1
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Armstrong HC, Russell DJF, Moss SEW, Pomeroy P, Bennett KA. Fitness correlates of blubber oxidative stress and cellular defences in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): support for the life-history-oxidative stress theory from an animal model of simultaneous lactation and fasting. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:551-566. [PMID: 36933172 PMCID: PMC10469160 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-history-oxidative stress theory predicts that elevated energy costs during reproduction reduce allocation to defences and increase cellular stress, with fitness consequences, particularly when resources are limited. As capital breeders, grey seals are a natural system in which to test this theory. We investigated oxidative damage (malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration) and cellular defences (relative mRNA abundance of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and redox enzymes (REs)) in blubber of wild female grey seals during the lactation fast (n = 17) and summer foraging (n = 13). Transcript abundance of Hsc70 increased, and Nox4, a pro-oxidant enzyme, decreased throughout lactation. Foraging females had higher mRNA abundance of some Hsps and lower RE transcript abundance and MDA concentrations, suggesting they experienced lower oxidative stress than lactating mothers, which diverted resources into pup rearing at the expense of blubber tissue damage. Lactation duration and maternal mass loss rate were both positively related to pup weaning mass. Pups whose mothers had higher blubber glutathione-S-transferase (GST) expression at early lactation gained mass more slowly. Higher glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lower catalase (CAT) were associated with longer lactation but reduced maternal transfer efficiency and lower pup weaning mass. Cellular stress, and the ability to mount effective cellular defences, could proscribe lactation strategy in grey seal mothers and thus affect pup survival probability. These data support the life-history-oxidative stress hypothesis in a capital breeding mammal and suggest lactation is a period of heightened vulnerability to environmental factors that exacerbate cellular stress. Fitness consequences of stress may thus be accentuated during periods of rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Armstrong
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK.
| | - Debbie J F Russell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Simon E W Moss
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Paddy Pomeroy
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Kimberley A Bennett
- Division of Health Science, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
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2
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Tian J, Wang Z, Li X, Li X, Kong Z, Zhang S, Li Y, Lu Z. Comparative iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of spotted seal ( Phoca largha) pups inhabiting different environments. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2099467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashen Tian
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongren Kong
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengjiu Zhang
- Dalian Sun Asia Tourism Holding Co., Ltd., Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichuang Lu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Ma J, Zhang L, Huang Y, Shen F, Wu H, Yang Z, Hou R, Song Z, Yue B, Zhang X. Epigenomic profiling indicates a role for DNA methylation in the postnatal liver and pancreas development of giant pandas. Genomics 2022; 114:110342. [PMID: 35306168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Giant pandas are unique within Carnivora with a strict bamboo diet. Here, the epigenomic profiles of giant panda liver and pancreas tissues collected from three important feeding stages were investigated using BS-seq. Few differences in DNA methylation profiles were exhibited between no feeding and suckling groups in both tissues. However, we observed a tendency toward a global loss of DNA methylation in the gene-body and promoter region of metabolism-related genes from newborn to adult. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the changes in methylation levels within gene promoters and gene expression. The majority of genes related to nutrition metabolism had lost DNA methylation with increased mRNA expression in adult giant pandas. The few galactose metabolism and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism related genes that were hypomethylated and highly-expressed at early stages of giant panda development may meet the nutritional requirement of this species' highly altricial neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Yan Huang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 98 Tongjiang Road, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, Sichuan 611800, China
| | - Fujun Shen
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Honglin Wu
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 98 Tongjiang Road, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, Sichuan 611800, China
| | - Zhisong Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Rong Hou
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Zhaobin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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4
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Khudyakov JI, Holser RR, Vierra CA, Ly ST, Niel TK, Hasan BM, Crocker DE, Costa DP. Changes in apolipoprotein abundance dominate proteome responses to prolonged fasting in elephant seals. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274459. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Unlike many animals that reduce activity during fasting, northern elephant seals (NES) undergo prolonged fasting during energy-intensive life-history stages such as reproduction and molting, fueling fasting energy needs by mobilizing fat stores accrued during foraging. NES display several unique metabolic features such as high fasting metabolic rates, elevated blood lipid and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, efficient protein sparing and resistance to oxidative stress during fasting. However, the cellular mechanisms that regulate these adaptations are still not fully understood. To examine how metabolic coordination is achieved during prolonged fasting, we profiled changes in blubber, skeletal muscle and plasma proteomes of adult female NES over a 5 week fast associated with molting. We found that while blubber and muscle proteomes were remarkably stable over fasting, over 50 proteins changed in abundance in plasma, including those associated with lipid storage, mobilization, oxidation and transport. Apolipoproteins dominated the blubber, plasma and muscle proteome responses to fasting. APOA4, APOE and APOC3, which are associated with lipogenesis and triglyceride accumulation, decreased, while APOA1, APOA2 and APOM, which are associated with lipid mobilization and HDL function, increased over fasting. Our findings suggest that changes in apolipoprotein composition may underlie the maintenance of high HDL levels and, together with adipokines and hepatokines that facilitate lipid catabolism, may mediate the metabolic transitions between feeding and fasting in NES. Many of these proteins have not been previously studied in this species and provide intriguing hypotheses about metabolic regulation during prolonged fasting in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane I. Khudyakov
- Biological Sciences Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Rachel R. Holser
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Craig A. Vierra
- Biological Sciences Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Serena T. Ly
- Biological Sciences Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Theron K. Niel
- Biological Sciences Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Basma M. Hasan
- Biological Sciences Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Daniel E. Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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5
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Al-Sayegh M, Ali H, Jamal MH, ElGindi M, Chanyong T, Al-Awadi K, Abu-Farha M. Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Adipogenic Potential: A Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis. Adipocyte 2021; 10:1-20. [PMID: 33345692 PMCID: PMC7757854 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1859789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of adipose tissue has progressed from an inert tissue for energy storage to be one of the largest endocrine organs regulating metabolic homoeostasis through its ability to synthesize and release various adipokines that regulate a myriad of pathways. The field of adipose tissue biology is growing due to this association with various chronic metabolic diseases. An important process in the regulation of adipose tissue biology is adipogenesis, which is the formation of new adipocytes. Investigating adipogenesis in vitro is currently a focus for identifying factors that might be utilized in clinically. A powerful tool for such work is high-throughput sequencing which can rapidly identify changes at gene expression level. Various cell models exist for studying adipogenesis and has been used in high-throughput studies, yet little is known about transcriptome profile that underlies adipogenesis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. This study utilizes RNA-sequencing and computational analysis with DESeq2, gene ontology, protein–protein networks, and robust rank analysis to understand adipogenesis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts in-depth. Our analyses confirmed the requirement of mitotic clonal expansion prior to adipogenesis in this cell model and highlight the role of Cebpa and Cebpb in regulating adipogenesis through interactions of large numbers of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Al-Sayegh
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Division of Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamad Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center (HSC), Kuwait University, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Kuwait City, State of Kuwait
| | - Mohammad H Jamal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center (HSC), Kuwait University, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait
| | - Mei ElGindi
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Division of Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tina Chanyong
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Division of Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khulood Al-Awadi
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Design Studio, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Kuwait City, State of Kuwait
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6
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Ibrahim M, Ayoub D, Wasselin T, Van Dorsselaer A, Le Maho Y, Raclot T, Bertile F. Alterations in rat adipose tissue transcriptome and proteome in response to prolonged fasting. Biol Chem 2021; 401:389-405. [PMID: 31398141 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various pathophysiological situations of negative energy balance involve the intense depletion of the body's energy reserves. White adipose tissue is a central place to store energy and a major endocrine organ. As a model of choice to better understand how the white adipose tissue dynamically responds to changes in substrate availability, we used the prolonged fasting paradigm, which is characterized by successive periods of stimulated (phase 2) and then reduced (phase 3) lipid mobilization/utilization. Using omics analyses, we report a regulatory transcriptional program in rat epididymal (EPI) adipose tissue favoring lipolysis during phase 2 and repressing it during phase 3. Changes in gene expression levels of lipases, lipid droplet-associated factors, and the proteins involved in cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent regulation of lipolysis are highlighted. The mRNA and circulating levels of adipose-secreted factors were consistent with the repression of insulin signaling during prolonged fasting. Other molecular responses are discussed, including the regulation of leptin and adiponectin levels, the specific changes reflecting an increased fibrinolysis and a possible protein catabolism-related energy saving mechanism in late fasting. Finally, some differences between internal and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues are also reported. These data provide a comprehensive molecular basis of adipose tissue responses when facing a major energetic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Ibrahim
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Wasselin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Département Ecologie, Physiologie, Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Raclot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Département Ecologie, Physiologie, Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Ensminger DC, Salvador-Pascual A, Arango BG, Allen KN, Vázquez-Medina JP. Fasting ameliorates oxidative stress: A review of physiological strategies across life history events in wild vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 256:110929. [PMID: 33647461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fasting is a component of many species' life history due to environmental factors or behavioral patterns that limit access to food. Despite metabolic and physiological challenges associated with these life history stages, fasting-adapted wild vertebrates exhibit few if any signs of oxidative stress, suggesting that fasting promotes redox homeostasis. Here we review mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine examples of animals undergoing fasting during prolonged metabolic suppression (e.g. hibernation and estivation) or energetically demanding processes (e.g. migration and breeding) to better understand the mechanisms underlying fasting tolerance in wild vertebrates. These studies largely show beneficial effects of fasting on redox balance via limited oxidative damage. Though some species exhibit signs of oxidative stress due to energetically or metabolically extreme processes, fasting wild vertebrates largely buffer themselves from the negative consequences of oxidative damage through specific strategies such as elevating antioxidants, selectively maintaining redox balance in critical tissues, or modifying behavioral patterns. We conclude with suggestions for future research to better elucidate the protective effects of fasting on oxidative stress as well as disentangle the impacts from other life history stages. Further research in these areas will facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms wild vertebrates use to mitigate the negative impacts associated with metabolically-extreme life history stages as well as potential translation into therapeutic interventions in non-fasting-adapted species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ensminger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - B Gabriela Arango
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Allen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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8
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Defour M, Michielsen CCJR, O'Donovan SD, Afman LA, Kersten S. Transcriptomic signature of fasting in human adipose tissue. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:451-467. [PMID: 32866087 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00083.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about gene regulation by fasting in human adipose tissue. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fasting on adipose tissue gene expression in humans. To that end, subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected from 11 volunteers 2 and 26 h after consumption of a standardized meal. For comparison, epididymal adipose tissue was collected from C57Bl/6J mice in the ab libitum-fed state and after a 16 h fast. The timing of sampling adipose tissue roughly corresponds with the near depletion of liver glycogen. Transcriptome analysis was carried out using Affymetrix microarrays. We found that, 1) fasting downregulated numerous metabolic pathways in human adipose tissue, including triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial translation, and insulin signaling; 2) fasting downregulated genes involved in proteasomal degradation in human adipose tissue; 3) fasting had much less pronounced effects on the adipose tissue transcriptome in humans than mice; 4) although major overlap in fasting-induced gene regulation was observed between human and mouse adipose tissue, many genes were differentially regulated in the two species, including genes involved in insulin signaling (PRKAG2, PFKFB3), PPAR signaling (PPARG, ACSL1, HMGCS2, SLC22A5, ACOT1), glycogen metabolism (PCK1, PYGB), and lipid droplets (PLIN1, PNPLA2, CIDEA, CIDEC). In conclusion, although numerous genes and pathways are regulated similarly by fasting in human and mouse adipose tissue, many genes show very distinct responses to fasting in humans and mice. Our data provide a useful resource to study adipose tissue function during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Defour
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte C J R Michielsen
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shauna D O'Donovan
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Lam EK, Allen KN, Torres-Velarde JM, Vázquez-Medina JP. Functional Studies with Primary Cells Provide a System for Genome-to-Phenome Investigations in Marine Mammals. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:348-360. [PMID: 32516367 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals exhibit some of the most dramatic physiological adaptations in their clade and offer unparalleled insights into the mechanisms driving convergent evolution on relatively short time scales. Some of these adaptations, such as extreme tolerance to hypoxia and prolonged food deprivation, are uncommon among most terrestrial mammals and challenge established metabolic principles of supply and demand balance. Non-targeted omics studies are starting to uncover the genetic foundations of such adaptations, but tools for testing functional significance in these animals are currently lacking. Cellular modeling with primary cells represents a powerful approach for elucidating the molecular etiology of physiological adaptation, a critical step in accelerating genome-to-phenome studies in organisms in which transgenesis is impossible (e.g., large-bodied, long-lived, fully aquatic, federally protected species). Gene perturbation studies in primary cells can directly evaluate whether specific mutations, gene loss, or duplication confer functional advantages such as hypoxia or stress tolerance in marine mammals. Here, we summarize how genetic and pharmacological manipulation approaches in primary cells have advanced mechanistic investigations in other non-traditional mammalian species, and highlight the need for such investigations in marine mammals. We also provide key considerations for isolating, culturing, and conducting experiments with marine mammal cells under conditions that mimic in vivo states. We propose that primary cell culture is a critical tool for conducting functional mechanistic studies (e.g., gene knockdown, over-expression, or editing) that can provide the missing link between genome- and organismal-level understanding of physiological adaptations in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Lam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Allen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Castrillon J, Bengtson Nash S. Evaluating cetacean body condition; a review of traditional approaches and new developments. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6144-6162. [PMID: 32607220 PMCID: PMC7319165 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately gauge the body condition of free-swimming cetaceans is invaluable in population and conservation biology, due to the direct implications that this measure has on individual fitness, survival, and reproductive success. Furthermore, monitoring temporal change in body condition offers insight into foraging success over time, and therefore the health of the supporting ecosystem, as well as a species' resilience. These parameters are particularly relevant in the context of widespread and accelerated, climate-induced habitat change. There are, however, significant logistical challenges involved with research and monitoring of large cetaceans, which often preclude direct measure of body condition of live individuals. Consequently, a wide variety of indirect approaches, or proxies, for estimating energetic stores have been proposed over past decades. To date, no single, standardized, approach has been shown to serve as a robust estimation of body condition across species, age categories, and in both live and dead individuals. Nonetheless, it is clear that streamlining and advancing body condition measures would carry significant benefits for diverse areas of cetacean research and management. Here, we review traditional approaches and new applications for the evaluation of cetacean energetic reserves. Specific attention is given to the criteria of measure performance (sensitivity and accuracy), level of invasiveness, cost and effort required for implementation, as well as versatility e.g. applicability across different species, age groups, as well as living versus deceased animals. Measures have been benchmarked against these criteria in an effort to identify key candidates for further development, and key research priorities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Castrillon
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants ProgramEnvironmental Futures Research Institute (EFRI)Griffith UniversityNathanQld.Australia
| | - Susan Bengtson Nash
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants ProgramEnvironmental Futures Research Institute (EFRI)Griffith UniversityNathanQld.Australia
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11
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Blubber proteome response to repeated ACTH administration in a wild marine mammal. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 33:100644. [PMID: 31786479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the response to acute stress is adaptive in nature, repeated or chronic stress can impact an animal's fitness by depleting its energy stores and suppressing immune function and reproduction. This can be especially deleterious for species that rely on energy reserves to fuel key life history stages (e.g. reproduction), already experience physiological extremes (e.g. fasting), and/or have undergone significant population declines, such as many marine mammals. However, identifying chronically stressed individuals is difficult due to the practical challenges to sample collection from large aquatic animals and a paucity of information on downstream consequences of the stress response. We previously simulated repeated stress by ACTH administration in a model marine mammal, the northern elephant seal, and showed that changes in blubber gene expression, but not circulating cortisol levels, could distinguish between single and repeated responses to ACTH. Here, we profiled changes in the proteome of the same blubber cell population and identified a set of differentially expressed proteins that included extracellular matrix components, heat shock and mitochondrial proteins, metabolic enzymes, and metabolite transporters. Differentially expressed proteins and genes shared similar functions that suggest that repeated corticosteroid elevation may affect blubber tissue proteostasis, mitochondrial activity, adipogenesis, and metabolism in marine mammals. For marine mammal species from which blubber biopsies, but not blood can be obtained by remote sampling, measurement of abundance of such proteins may serve as a novel method for identifying chronically stressed animals.
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12
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Jansen HT, Trojahn S, Saxton MW, Quackenbush CR, Evans Hutzenbiler BD, Nelson OL, Cornejo OE, Robbins CT, Kelley JL. Hibernation induces widespread transcriptional remodeling in metabolic tissues of the grizzly bear. Commun Biol 2019; 2:336. [PMID: 31531397 PMCID: PMC6744400 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Revealing the mechanisms underlying the reversible physiology of hibernation could have applications to both human and animal health as hibernation is often associated with disease-like states. The present study uses RNA-sequencing to reveal the tissue and seasonal transcriptional changes occurring in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Comparing hibernation to other seasons, bear adipose has a greater number of differentially expressed genes than liver and skeletal muscle. During hyperphagia, adipose has more than 900 differentially expressed genes compared to active season. Hibernation is characterized by reduced expression of genes associated with insulin signaling, muscle protein degradation, and urea production, and increased expression within muscle protein anabolic pathways. Across all three tissues we find a subset of shared differentially expressed genes, some of which are uncharacterized, that together may reflect a common regulatory mechanism. The identified gene families could be useful for developing novel therapeutics to treat human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko T. Jansen
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Shawn Trojahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Michael W. Saxton
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Corey R. Quackenbush
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Brandon D. Evans Hutzenbiler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - O. Lynne Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Omar E. Cornejo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Charles T. Robbins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Joanna L. Kelley
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
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Deyarmin JS, McCormley MC, Champagne CD, Stephan AP, Busqueta LP, Crocker DE, Houser DS, Khudyakov JI. Blubber transcriptome responses to repeated ACTH administration in a marine mammal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2718. [PMID: 30804370 PMCID: PMC6390094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic physiological stress impacts animal fitness by catabolizing metabolic stores and suppressing reproduction. This can be especially deleterious for capital breeding carnivores such as marine mammals, with potential for ecosystem-wide effects. However, the impacts and indicators of chronic stress in animals are currently poorly understood. To identify downstream mediators of repeated stress responses in marine mammals, we administered adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) once daily for four days to free-ranging juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) to stimulate endogenous corticosteroid release, and compared blubber tissue transcriptome responses to the first and fourth ACTH administrations. Gene expression profiles were distinct between blubber responses to single and repeated ACTH administration, despite similarities in circulating cortisol profiles. We identified 61 and 12 genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) in response to the first ACTH and fourth administrations, respectively, 24 DEGs between the first and fourth pre-ACTH samples, and 12 DEGs between ACTH response samples from the first and fourth days. Annotated DEGs were associated with functions in redox and lipid homeostasis, suggesting potential negative impacts of repeated stress on capital breeding, diving mammals. DEGs identified in this study are potential markers of repeated stress in marine mammals, which may not be detectable by endocrine profiles alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Deyarmin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Molly C McCormley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Cory D Champagne
- Conservation and Biological Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Alicia P Stephan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Laura Pujade Busqueta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Dorian S Houser
- Conservation and Biological Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Jane I Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA.
- Conservation and Biological Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA.
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14
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Khudyakov JI, Deyarmin JS, Hekman RM, Pujade Busqueta L, Maan R, Mody MJ, Banerjee R, Crocker DE, Champagne CD. A sample preparation workflow for adipose tissue shotgun proteomics and proteogenomics. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.036731. [PMID: 30361411 PMCID: PMC6262853 DOI: 10.1242/bio.036731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals with large adipose stores, such as marine mammals, may provide insights into the evolution and function of this multifunctional tissue in health and disease. In the absence of sequenced genomes, molecular information can be rapidly obtained by proteomics and transcriptomics, but their application to adipose tissue is hindered by low nucleic acid and protein yields. We sequenced and compared proteomes isolated from the blubber of four elephant seals using phenol and guanidine thiocyanate (Qiazol) or detergent (sodium deoxycholate) buffer. Qiazol recovered more subcellular proteins such as metabolic enzymes, in addition to extracting RNA, facilitating proteogenomic analyses of small lipid-rich tissue biopsies. We also compared proteomics data analysis platforms and found that de novo peptide sequencing improved protein identification sensitivity compared to database search alone. We report sample preparation and data analysis workflows for proteogenomics and a proteome of elephant seal blubber containing 2678 proteins, including many of interest for further functional studies. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Proteins that are compatible with shotgun proteomics can be isolated from small amounts of adipose tissue at the same time as RNA, facilitating proteogenomics studies in non-model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane I Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA .,Conservation and Biological Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jared S Deyarmin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Ryan M Hekman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | | | - Rasool Maan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Melony J Mody
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Reeti Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - Cory D Champagne
- Conservation and Biological Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
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