PMID: 33428976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela M Paradiso
- The Ohio State University Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kyle P Rismiller
- The Ohio State University Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica A Kaffenberger
- The Ohio State University Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
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Bernache-Assollant I, Chantal Y, Laurin R. Is Andy Murray More British Than Scottish? It Depends on His Success! Game Outcome and the MOATing Effect. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:2237-2250. [PMID: 32907503 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120957242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that when we shared a part of a social identity with others, we tend to include or exclude them from our in-group depending on their success and failure. In this research, we investigated the extent to which this strategy (i.e., MOATing, "moving others away/toward the in-group") is used for self-enhancement as compared to self-protection. Our experiment included a stereotype measure that assessed whether others were perceived as more typical of the in-group or the out-group. The results generally replicate those of prior research and suggest that MOATing primarily serves a self-enhancement function. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iouri Bernache-Assollant
- Laboratoire Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), COMUE Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France.,Laboratoire Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), COMUE Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
| | - Yves Chantal
- Laboratoire Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Université de Limoges, France.,Laboratoire Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), COMUE Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
| | - Raphaël Laurin
- Laboratoire Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), COMUE Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
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Vidal C. [Gender and health: what are we talking about?]. Soins 2020; 65:25-26. [PMID: 32862960 DOI: 10.1016/s0038-0814(20)30079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In terms of health, women and men are not on equal footing. Not only due to biological factors, but also in the social, cultural and economic realms. Gender bias influences medical practice, research, teaching and behaviour of both caregivers and patients. This bias results in situations of inequality as well as gender discrimination in access to health and medical care. Taking gender into account in matters of health is a major bioethical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Vidal
- c/o Soins, Elsevier Masson, 65 rue Camille-Desmoulins, 92442 Issy-les-Moulineaux cedex, France.
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43
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Harrison-Bernard LM, Augustus-Wallace AC, Souza-Smith FM, Tsien F, Casey GP, Gunaldo TP. Knowledge gains in a professional development workshop on diversity, equity, inclusion, and implicit bias in academia. Adv Physiol Educ 2020; 44:286-294. [PMID: 32484403 PMCID: PMC7642839 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00164.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As literature indicates, historic racism and implicit bias throughout academia have been profound metrics leading to a lack of diversity, as related to people from underrepresented groups according to race and ethnicity, among biomedical sciences graduate students in U.S. universities. Recognizing such challenges, a team of biomedical scientists and inclusivity educators developed and implemented a pilot training program within an academic health sciences center as an initial step to educate faculty and staff regarding their roles in the promotion of an inclusive academic environment, receptive to all students, including underrepresented students. The 3-h workshop included didactic modules, videos, teaching modules, and active attendee participation. Faculty and staff were presented common terminology and ways to promote the development of an inclusive and diverse academic workforce. Compared with pre-workshop, post-workshop survey results indicated a statistically significant improvement in attendee knowledge of correctly identifying definitions of "implicit bias," "status leveling," "color-blind racial attitudes," "tokenism," and "failure to differentiate." Additionally, by the end of the workshop, participants had a statistically significant increase in self-perceptions regarding the importance of improving diversity and recognizing biases and stereotypes in graduate education, knowing what to say when interacting with people from different cultures, and the ability to acknowledge bias when mentoring students from groups underrepresented in the biomedical field. This preliminary initiative was successful in the introduction of faculty and staff to the importance of fostering an inclusive academic environment and thereby developing a diverse workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harrison-Bernard
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Allison C Augustus-Wallace
- Diversity and Community Engagement, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Flavia M Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Fern Tsien
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Gregory P Casey
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tina P Gunaldo
- Center for Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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ALobaid AM, Gosling CM, Khasawneh E, McKenna L, Williams B. Challenges Faced by Female Healthcare Professionals in the Workforce: A Scoping Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:681-691. [PMID: 32821112 PMCID: PMC7417925 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s254922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of women entering the medical and healthcare workforce globally has increased in the past several decades. Women have many roles and positions in healthcare organizations, hospitals and healthcare education settings. Although there has been an increase in the number of women, female workers continue to face many workplace challenges. This scoping review aimed to explore the challenges female healthcare professionals face in the workforce. Methods A scoping review utilizing Arksey and O’Malley’s six-step framework was undertaken to identify and map available literature addressing challenges faced by female healthcare professionals in the workforce. The databases searched included Embase, EmCare, Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Business Source Complete (BSC). Additional searches were performed using Google Scholar, Trove and grey literature. Results The initial search yielded 2455 publications (Medline n=369; EmCare n=276; Embase n=612; CINAHL n=1088; Business Source Complete n=109; mixed grey literature n=1). After removal of duplicates, 1782 citations remained. Abstract and title screening reduced the field to 36 publications, following which full-text reviews were conducted. Consensus was reached on 16 publications for final review. After analyzing the articles, three themes were identified: i) family responsibilities, ii) workplace environment and iii) stereotyping. Conclusion Findings confirm that female healthcare professionals face circumstances that may affect their family lives, as well as factors relating to the workplace environment and stereotypes. Implementing strategies such as reduced work hours, flexible timing and part-time work can support women in the workplace, which then enhances and supports gender equality in healthcare organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mohammed ALobaid
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cameron McR Gosling
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eihab Khasawneh
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lisa McKenna
- La Trobe University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Ferrari S, Bressi C, Busnelli E, Mattei G, Pozzoli S, Oliva A, Galeazzi GM, Pingani L. Stigma on Mental Health among High School Students: Validation of the Italian Version of the Attribution Questionnaire-27 (AQ-27-I) in a High School Student Population. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17145207. [PMID: 32707640 PMCID: PMC7400441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the psychometric characteristics of the AQ-27-I in a high school student population. Students aged between 17 and 20 years and attending the fourth and fifth year of a scientific high school in Milan were approached at the school and were asked to fill in an anonymous socio-demographic form and the AQ-27-I. Cronbach’s alpha was used to estimate the instrument reliability and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted and compared to the original English version factor structure. The AQ-27-I demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87 and only one subscale (Personal responsibility) with an alpha lower than 0.60. Fit indices were very positive for the Dangerousness Model supporting the factor structure and paths of the original version. The Personal Responsibility Model, on the other hand, showed some weakness, concerning the process dynamics of the model. The results obtained are similar with those from other studies carried out in Italy and other countries. The questionnaire can be used for the quantitative description of stereotypes, emotions and behaviors associated with stigma in mental health in high school student populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Cinzia Bressi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Elisa Busnelli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Giorgio Mattei
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.M.); (L.P.)
- Department of Economics “Marco Biagi”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Jacopo Berengario 51, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Pozzoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Oliva
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.M.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-422-2193
| | - Luca Pingani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.M.); (L.P.)
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Terry D, Peck B, Carden C, Perkins AJ, Smith A. Traversing the Funambulist's Fine Line between Nursing and Male Identity: A Systematic Review of the Factors that Influence Men as They Seek to Navigate the Nursing Profession. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:691-703. [PMID: 34542505 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nursing has seen a dominance of women within the profession, and today, the presence of men in the role remains less understood and appreciated. Males considering or entering nursing face challenges concerning role misconception, marginalization, and gender bias. With a looming shortage of nurses on the horizon, it is more important now than ever before to find better ways of engaging males into nursing. The aim of the study was to examine the psychological constructs that influence male perceptions of nursing as they seek to navigate the profession, and what aspects influence men to consider nursing as a career. To achieve this, a systematic review and mixed research synthesis (integrated design) was conducted. English language research published between 1999 and 2019 was eligible. The methodological rigor of qualitative articles followed the Critical Appraisal Skills Program, while the Best Evidence Medical Education guided the quantitative review. Among the 24 publications identified, three sub-themes emerged from the overarching theme of the funambulist or tightrope walker. Sub-themes included societal, inner and collective voices that inform men’s place in nursing or their decision making about entering the profession. There is a need to re-visit what it means to be a nurse in order to address the gendered stereotypes that impact men entering the nursing profession.
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Belmin J. [Ageing and the elderly, stereotypes and their implications]. Soins Gerontol 2020; 25:34-37. [PMID: 32792240 DOI: 10.1016/j.sger.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Older people are often victims of stereotypes that have detrimental consequences, ageism with its negative and discriminatory attitudes based on age alone. It is therefore essential to be able to communicate accurately, respectfully and sympathetically with older people. The words used are important components of the care relationship. Society as a whole must act on itself and its language in order to fight against ageism and become more inclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Belmin
- Service de gériatrie, hôpital Charles-Foix, 7 avenue de la République, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France; Sorbonne Université, 15-21 rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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Peinado S, Treiman K, Uhrig JD, Taylor JC, Stryker JE. Effectively Communicating About HIV and Other Health Disparities: Findings From a Literature Review and Future Directions. Front Commun (Lausanne) 2020; 5:10.3389/fcomm.2020.539174. [PMID: 33594338 PMCID: PMC7884094 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2020.539174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the prevention and treatment of HIV, disparities in rates of infection remain among key groups in the United States, including blacks and African Americans; Hispanics/Latinos; and men who have sex with men (MSM). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' initiative, Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America, calls for addressing HIV-related disparities and reducing stigma and discrimination associated with HIV. The goal of this literature review was to identify approaches for effectively communicating about health disparities across the HIV care continuum. We reviewed the literature to investigate strategies used to communicate health disparities and to identify potential unintended adverse effects resulting from this messaging. Messages about health disparities often target subgroups at higher risk and can be framed in a variety of ways (e.g., social comparison, progress, impact, etiological). Studies have examined the effects of message framing on the risk perceptions, emotional reactions, and behaviors of individuals exposed to the messaging. The evidence points to several potential unintended adverse effects of using social comparison framing and individual responsibility framing to communicate about health disparities, and visual images and exemplars to target messages to higher-risk subgroups. There is not yet a clear evidence-based approach for communicating about health disparities and avoiding potential unintended effects. However, we offer recommendations for communicating about HIV-related disparities based on our findings. Because we found limited literature that addressed our research questions in the context of HIV, we propose a research agenda to build an evidence base for developing effective messages about HIV-related disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Peinado
- Center for Communication Science, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Katherine Treiman
- Center for Communication Science, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Uhrig
- Center for Communication Science, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jocelyn Coleman Taylor
- Prevention Communication Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jo Ellen Stryker
- Prevention Communication Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Pak R, Crumley-Branyon JJ, de Visser EJ, Rovira E. Factors that affect younger and older adults' causal attributions of robot behaviour. Ergonomics 2020; 63:421-439. [PMID: 32096445 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1734242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stereotypes are cognitive shortcuts that facilitate efficient social judgments about others. Just as causal attributions affect perceptions of people, they may similarly affect perceptions of technology, particularly anthropomorphic technology such as robots. In a scenario-based study, younger and older adults judged the performance and capability of an anthropomorphised robot that appeared young or old. In some cases, the robot successfully performed a task while at other times it failed. Results showed that older adult participants were more susceptible to aging stereotypes as indicated by trust. In addition, both younger and older adult participants succumbed to aging stereotypes when measuring perceived capability of the robots. Finally, a summary of causal reasoning results showed that our participants may have applied aging stereotypes to older-appearing robots: they were most likely to give credit to a properly functioning robot when it appeared young and performed a cognitive task. Our results tentatively suggest that human theories of social cognition do not wholly translate to technology-based contexts and that future work may elaborate on these findings. Practitioner summary: Perception and expectations of the capabilities of robots may influence whether users accept and use them, especially older users. The current results suggest that care must be taken in the design of these robots as users may stereotype them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pak
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Ewart J de Visser
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, Warfighter Effectiveness Research Center, U. S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Ericka Rovira
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
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50
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Giner Pérot J. [Representation of old age, a challenge to be met]. Soins Gerontol 2020; 25:12-14. [PMID: 32331602 DOI: 10.1016/j.sger.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Old age is a complex, multidimensional concept, difficult to define. Aging is related to different fields of life (family life, social life, cultural life…) and is at the centre of debates. It is a real challenge to take an accurate viewpoint of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Giner Pérot
- Service de gériatrie, hôpital Charles-Foix, 7 avenue de la République, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France.
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