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Brown F, Hill M, Renshaw D, Tallis J. Force-Time Characteristics of Repeated Bouts of Depth Jumps and the Effects of Compression Garments. J Appl Biomech 2024; 40:217-231. [PMID: 38580303 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
No studies have reported ground reaction force (GRF) profiles of the repeated depth jump (DJ) protocols commonly used to study exercise-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, while compression garments (CG) may accelerate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage, any effects on the repeated bout effect are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the GRF profiles of 2 repeated bouts of damage-inducing DJs and the effects of wearing CG for recovery. Nonresistance-trained males randomly received CG (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) for 72 hours recovery, following 20 × 20 m sprints and 10 × 10 DJs from 0.6 m. Exercise was repeated after 14 days. Using a 3-way (set × bout × group) design, changes in GRF were assessed with analysis of variance and statistical parametric mapping. Jump height, reactive strength, peak, and mean propulsive forces declined between sets (P < .001). Vertical stiffness, contact time, force at zero velocity, and propulsive duration increased (P < .05). According to statistical parametric mapping, braking (17%-25% of the movement) and propulsive forces (58%-81%) declined (P < .05). During the repeated bout, peak propulsive force and duration increased (P < .05), while mean propulsive force (P < .05) and GRF from 59% to 73% declined (P < .001). A repeated bout of DJs differed in propulsive GRF, without changes to the eccentric phase, or effects from CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Brown
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Hill
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Rai A, Bhati P, Anand P. Exercise induced muscle damage and repeated bout effect: an update for last 10 years and future perspectives. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and repeated bout effect (RBE) are widely researched across various populations. EIMD is the muscle damage occurring after one bout of unaccustomed exercise while RBE is the attenuation of the same muscle damage in subsequent second bout. RBE seems to have significant implications for exercise prescription. Despite existence of vast literature, there is lack of clarity on the effects of EIMD and RBE in a healthy population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on EIMD and RBE in healthy participants published during the last 10 years. The search of major databases (including Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed) was conducted using specific keywords ‘Exercise induced muscle damage’, ‘Repeated bout effect’, ‘Healthy participants’ ‘Pre-conditioning’, ‘Eccentric exercise’. Studies published from 2011 onwards which included EIMD and RBE assessment in healthy participants were included in this review. Database searching revealed a total of 38 studies on EIMD and RBE in healthy participants. Three major themes of papers were identified that focused on EIMD and RBE along with (1) age related differences, (2) sex-based differences, and (3) response in athletes. Findings of this comprehensive review suggests that both EIMD and RBE are age, and sex specific. Delayed onset muscle soreness played a major role in both EIMD and RBE in all the population types. Female participants are less susceptible to EIMD as compared to age-matched male counterparts. Moreover, both EIMD and RBE are more elicited in middle aged and younger adults as compared to children and older adults while the magnitude of RBE turns out to be minimal in trained individuals due to persisting adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rai
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - P. Bhati
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - P. Anand
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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3
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Souron R, Carayol M, Martin V, Piponnier E, Duché P, Gruet M. Differences in time to task failure and fatigability between children and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1026012. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1026012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by many physiological processes impacting exercise performance. Performance fatigability and time to task failure are commonly used to capture exercise performance. This review aimed to determine the differences in fatigability and TTF between youth (including both children and adolescents) and young adults, and to evaluate the influence of exercise modalities (i.e., exercise duration and type of exercise) on these differences. Medline, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library were searched. Thirty-four studies were included. The meta-analyses revealed that both children (SMD −1.15; p < 0.001) and adolescents (SMD −1.26; p = 0.022) were less fatigable than adults. Additional analysis revealed that children were less fatigable during dynamic exercises (SMD −1.58; p < 0.001) with no differences during isometric ones (SMD –0.46; p = 0.22). Children (SMD 0.89; p = 0.018) but not adolescents (SMD 0.75; p = 0.090) had longer TTF than adults. Additional analyses revealed 1) that children had longer TTF for isometric (SMD 1.25; p < 0.001) but not dynamic exercises (SMD −0.27; p = 0.83), and 2) that TTF differences between children and adults were larger for short- (SMD 1.46; p = 0.028) than long-duration exercises (SMD 0.20; p = 0.64). Children have higher endurance and are less fatigable than adults. These differences are influenced by the exercise modality, suggesting distinct physiological functioning during exercise between children and adults. The low number of studies comparing these outcomes between adolescents versus children and adults prevents robust conclusions and warrants further investigations in adolescent individuals.
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Tékus E, Szénási NL, Szabó E, Heckel Z, Mintál T, Kőszegi T, Atlasz T, Gazdag Z, Váczi M, Wilhelm M. Well-Trained Elders Have Antioxidant Responses and an Equal Magnitude of EIMD as Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158889. [PMID: 35897260 PMCID: PMC9332484 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study was to investigate acute and chronic effects of a two-week eccentric concentric, dynamometric training concerning the time-course changes of blood antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity, catalase enzyme activity, thiol concentration), and to compare the adaptability of young and older muscle to this type of training. Methods Seventeen moderately trained young and older men participated in this research. Subjects performed six eccentric concentric exercise bouts during the training period and maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, plasma CK and intensity of muscle soreness were determined before and 24 h after the first exercise. During five testing sessions (baseline, 24 h, 48 h, week 1, week 2) the level of blood antioxidants were measured. Results No significant changes were registered in total antioxidant capacity and catalase enzyme activity for any time points; furthermore, no difference was found between groups during the training period. However, total thiol concentrations measured two weeks after the first exercise bout significantly differed between the young and elderly groups. Plasma CK and the subjective intensity of soreness elevated significantly 24 h following the first training, while maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque decreased at the same time. Conclusions Our results do not support previous findings that chronic, short-term eccentric concentric training programs enhance the antioxidant defense of well-trained older and young men. This type and setting of exercise did not cause a different time course of changes in the markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in the studied population. Subjects may already have adapted to maintain constant levels of antioxidants and isometric torque due to their active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tékus
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.L.S.); (E.S.); (Z.H.); (T.A.); (M.V.); (M.W.)
- Sports Medicine Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7632 Pecs, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-72-536-823
| | - Nikolett Lilla Szénási
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.L.S.); (E.S.); (Z.H.); (T.A.); (M.V.); (M.W.)
| | - Edina Szabó
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.L.S.); (E.S.); (Z.H.); (T.A.); (M.V.); (M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Heckel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.L.S.); (E.S.); (Z.H.); (T.A.); (M.V.); (M.W.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, H-7621 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Mintál
- Sports Medicine Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7632 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Tamas Kőszegi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.L.S.); (E.S.); (Z.H.); (T.A.); (M.V.); (M.W.)
| | - Zoltan Gazdag
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Mark Váczi
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.L.S.); (E.S.); (Z.H.); (T.A.); (M.V.); (M.W.)
| | - Marta Wilhelm
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.L.S.); (E.S.); (Z.H.); (T.A.); (M.V.); (M.W.)
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Váczi M, Nagy SA, Kőszegi T, Misovics B, Szabó E, Müller É, Perlaki G, Orsi G, Pál J, Bogner P, Illes Z. Muscle damage in response to a single bout of high intensity concentric exercise in patients with Pompe disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:389. [PMID: 33842610 PMCID: PMC8033309 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background In Pompe disease, resistance exercise could be an effective treatment to delay motor function impairment, however, the acute effects of this exercise modality are unclear. Methods In a prospective cohort study, we compared responses to a single bout of resistance exercise by serum markers of muscle damage and quantitative muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients (n=12) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n=12). Participants performed 50 maximal effort concentric knee flexions on a dynamometer. Results Twenty-four hours after exercise, levels of serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin increased in controls. In contrast, only myoglobin level increased in patients. All elevated serum markers declined by 48 hours after exercise in both groups. Mild soreness developed at 24 hours, which disappeared at 48 hours in both groups. In controls, MRI R2* relaxation rate reduced immediately and 24 hours after exercise, indicating increased water content and muscle perfusion. In patients, exercise had no effect on R2* values. The resistance exercise did not induce acute strength deficit in patients, rather, patients increased their strength by 24 hours. When serum marker changes were normalized to the magnitude of knee flexor tension developed during exercise, lactate dehydrogenase response was greater in patients. Conclusions Late-onset Pompe disease did not exacerbate exercise-induced muscle damage, however, lactate dehydrogenase may be monitored to screen high responders during high intensity resistance exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márk Váczi
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Anett Nagy
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Edina Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Müller
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Perlaki
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Pál
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Bogner
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lindsay A, Abbott G, Ingalls CP, Baumann CW. Muscle Strength Does Not Adapt From a Second to Third Bout of Eccentric Contractions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Repeated Bout Effect. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:576-584. [PMID: 33337696 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lindsay, A, Abbott, G, Ingalls, CP, and Baumann, CW. Muscle strength does not adapt from a second to third bout of eccentric contractions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the repeated bout effect. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 576-584, 2021-The greatest muscle strength adaptations to repeated bouts of eccentric contractions (ECC) occur after the initial injury, with little to no change in subsequent bouts. However, because of the disparity in injury models, it is unknown whether three or more bouts provide further adaptation. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to evaluate whether a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC impacts immediate strength loss and rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. A search of the literature in Web of Science, SCOPUS, Medline, and the American College of Sports Medicine database was conducted between May and September 2019 using the keywords eccentric contraction or lengthening contraction and muscle and repeated or multiple, and bout. Eleven studies with 12 experimental groups, using 72 human subjects, 48 mice, and 11 rabbits, met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis using a random effects model and effect sizes (ESs; Hedges' g) calculated from the standardized mean differences was completed. Calculated ESs for immediate strength loss provided no evidence that a third bout of ECC results in greater loss of strength compared with a second bout (ES = -0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.41 to 0.17). Furthermore, the rate of strength recovery was not different between a second and third bout (ES = -0.15, 95% CI = -1.01 to 0.70). These results indicate a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC does not improve indices of strength loss or rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. Therefore, coaches and athletes should expect some level of persistent weakness after each of their initial training sessions involving ECC, and the faster recovery of strength deficits in the second bout documented by previous research is not different from a third bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher P Ingalls
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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Bekkelund SI. Leisure physical exercise and creatine kinase activity. The Tromsø study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2437-2444. [PMID: 32799358 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme catalyzing energy reaction in muscle cells and has proven to modify cardiovascular risks. The influence of skeletal muscle activity on CK concentrations is a potential study confounder but is mainly reported in connection with sport activities. This study investigated the association between leisure physical exercise and CK and estimated the effect of physical exercise on the CK values. CK and leisure physical exercise defined as intensity, frequency, and duration subsets were measured in the population-based Tromsø study. Comparisons of CK at different exercise levels, multivariate analyses, and relative differences in CK between "never exercise" and "heavy exercise" (moderate or hard exercise ≥2 hours per week) subgroups were analyzed age- and sex-stratified in 12 796 men and women. CK increased significantly with higher levels of physical exercise intensity and frequency in both sexes analyzed by ANOVA. In a multivariate analysis, CK was independently associated with heavy exercise after adjusting for age, BMI, and blood pressure; OR 9.38 (95% CI 5.32-16.53), P < .0001 in men and OR 5.20 (95% CI 2.53-10.69), P < .0001 in women. The differences in CK between physically inactive and participants performing heavy exercise varied between 3.1% (women) and 6.4% (men) and was also larger in participants ≥50 years. In conclusion, CK was positively and independently associated with increasing leisure physical exercise in a general population. CK values associated with exercise were approximately twice as high in men than women, but exercise altered CK only modestly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Ivar Bekkelund
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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8
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Piponnier E, Ratel S, Chalchat E, Jagot K, Bontemps B, Julian V, Bocock O, Duclos M, Martin V. Plantar flexor muscle-tendon unit length and stiffness do not influence neuromuscular fatigue in boys and men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:653-664. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Fernandes JFT, Moran J, Clarke H, Drury B. The influence of maturation on the reliability of the Nordic hamstring exercise in male youth footballers. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK
| | - Hannah Clarke
- Higher Education Sport Hartpury University Hartpury UK
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Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
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Monitoring exercise-induced muscle damage indicators and myoelectric activity during two weeks of knee extensor exercise training in young and old men. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224866. [PMID: 31697769 PMCID: PMC6837446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study considered the effects of repeated bouts of short-term resistive exercise in old (age: 64.5±5.5 years; n = 10) and young men (age: 25.1±4.9 years; n = 10) who performed six knee extension exercise bouts over two weeks using various markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and electromyographic activity. We found that time-course changes in quadriceps isometric torque, creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness in the two groups were similar. However, recovery in the acute torque deficit was mediated by more favourable electromyographic activity changes in the young group than in the older adults group. Muscle elastic energy storage and re-use assessed with dynamometry was selectively improved in the young group by the end of the protocol. Serum myoglobin concentration increased selectively in old group, and remained elevated with further bouts, suggesting higher sarcolemma vulnerability and less effective metabolic adaptation in the older adults, which, however, did not affect muscle contractility.
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12
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Škarabot J, Ansdell P, Temesi J, Howatson G, Goodall S, Durbaba R. Neurophysiological responses and adaptation following repeated bouts of maximal lengthening contractions in young and older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1224-1237. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A bout of maximal lengthening contractions is known to produce muscle damage, but confers protection against subsequent damaging bouts, with both tending to be lower in older adults. Neural factors contribute to this adaptation, but the role of the corticospinal pathway remains unclear. Twelve young (27 ± 5 yr) and 11 older adults (66 ± 4 yr) performed two bouts of 60 maximal lengthening dorsiflexions 2 weeks apart. Neuromuscular responses were measured preexercise, immediately postexercise, and at 24 and 72 h following both bouts. The initial bout resulted in prolonged reductions in maximal voluntary torque (MVC; immediately postexercise onward, P < 0.001) and increased creatine kinase (from 24 h onward, P = 0.001), with both responses being attenuated following the second bout ( P < 0.015), demonstrating adaptation. Smaller reductions in MVC following both bouts occurred in older adults ( P = 0.005). Intracortical facilitation showed no changes ( P ≥ 0.245). Motor-evoked potentials increased 24 and 72 h postexercise in young ( P ≤ 0.038). Torque variability ( P ≤ 0.041) and H-reflex size ( P = 0.024) increased, while short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI; P = 0.019) and the silent period duration (SP) decreased ( P = 0.001) in both groups immediately postexercise. The SP decrease was smaller following the second bout ( P = 0.021), and there was an association between the change in SICI and reduction in MVC 24 h postexercise in young adults ( R = −0.47, P = 0.036). Changes in neurophysiological responses were mostly limited to immediately postexercise, suggesting a modest role in adaptation. In young adults, neural inhibitory changes are linked to the extent of MVC reduction, possibly mediated by the muscle damage–related afferent feedback. Older adults incurred less muscle damage, which has implications for exercise prescription. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to have collectively assessed the role of corticospinal, spinal, and intracortical activity in muscle damage attenuation following repeated bouts of exercise in young and older adults. Lower levels of muscle damage in older adults are not related to their neurophysiological responses. Neural inhibition transiently changed, which might be related to the extent of muscle damage; however, the role of processes along the corticospinal pathway in the adaptive response is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - John Temesi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rade Durbaba
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
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A Systematic Review Examining the Exercise Parameters Required to Induce the Repeated Bout Effect: Implications for Acute Care Physical Therapists. JOURNAL OF ACUTE CARE PHYSICAL THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/jat.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Piponnier E, Martin V, Bourdier P, Biancarelli B, Kluka V, Garcia-Vicencio S, Jegu AG, Cardenoux C, Morio C, Coudeyre E, Ratel S. Maturation-related changes in the development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2545-2555. [PMID: 31562535 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of maturation on the etiology of neuromuscular fatigue induced by repeated maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). METHODS Nine prepubertal boys (9.9 ± 1.3 years), eight male adolescents (13.6 ± 1.3 years) and eleven men (23.4 ± 3.0 years) performed a series of repeated isometric MVICs of the knee extensors until the MVIC torque reached 60% of its initial value. Magnetic stimulations were delivered to the femoral nerve every five MVICs to follow the course of voluntary activation level (VA) and the potentiated twitch torque (Qtwpot). RESULTS Task failure was reached after 52.9 ± 12.7, 42.6 ± 12.5, and 26.6 ± 6.3 repetitions in boys, adolescents and men, respectively. VA remained unchanged in men whereas it decreased significantly and similarly in boys and adolescents (p < 0.001). In contrast, Qtwpot remained unchanged in boys and decreased significantly less in adolescents than adults (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents experience less peripheral and more central fatigue than adults. However, adolescents experience more peripheral fatigue than children for a comparable amount of central fatigue. This finding supports the idea that the tolerance of the central nervous system to peripheral fatigue could increase during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Piponnier
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Vincent Martin
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brice Biancarelli
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Virginie Kluka
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Decathlon SportsLab, Villeneuve d'Asq, France
| | - Sebastian Garcia-Vicencio
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Coudeyre
- Clermont University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Recovery in Young and Middle-Aged Males with Different Resistance Training Experience. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7060132. [PMID: 31146445 PMCID: PMC6628445 DOI: 10.3390/sports7060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the time course of recovery after a squatting exercise in trained young (YG; n = 9; age 22.3 ± 1.7 years) and trained (MT; n = 9; 39.9 ± 6.2 years) and untrained (MU; n = 9; age 44.4 ± 6.3 years) middle-aged males. Before and at 24 and 72 h after 10 × 10 squats at 60% one-repetition maximum (1RM), participants provided measurements of perceived muscle soreness (VAS), creatine kinase (CK), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), and resting doublet force of the knee extensors and squatting peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM. When compared to the YG males, the MT experienced likely and very likely moderate decrements in MVC, resting doublet force, and peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM accompanied by unclear differences in VAS, CK, and VA after the squatting exercise. MU males, compared to MT, experienced greater alterations in peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM and VAS. Alterations in CK, MVC, VA, and resting doublet force were unclear at all time-points between the middle-aged groups. Middle-aged males experienced greater symptoms of muscle damage and an impaired recovery profile than young resistance trained males. Moreover, regardless of resistance training experience, middle-aged males are subject to similar symptoms after muscle-damaging lower-body exercise.
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Mickeviciene D, Leleikiene A, Valanciene D, Vizbaraite D, Brazaitis M, Skurvydas A. Absence of differences in the learning rate of a speed-accuracy movement task between women patients with mild and major depression and healthy adult women. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:363-370. [PMID: 31153033 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that women patients with depression should perform movements more slowly and with greater variability, and their learning rate should be lower compared with age-matched healthy adult women. Three groups of adult women subjects (aged 33-37 years, women patients with mild and major depression and healthy adult women, n = 20 in each group) performed five series (20 repetitions in each series) of a speed-accuracy hand-movement task (SAT). The mean movement speed (Va) of the SAT was lower and more stable (the coefficient of variation of Va was lower) in women patients with major depression compared with those with minor depression and healthy adult women during the first series of the SAT. Only the Va and movement accuracy (path of movement, S) of the SAT varied significantly in the five learning series regardless of the subject group (healthy women subjects and women patients with minor and major depression). The intraindividual variability of reaction time, Va, maximal movement velocity to the target (tVmax), time to tVmax, and S did not change significantly in any of the groups. Our research data showed that although women patients with depression performed speed-accuracy movements more slowly, the stability of the performance of their movements and their learning rate did not differ from those of age-matched healthy adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Mickeviciene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aiste Leleikiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Valanciene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Daiva Vizbaraite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Julian V, Thivel D, Miguet M, Pereira B, Costes F, Coudeyre E, Duclos M, Richard R. Eccentric cycling is more efficient in reducing fat mass than concentric cycling in adolescents with obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:4-15. [PMID: 30222208 PMCID: PMC7380043 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of eccentric (ECC) training on fat mass (FM) remain underexplored. We hypothesized that in obese adolescents, ECC cycling training is more efficient for decreasing whole-body FM percentage compared to concentric (CON) performed at the same oxygen consumption (VO2 ). Twenty-four adolescents aged 13.4 ± 1.3 years (BMI > 90th percentile) were randomized to ECC or CON. They performed three cyclo-ergometer sessions per week (30 min per session) for 12 weeks: two habituation, 5 at 50% VO2peak , and 5 at 70% VO2peak . Anthropometric measurements, body composition, maximal incremental CON tests, strength tests, and blood samples were assessed pre- and post-training. Whole-body FM percentage decreased significantly after compared to pretraining in both groups, though to a larger extent in the ECC group (ECC: -10% vs CON: -4.2%, P < 0.05). Whole-body lean mass (LM) percentage increased significantly in both groups after compared to pretraining, with a greater increase in the ECC group (ECC: 3.8% vs CON: 1.5%, P <0.05). The improvements in leg FM and LM percentages were greater in the ECC group (-6.5% and 3.0%, P = 0.01 and P < 0.01). Quadriceps isometric and isokinetic ECC strength increased significantly more in the ECC group (28.3% and 21.3%, P < 0.05). Both groups showed similar significant VO2peak improvement (ECC: 15.4% vs CON: 10.3%). The decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index was significant in the ECC group (-19.9%). In conclusion, although both ECC and CON cycling trainings are efficient to decrease FM, ECC induces greater FM reduction, strength gains, and insulin resistance improvements and represents an optimal modality to recommend for obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory AME2P, University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Maud Miguet
- Laboratory AME2P, University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Department of Biostatistics, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Coudeyre
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ruddy Richard
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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18
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Chen TC, Lin MJ, Lai JH, Chen HL, Yu HI, Nosaka K. Low-intensity elbow flexion eccentric contractions attenuate maximal eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the contralateral arm. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1068-1072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Piponnier E, Martin V, Bontemps B, Chalchat E, Julian V, Bocock O, Duclos M, Ratel S. Child-adult differences in neuromuscular fatigue are muscle-dependent. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1246-1256. [PMID: 30091669 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00244.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensor (KE) and plantar flexor (PF) muscles during repeated maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) between children and adults. Twenty-one prepubertal boys (9-11 years) and 24 men (18-30 years) performed two fatigue protocols consisting in a repetition of 5-s isometric MVIC of the KE or PF muscles interspersed with 5-s passive recovery periods until MVIC reached 60% of its initial value. The etiology of neuromuscular fatigue of the KE and PF muscles was investigated by means of non-invasive methods such as the surface electromyography, single and doublet magnetic stimulation, twitch interpolation technique and NIRS. The number of repetitions performed was significantly lower in men (15.4 ± 3.8) than boys (38.7 ± 18.8) for the KE fatigue test. In contrast, no significant difference was found for the PF muscles between boys and men (12.1 ± 4.9 and 13.8 ± 4.9 repetitions, respectively). Boys displayed a lower reduction in potentiated twitch torque, low-frequency fatigue and muscle oxygenation than men whatever the muscle group considered. In contrast, voluntary activation level and normalized EMG data decreased to a greater extent in boys than men for both muscle groups. To conclude, boys experienced less peripheral and more central fatigue during repeated MVICs than men whatever the muscle group considered. However, child-adult differences in neuromuscular fatigue were muscle-dependent since boys fatigued similarly to men with the PF muscles and to a lower extent with the KE muscles than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Piponnier
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Blaise Pascal University, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA 3533), France
| | - Bastien Bontemps
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
| | - Emeric Chalchat
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
| | | | - Olivia Bocock
- Clermont University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Hôpital G.Montpied, Service de Médecine du Sport et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Clermont-Ferrand, France, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
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20
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Kim JC, Kang YS, Noh EB, Seo BW, Seo DY, Park GD, Kim SH. Concurrent treatment with ursolic acid and low-intensity treadmill exercise improves muscle atrophy and related outcomes in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:427-436. [PMID: 29962857 PMCID: PMC6019874 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the concurrent treatment effects of ursolic acid (UA) and low-intensity treadmill exercise and to confirm the effectiveness of UA as an exercise mimetic to safely improve muscle atrophy-related diseases using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Significant muscle atrophy was induced in male SD rats through hind limb immobilization using casting for 10 days. The muscle atrophy-induced SD rats were group into four: SED, sedentary; UA, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg; EX, low-intensity (10–12 m/min, 0° grade) treadmill exercise; and UEX, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg, and low-intensity (10–12 m/min, 0° grade) treadmill exercise. After 8 weeks of treatment, endurance capacity was analyzed using a treadmill, and tissues were extracted for analysis of visceral fat mass, body weight, muscle mass, expression of muscle atrophy- and hypertrophy-related genes, and endurance capacity. Although the effects of body weight gain control, muscle mass increase, and endurance capacity improvement were inadequate in the UA group, significant results were confirmed in the UEX group. The UEX group had significantly reduced body weight and visceral fat, significantly improved mass of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles, and significantly decreased atrophy-related gene expression of MuRF1 and atrogin-1, but did not have significant change in hypertrophy-related gene expression of Akt and mTOR. The endurance capacity was significantly improved in the EX and UEX groups. These data suggest that concurrent treatment with low-intensity exercise and UA is effective for atrophy-related physical dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Cheol Kim
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yun Seok Kang
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Baek Woon Seo
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Gi Duck Park
- Department of Leisure Sport, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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21
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Kyguoliene L, Skurvydas A, Eimantas N, Baranauskiene N, Steponaviciute R, Daniuseviciute L, Paulauskas H, Cernych M, Brazaitis M. Three different motor task strategies to assess neuromuscular adjustments during fatiguing muscle contractions in young and older men. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2085-2096. [PMID: 29754195 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a marked decline in motor performance. The functional consequences of applying varying novel or unexpected motor stimuli during intermittent isometric prolonged (fatiguing) motor tasks for lower limb neuromuscular fatigability and steadiness, perception of effort, and blood markers of stress in healthy aged men compared with young men have not been investigated. The participants in this study were 15 young men (aged 22 ± 4 years) and 10 older men (aged 67 ± 6 years). They performed 100 intermittent isometric knee extensions under three experimental conditions involving intermittent isometric contraction tasks according to constant, predictable, and unpredictable torque target sequences. The variability in maximal voluntary contraction averaged 50%, and was 25, 50, and 75% for the three strategies. All included a 5-s contraction and 20-s rest. The main variables were measured before exercise, after 100 repetitions, and 1 h after exercise. In all experimental trials, the decreases in the maximal voluntary contraction and central activation ratio, and the increases in effort sensation and muscle temperature, were smaller in older men than in younger men. The coefficient of variation during the motor performance did not differ between age groups. However, in all three strategies, the dopamine concentration was significantly higher in older than in younger men. The prolactin concentration did not differ significantly between age groups or conditions, although its decrease during loading correlated negatively with the central activation ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kyguoliene
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Steponaviciute
- Department of Laboratory Medicines, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Department of Physical Education, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Margarita Cernych
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania. .,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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22
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Exercise-induced fatigue in young people: advances and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:899-910. [PMID: 29441401 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent decades, the interest for exercise-induced fatigue in youth has substantially increased, and the effects of growth on the peripheral (muscular) and central (neural) mechanisms underpinning differences in neuromuscular fatigue between healthy children and adults have been described more extensively. The purpose of this review is to retrieve, report, and analyse the findings of studies comparing neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults. Objective measures of the evaluation of the physiological mechanisms are discussed. METHOD Major databases (PubMed, Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science) were systematically searched and limited to English language from inception to September 2017. RESULT Collectively, the analyzed studies indicate that children experience less muscular and potentially more neural fatigue than adults. However, there are still many unknown aspects of fatigue regarding neural (supraspinal and spinal) and peripheral mechanisms that should be more thoroughly examined in children. CONCLUSION Suitable methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation, functional magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, tendon vibration, H-reflex, and ultrasound are recommended in the research field of fatigue in youth. By designing studies that test the fatigue effects in movements that replicate daily activities, new knowledge will be acquired. The linkage and interaction between physiological, cognitive, and psychological aspects of human performance remain to be resolved in young people. This can only be successful if research is based on a foundation of basic research focused on the mechanisms of fatigue while measuring all three above aspects.
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Lin MJ, Nosaka K, Ho CC, Chen HL, Tseng KW, Ratel S, Chen TCC. Influence of Maturation Status on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and the Repeated Bout Effect in Females. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1118. [PMID: 29354073 PMCID: PMC5760894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared changes in indirect muscle damage markers, proprioception and arterial stiffness after elbow flexor eccentric exercise between pre-pubescent (9-10 y), pubescent (14-15 y), and post-pubescent (20-24 y) healthy, untrained females (n = 13/group). The maturation of the participants was confirmed by the hand bone age. All participants performed two bouts of 30 sub-maximal eccentric contractions (EC1, EC2) using a dumbbell set at 60% of pre-exercise maximal voluntary isometric elbow flexion strength at 90°. Changes in maximal voluntary concentric contraction (MVC) torque, muscle soreness (SOR), plasma creatine kinase activity, proprioception (position sense, joint reaction angle) and arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity: cfPWV) before to 5 days after EC1 and EC2 were compared among groups by a mixed-design two-way ANOVA. Pre-exercise MVC torque and cfPWV were smaller (P < 0.05) for the pre-pubescent (MVC: 10.0 ± 0.9 Nm, cfPWV: 903 ± 60 cm/s) and the pubescent (14.3 ± 1.1 Nm, 967 ± 61 cm/s) than the post-pubescent (19.1 ± 1.4 Nm, 1,103 ± 73 cm/s). Changes in all variables after EC1 were smaller (P < 0.05) for the pre-pubescent (e.g., MVC at 1 d post-exercise: -10 ± 6%, peak SOR: 5 ± 2 mm) than the pubescent (-15 ± 9%, 12 ± 6 mm) and the post-pubescent (-25 ± 7%, 19 ± 13 mm). After EC2, changes in all variables were smaller (P < 0.05) than those after EC1 for all groups (e.g., MVC at 1 d post-exercise, pre-pubescent: -4 ± 6%, pubescent: -9 ± 4%, post-pubescent: -14 ± 5%; peak SOR: 3 ± 2, 7 ± 3, 11 ± 6 mm), but the magnitude of the repeated bout effect was not different (P > 0.05) among the groups. These results show that the extents of muscle damage, and proprioception and arterial stiffness changes after eccentric exercise are greater at later stages of maturation, but the repeated bout effect is not affected by maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Chih-Chiao Ho
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lian Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Tseng
- Department of Exercise Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Skurvydas A, Verbickas V, Eimantas N, Baranauskiene N, Cernych M, Skrodeniene E, Daniuseviciute L, Brazaitis M. Psychological and Physiological Biomarkers of Neuromuscular Fatigue after Two Bouts of Sprint Interval Exercise. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2282. [PMID: 29312105 PMCID: PMC5744043 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of our study was to determinate whether a repeated bout (RB) (vs. first bout [FB]) of sprint interval cycling exercise (SIE) is sufficient to mitigate SIE-induced psychological and physiological biomarker kinetics within 48 h after the exercise. Ten physically active men (age, 22.6 ± 5.2 years; VO2max, 44.3 ± 5.7 ml/kg/min) performed the FB of SIE (12 repeats of 5 s each) on one day and the RB 2 weeks later. The following parameters were measured: motor performance (voluntary, electrically induced and isokinetic skeletal muscle contraction torque, and central activation ratio [CAR]); stress markers [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine]; inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α); metabolic markers (glucose and lactate); muscle and rectal temperature; cycling power output; and psychological perceptions. The average cycling power output and neuromuscular fatigue after exercise did not differ between the FB and RB. There were significant decreases in cortisol and BDNF concentration at 12 h (P < 0.05) and 24 h (P < 0.001) after the FB, respectively. The decrease in cortisol concentration observed 12 h after exercise was significantly greater after the RB (P < 0.05) than after the FB. The immune-metabolic response to the RB (vs. FB) SIE was suppressed and accompanied by lower psychological exertion. Most of the changes in psychological and physiological biomarkers in the FB and RB were closely related to the response kinetics of changes in BDNF concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaidas Verbickas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Margarita Cernych
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Erika Skrodeniene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Department of Physical Education, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Sex-specific reliability and multidimensional stability of responses to tests assessing neuromuscular function. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2017; 68:452-464. [PMID: 29175061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate sex-specific effects in the test-retest cross-reliability of peripheral and central changes in nonlinear and linear measures of a surface electromyography signal during a brief (5 second) and sustained (2minute) isometric maximal voluntary contraction, combined with superimposed electrical stimulation involving the ankle plantar flexors over five identical trials. In this study, we repeated the testing protocol used in our previous study of 10 women (age 20.9, SD=0.3 years) (Bernecke et al., 2015) in a group of 10 men (age 21.2, SD=0.4 years). Despite the central (sex effect; p<0.05, ηp2>0.71, SP>70%) and peripheral fatigability (sex effect; p<0.01, ηp2>0.8, SP>90%) during sustained isometric maximal voluntary contraction, and lower reliability for central activation ratio during brief (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.95 for men and ICC=0.82 for women) and sustained maximal voluntary contraction (ICC>0.82 for men and ICC>0.66 for women) over ankle plantar flexors expressed in women more than in men, all the ICCs of all indices measured by tests assessing neuromuscular function across the five identical test-retest trials were found as meaningful (correlation significance of p<0.05 was reached) and no significant differences were found between trials for any of the measured variables. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated greater central and peripheral fatigue for female participants following sustained (2minute) isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the plantar flexor muscles for all repeated trials and indicated an acceptable agreement between measurements of the characteristic variables made using the three different devices (dynamometry, electrical stimulation, and surface electromyography) over time for both sexes.
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Cernych M, Baranauskiene N, Eimantas N, Kamandulis S, Daniuseviciute L, Brazaitis M. Physiological and Psychological Responses during Exercise and Recovery in a Cold Environment Is Gender-Related Rather Than Fabric-Related. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1344. [PMID: 28824518 PMCID: PMC5545600 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated gender-specific effects of two types of undergarments on exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress and subsequent recovery in cold conditions for male and female participants. Ten healthy men and eleven healthy women (25.0 ± 1.5 versus 23.4 ± 1.2 years old, respectively) completed the experimental session twice with two different types of undergarments: polyester or merino wool leggings and long-sleeve tops; specifically, merino fabric had greater thermal resistance and water absorbency, and less water vapor as well as air permeability than polyester. Experimental sessions involved performing 1 h of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 8°C ambient temperature and 55% relative humidity, holding at 70-80 revolutions per minute and 60% of each participant's predetermined maximal power output (assessed by maximal oxygen uptake test), followed by 1 h recovery in the same environment. Every 5 min during exercise and every 10 min during recovery, rectal temperature, heart rate, subjective ratings for thermal, shivering/sweating and clothing wetness sensations, and clothing next-to-skin and outer side surface temperature and humidity on the chest, back and thigh were recorded. All participants experienced high physiological stress (assessed by physiological strain index) during exercise. No significant gender differences were found in core temperature or heart rate changes during exercise, but women cooled down faster during recovery. Next-to-skin humidity was similar between genders and different garment sets during exercise and recovery, but such temperatures at the chest during exercise and at the thigh during exercise and recovery were lower in women with both sets of garments. Subjective thermal sensations were similar in all cases. In the last 20 min of cycling, women started to feel wetter than men (P < 0.05) for both garment sets. Shivering was reported as stronger in women in the last 10 min of recovery. Most of the changes in the garment microclimates during exercise and recovery in the cold were associated with gender-related differences rather than with fabric-related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Cernych
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Kaunas University of TechnologyKaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania
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Verbickas V, Kamandulis S, Snieckus A, Venckunas T, Baranauskiene N, Brazaitis M, Satkunskiene D, Unikauskas A, Skurvydas A. Serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin‐6 response to high‐volume mechanically demanding exercise. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:E46-E51. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaidas Verbickas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Unikauskas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical AcademyLithuanian University of Health SciencesMickeviciaus 9, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
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Effect of constant, predictable, and unpredictable motor tasks on motor performance and blood markers of stress. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1323-1336. [PMID: 28204862 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An unfamiliar or novel physical stimulus induces activation of dopaminergic neurons within the brain and greater activity in areas involved in emotion; considering this, we aimed to establish whether unpredictable prolonged (fatiguing) motor task (vs. constant vs. predictable) evokes greater dopaminergic activity, enhances neuromuscular performance, motor accuracy, and perception of effort, and delays overall central fatigue. Fifteen healthy male volunteers (aged 22 ± 4 years) were required to perform 1 of 3 exercise trials (at least 1 week apart) of 100 intermittent isometric contraction (IIC) tasks involving knee extensions at 60° flexion. Trials were structured differently by simulated contraction intensity. A fatigue task involved 5-s contractions and 20-s rest. Variables measured before, during, and after IIC were electrically induced force, maximal voluntary contraction, central activation ratio, intramuscular temperature, and blood levels of dopamine, cortisol, and prolactin, and intraindividual motor variability and accuracy (constant and absolute error). We found that IIC increased central and peripheral fatigue, force sensation, and T mu, and decreased absolute and constant error without visual feedback, but did not affect motor variability. There were no significant differences between the three IIC tasks. However, only unpredictable tasks increased dopaminergic activity, which was insufficient to affect central motivation to perform isometric exercise and alter centrally mediated components of fatigue.
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Deli CK, Fatouros IG, Paschalis V, Tsiokanos A, Georgakouli K, Zalavras A, Avloniti A, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. Iron Supplementation Effects on Redox Status following Aseptic Skeletal Muscle Trauma in Adults and Children. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4120421. [PMID: 28203319 PMCID: PMC5292163 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle microtrauma is characterized by loss of muscle cell integrity, marked aseptic inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. We examined if iron supplementation would alter redox status after eccentric exercise. In a randomized, double blind crossover study, that was conducted in two cycles, healthy adults (n = 14) and children (n = 11) received daily either 37 mg of elemental iron or placebo for 3 weeks prior to and up to 72 h after an acute eccentric exercise bout. Blood was drawn at baseline, before exercise, and 72 h after exercise for the assessment of iron status, creatine kinase activity (CK), and redox status. Iron supplementation at rest increased iron concentration and transferrin saturation (p < 0.01). In adults, CK activity increased at 72 h after exercise, while no changes occurred in children. Iron supplementation increased TBARS at 72 h after exercise in both adults and children; no changes occurred under placebo condition. Eccentric exercise decreased bilirubin concentration at 72 h in all groups. Iron supplementation can alter redox responses after muscle-damaging exercise in both adults and children. This could be of great importance not only for healthy exercising individuals, but also in clinical conditions which are characterized by skeletal muscle injury and inflammation, yet iron supplementation is crucial for maintaining iron homeostasis. This study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02374619.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chariklia K. Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsiokanos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Georgakouli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zalavras
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Avloniti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Sports, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ratel S, Kluka V, Vicencio SG, Jegu AG, Cardenoux C, Morio C, Coudeyre E, Martin V. Insights into the Mechanisms of Neuromuscular Fatigue in Boys and Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2319-28. [PMID: 25970661 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of central and peripheral factors in neuromuscular fatigue induced by repeated maximal contractions in children and adults. METHODS Eleven boys (9.9 ± 1.2 yr) and 12 men (23.9 ± 3.5 yr) completed a fatigue protocol consisting in a repetition of 5-s maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVC) of the knee extensors separated by 5-s passive recovery periods until the generated torque reached 60% of its initial value. Single magnetic stimulations were delivered to the femoral nerve every five MVC to follow the course of voluntary activation level and the amplitude of the potentiated twitch torque (Qtw(pot)) and vastus lateralis and rectus femoris concomitant M-waves (Mmax). RESULTS Torque reached 60% of initial value after 49.5 ± 16.8 and 34.0 ± 19.6 repetitions in boys and men, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, men showed significantly higher knee extensor MVC decline than boys between 50% and 90% of total repetitions (P < 0.05). Voluntary activation remained unchanged in men, whereas it decreased significantly in boys (P < 0.05). In contrast, whereas Qtw(pot) remained unchanged in boys, Qtw(pot) decreased progressively up to 60% of total repetitions in men (P < 0.001). Finally, Mmax remained unchanged for vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Children experienced no apparent peripheral fatigue and higher central fatigue than adults. The greater fatigue resistance in children could be related to a strategy of the CNS aimed at limiting the recruitment of motor units to prevent any extensive peripheral fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Ratel
- 1Clermont Auvergne University, Blaise Pascal University, EA 3533, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations during Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE; 2Oxylane Research, Department of Movement Sciences, Villeneuve d'Ascq, FRANCE; 3Clermont University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE; 4INRA, Human Nutrition Unit (UNH, UMR 1019), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE; and 5Clermont Auvergne University, Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
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Shimi I, Abedelmalek S, Aloui K, Chtourou H, Souissi N. The effect of time of day and recovery type after a football game on muscle damage and performance in anaerobic tests on young soccer players. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1197505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Is There a Progressive Withdrawal of Physiological Protections against High-Intensity Exercise-Induced Fatigue during Puberty? Sports (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/sports3040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Murray A, Cardinale M. Cold applications for recovery in adolescent athletes: a systematic review and meta analysis. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2015; 4:17. [PMID: 26464795 PMCID: PMC4603811 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recovery and regeneration modalities have been developed empirically over the years to help and support training programmes aimed at maximizing athletic performance. Professional athletes undergo numerous training sessions, characterized by differing modalities of varying volumes and intensities, with the aim of physiological adaptation leading to improved performance. Scientific support to athletes focuses on improving the chances of a training programme producing the largest adaptive response. In competition it is mainly targeted at maximizing the chances of optimal performance and recovery when high performance levels are required repeatedly in quick succession (e.g. heats/finals). In recent years, a lot of emphasis has been put on recovery modalities. In particular, emphasis has been placed on the need to reduce the delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) typically evident following training and competitive activities inducing a certain degree of muscle damage. One of the most used recovery modalities consists of cold-water immersion and/or ice/cold applications to muscles affected by DOMS. While the scientific literature has provided a rationale for such modalities to reduce pain in athletes and recreationally active adults, it is doubtful if this rationale is appropriate to aid training with adolescent athletes. In particular, since these methods have been suggested to potentially impair the muscle remodeling process leading to muscle hypertrophy. While this debate is still active in the literature, many coaches adopt such practices in youth populations, simply transferring what they see in elite sportspeople directly; without questioning the rationale, safety or effectiveness as well as the potential for such activity to reduce the adaptive potential of skeletal muscle remodeling in adolescent athletes. The aim of this review was to assess the current knowledge base on the use of ice/cold applications for recovery purposes in adolescent athletes in order to provide useful guidelines for sports scientists, medical practitioners, physiotherapists and coaches working with such populations as well as developing research questions for further research activities in this area. Based on the current evidence, it seems clear that evidence for acute benefits of such interventions are scarce and more work is needed to ascertain the physiological implications on a pre or peri-pubertal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Murray
- />Department of Sports Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- />University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Cardinale
- />Department of Sports Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- />Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Baltusnikas J, Venckunas T, Kilikevicius A, Fokin A, Ratkevicius A. Efflux of creatine kinase from isolated soleus muscle depends on age, sex and type of exercise in mice. J Sports Sci Med 2015; 14:379-385. [PMID: 25983588 PMCID: PMC4424468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity is often used as an indicator of exercise-induced muscle damage. Our aim was to study effects of contraction type, sex and age on CK efflux from isolated skeletal muscles of mice. The soleus muscle (SOL) of adult (7.5-month old) female C57BL/6J mice was subjected to either 100 passive stretches, isometric contractions or eccentric contractions, and muscle CK efflux was assessed after two-hour incubation in vitro. SOL of young (3-month old) male and female mice was studied after 100 eccentric contractions. For adult females, muscle CK efflux was larger (p < 0.05) after eccentric contractions than after incubation without exercise (698 ± 344 vs. 268 ± 184 mU·h(-1), respectively), but smaller (p < 0.05) than for young females after the same type of exercise (1069 ± 341 mU·h(-1)). Eccentric exercise-induced CK efflux was larger in muscles of young males compared to young females (2046 ± 317 vs 1069 ± 341 mU · h(-1), respectively, p < 0.001). Our results show that eccentric contractions induce a significant increase in muscle CK efflux immediately after exercise. Isolated muscle resistance to exercise-induced CK efflux depends on age and sex of mice. Key pointsMuscle lengthening contractions induce the highest CK efflux in vitro compared with similar protocol of isometric contractions or passive stretches.Muscle CK efflux in vitro is applicable in studying changes of sarcolemma permeability/integrity, a proxy of muscle damage, in response to muscle contractile activity.Isolated muscle resistance to exercise-induced CK efflux is greater in female compared to male mice of young age and is further increased in adult female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Baltusnikas
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Kilikevicius
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrej Fokin
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aivaras Ratkevicius
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas, Lithuania ; School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Hatzikotoulas K, Patikas D, Ratel S, Bassa E, Kotzamanidis C. Central and peripheral fatigability in boys and men during maximal contraction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1326-33. [PMID: 24389527 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine central and peripheral factors of fatigability that could explain the differences in fatigability between adults and prepubertal boys after maximal sustained isometric contraction. METHODS A total of 11 untrained adult men and 10 prepubescent boys volunteered to participate in this study. The level of voluntary activation was assessed before and after fatigue by means of the twitch interpolation technique as well as peak twitch torque, maximum rate of torque development and maximum M-wave (Mmax) area of the soleus and medial gastrocnemius. The fatigue-inducing protocol consisted of a sustained maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the ankle's plantar flexor at 100% of MVC until the task could no longer be sustained at 50% of MVC. RESULTS During the fatigue-inducing protocol, boys were fatigued less, showing longer endurance limit and delayed torque and agonist EMG decrease. After fatigue, the level of activation decreased to a similar extent in both groups, and boys were less affected regarding their peak twitch torque and rate of torque development, whereas no differentiation between the groups was observed regarding the decrease in Mmax area of the examined muscles. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained provide evidence that the greater fatigability resistance in prepubertal children during sustained maximal contractions is mainly explained by peripheral rather than central factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas
- 1Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GREECE; 2Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GREECE; and 3Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations of Exercise on Physiological and Pathological Conditions, University of Blaise Pascal, Clermont University, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
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Chen TC, Chen HL, Liu YC, Nosaka K. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of pre-adolescent and adolescent boys in comparison to young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1183-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Spanou C, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Panayiotou G, Grivas GV, Zafeiridis A, Dipla K, Vrabas IS. Aging is not a barrier to muscle and redox adaptations: Applying the repeated eccentric exercise model. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:734-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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