1
|
Sasaki R, Watanabe H, Onishi H. Therapeutic benefits of noninvasive somatosensory cortex stimulation on cortical plasticity and somatosensory function: a systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4669-4698. [PMID: 35804487 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimal limb coordination requires efficient transmission of somatosensory information to the sensorimotor cortex. The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is frequently damaged by stroke, resulting in both somatosensory and motor impairments. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to the primary motor cortex is thought to induce neural plasticity that facilitates neurorehabilitation. Several studies have also examined if NIBS to the S1 can enhance somatosensory processing as assessed by somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and improve behavioral task performance, but it remains uncertain if NIBS can reliably modulate S1 plasticity or even whether SEPs can reflect this plasticity. This systematic review revealed that NIBS has relatively minor effects on SEPs or somatosensory task performance, but larger early SEP changes after NIBS can still predict improved performance. Similarly, decreased paired-pulse inhibition in S1 post-NIBS is associated with improved somatosensory performance. However, several studies still debate the role of inhibitory function in somatosensory performance after NIBS in terms of the direction of the change (that, disinhibition or inhibition). Altogether, early SEP and paired-pulse inhibition (particularly inter-stimulus intervals of 30-100 ms) may become useful biomarkers for somatosensory deficits, but improved NIBS protocols are required for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoki Sasaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hiraku Watanabe
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma Y, Yin K, Zhuang W, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Huang J, Manor B, Zhou J, Liu Y. Effects of Combining High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with Short-Foot Exercise on Chronic Ankle Instability: A Pilot Randomized and Double-Blinded Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100749. [PMID: 33080863 PMCID: PMC7602979 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Balance decline is highly prevalent in people suffering from chronic ankle instability (CAI). The control of balance depends upon multiple neurophysiologic systems including the activation of cortical brain regions (e.g., the primary sensorimotor cortex). The excitability of this region, however, is diminished in people with CAI. In this pilot double-blinded randomized controlled trial, we tested the effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) designed to facilitate the excitability of M1 and S1 in combination with short-foot exercise (SFE) training on proprioception and dynamic balance performance in individuals with CAI. (2) Methods: Thirty young adults completed baseline assessments including the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus (AMEDA), Joint Position Reproduction (JPR) test, Y-balance test, and the Sensory Organization Test (SOT). They were then randomized to receive a four-week intervention of SFE in combination with tDCS (i.e., HD-tDCS+SFE) or sham (i.e., control) stimulation. Baseline assessments were repeated once-weekly throughout the intervention and during a two-week follow-up period. (3) Results: Twenty-eight participants completed this study. Blinding procedures were successful and no adverse events were reported. As compared to the control group, the HD-tDCS+SFE group exhibited significant improvements in the JPR test, the Y balance test, and the SOT at different time points. No group by time interaction was observed in AMEDA test performance. (4) Conclusions: HD-tDCS combined with SFE may improve dynamic balance and proprioception in CAI. Larger, more definitive trials with extended follow-up are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Keyi Yin
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Wei Zhuang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Cui Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.J.); (J.H.)
- Shandong Institute of Sport Science, Sports Biomechanics Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Brad Manor
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA 02131, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Junhong Zhou
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA 02131, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.J.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao X, Ding J, Pan H, Zhang S, Pan D, Yu H, Ye Z, Hua T. Anodal and cathodal tDCS modulate neural activity and selectively affect GABA and glutamate syntheses in the visual cortex of cats. J Physiol 2020; 598:3727-3745. [PMID: 32506434 DOI: 10.1113/jp279340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The present study showed that anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can respectively increase and decrease the amplitude of visually evoked field potentials in the stimulated visual cortex of cats, with the effect lasting for ∼60-70 min. We directly measured tDCS-induced changes in the concentration of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the visual cortex using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and showed that anodal and cathodal tDCS can selectively decrease the concentration of GABA and glutamate in the stimulated cortical area. Anodal and cathodal tDCS can selectively inhibit the synthesis of GABA and glutamate by suppressing the expression of GABA- and glutamate-synthesizing enzymes, respectively. ABSTRACT Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) evokes long-lasting neuronal excitability in the target brain region. The underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study examined tDCS-induced alterations in neuronal activities, as well as the concentration and synthesis of GABA and glutamate (GLU), in area 21a (A21a) of cat visual cortex. Our analysis showed that anodal and cathodal tDCS respectively enhanced and suppressed neuronal activities in A21a, as indicated by a significantly increased and decreased amplitude of visually evoked field potentials (VEPs). The tDCS-induced effect lasted for ∼60-70 min. By contrast, sham tDCS had no significant impact on the VEPs in A21a. On the other hand, the concentration of GABA, but not that of GLU, in A21a significantly decreased after anodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas the concentration of GLU, but not that of GABA, in A21a significantly decreased after cathodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS. Furthermore, the expression of GABA-synthesizing enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 in A21a significantly decreased in terms of both mRNA and protein concentrations after anodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas that of GLU-synthesizing enzyme glutaminase (GLS) did not change significantly after anodal tDCS. By contrast, both mRNA and protein concentrations of GLS in A21a significantly decreased after cathodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas those of GAD65/GAD67 showed no significant change after cathodal tDCS. Taken together, these results indicate that anodal and cathodal tDCS may selectively reduce GABA and GLU syntheses and thus respectively enhance and suppress neuronal excitability in the stimulated brain area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Huijun Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Deng Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
BinDawood A, Dickinson A, Aytemur A, Howarth C, Milne E, Jones M. Investigating the effects of tDCS on Visual Orientation Discrimination Task Performance: 'The possible influence of placebo'. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2019; 4:235-249. [PMID: 32747876 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The non-invasive neuromodulation technique tDCS offers the promise of a low cost tool for both research and clinical applications in psychology, psychiatry and neuroscience. However, findings regarding its efficacy are often equivocal. A key issue is that the clinical and cognitive applications studied are often complex and thus effects of tDCS are difficult to predict given its known effects on the basic underlying neurophysiology, namely alterations in cortical inhibition-excitation balance. As such, it may be beneficial to assess the effects of tDCS in tasks whose performance has a clear link to cortical inhibition-excitation balance such as the visual orientation discrimination task (ODT). In prior studies in our laboratory no practise effects were found during 2 consecutive runs of the ODT, thus in the current investigation, to examine the effects of tDCS, subjects received 10 minutes of 2mA occipital tDCS (sham, anode, cathode) between a first and second run of ODT. Surprisingly, subjects' performance significantly improved in the second run of ODT compared to the first one regardless of the tDCS stimulation type they received (anodal, cathodal, or sham-tDCS). Possible causes for such an improvement could have been due to either a generic 'placebo' effect of tDCS (as all subjects received some form of tDCS) or an increased delay period between the two runs of ODT of the current study compared to our previous work (10 minutes duration required to administer tDCS as opposed to ~2 minutes in previous studies as a 'break'). As such, we tested these two possibilities with a subsequent experiment in which subjects received 2 minutes or 10 minutes delay between the 2 runs (with no tDCS) or 10 minutes of sham-tDCS. Only sham-tDCS resulted in improved performance thus these data add to a growing literature suggesting that tDCS has powerful placebo effect that may occur even in the absence of active cortical modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A BinDawood
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield UK, S1 2LT.,Department of Psychology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Dickinson
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, University of California, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite A7-448, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - A Aytemur
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield UK, S1 2LT
| | - C Howarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield UK, S1 2LT
| | - E Milne
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield UK, S1 2LT
| | - M Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield UK, S1 2LT
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muffel T, Kirsch F, Shih PC, Kalloch B, Schaumberg S, Villringer A, Sehm B. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over S1 Differentially Modulates Proprioceptive Accuracy in Young and Old Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:264. [PMID: 31611782 PMCID: PMC6775783 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprioception is a prerequisite for successful motor control but declines throughout the lifespan. Brain stimulation techniques such as anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) are capable of enhancing sensorimotor performance across different tasks and age groups. Despite such growing evidence for a restorative potential of tDCS, its impact on proprioceptive accuracy has not been studied in detail yet. Objective This study investigated online effects of a-tDCS over S1 on proprioceptive accuracy in young (YA) and old healthy adults (OA). Methods The effect of 15 min of a-tDCS vs. sham on proprioceptive accuracy was assessed in a cross-over, double blind experiment in both age groups. Performance changes were tested using an arm position matching task in a robotic environment. Electrical field (EF) strengths in the target area S1 and control areas were assessed based on individualized simulations. Results a-tDCS elicited differential changes in proprioceptive accuracy and EF strengths in the two groups: while YA showed a slight improvement, OA exhibited a decrease in performance during a-tDCS. Stronger EF were induced in target S1 and control areas in the YA group. However, no relationship between EF strength and performance change was found. Conclusion a-tDCS over S1 elicits opposing effects on proprioceptive accuracy as a function of age, a result that is important for future studies investigating the restorative potential of a-tDCS in healthy aging and in the rehabilitation of neurological diseases that occur at advanced age. Modeling approaches could help elucidate the relationship between tDCS protocols, brain structure and performance modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Muffel
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery Group, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Mind Brain Body Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Kirsch
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery Group, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pei-Cheng Shih
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery Group, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kalloch
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery Group, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Computer Science and Media, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sara Schaumberg
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery Group, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery Group, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Mind Brain Body Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery Group, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Folmli B, Turman B, Johnson P, Abbott A. Dose response of somatosensory cortex repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on vibrotactile detection: a randomized sham-controlled trial. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:610-616. [PMID: 29726731 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00926.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This randomized sham-controlled trial investigated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the somatosensory cortex contralateral to hand dominance for dose-response (1 mA, 20 min × 5 days) effects on vibrotactile detection thresholds (VDT). VDT was measured before and after tDCS on days 1, 3, and 5 for low- (30 Hz) and high-frequency (200 Hz) vibrations on the dominant and nondominant hands in 29 healthy adults (mean age = 22.86 yr; 15 men, 14 women). Only the dominant-hand 200-Hz VDT displayed statistically significant medium effect size improvement for mixed-model analysis of variance time-by-group interaction for active tDCS compared with sham. Post hoc contrasts were statistically significant for dominant-hand 200-Hz VDT on day 5 after tDCS compared with day 1 before tDCS, day 1 after tDCS, and day 3 before tDCS. There was a linear dose-response improvement with dominant-hand 200-Hz VDT mean difference decreasing from day 1 before tDCS peaking at -15.5% (SD = 34.9%) on day 5 after tDCS. Both groups showed learning effect trends over time for all VDT test conditions, but only the nondominant-hand 30-Hz VDT was statistically significant ( P = 0.03), although post hoc contrasts were nonsignificant after Šidák adjustment. No adverse effects for tDCS were reported. In conclusion, anodal tDCS at 1 mA, 20 min × 5 days on the dominant sensory cortex can modulate a linear improvement of dominant-hand high-frequency VDT but not low-frequency or nondominant-hand VDT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repeated weak anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (1 mA, 20 min) on the dominant sensory cortex provides linear improvement in dominant-hand high-frequency vibration detection thresholds. No effects were observed for low-frequency or nondominant-hand vibration detection thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brookes Folmli
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia
| | - Bulent Turman
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia
| | - Peter Johnson
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia
| | - Allan Abbott
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lefebvre S, Liew SL. Anatomical Parameters of tDCS to Modulate the Motor System after Stroke: A Review. Front Neurol 2017; 8:29. [PMID: 28232816 PMCID: PMC5298973 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method to modulate the local field potential in neural tissue and consequently, cortical excitability. As tDCS is relatively portable, affordable, and accessible, the applications of tDCS to probe brain-behavior connections have rapidly increased in the last 10 years. One of the most promising applications is the use of tDCS to modulate excitability in the motor cortex after stroke and promote motor recovery. However, the results of clinical studies implementing tDCS to modulate motor excitability have been highly variable, with some studies demonstrating that as many as 50% or more of patients fail to show a response to stimulation. Much effort has therefore been dedicated to understand the sources of variability affecting tDCS efficacy. Possible suspects include the placement of the electrodes, task parameters during stimulation, dosing (current amplitude, duration of stimulation, frequency of stimulation), individual states (e.g., anxiety, motivation, attention), and more. In this review, we first briefly review potential sources of variability specific to stroke motor recovery following tDCS. We then examine how the anatomical variability in tDCS placement [e.g., neural target(s) and montages employed] may alter the neuromodulatory effects that tDCS exerts on the post-stroke motor system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lefebvre
- Neural Plasticity and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Department of Neurology, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sook-Lei Liew
- Neural Plasticity and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Department of Neurology, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castaño-Castaño S, Garcia-Moll A, Morales-Navas M, Fernandez E, Sanchez-Santed F, Nieto-Escamez F. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves visual acuity in amblyopic Long-Evans rats. Brain Res 2017; 1657:340-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|