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Iaccarino L, Llibre-Guerra JJ, McDade E, Edwards L, Gordon B, Benzinger T, Hassenstab J, Kramer JH, Li Y, Miller BL, Miller Z, Morris JC, Mundada N, Perrin RJ, Rosen HJ, Soleimani-Meigooni D, Strom A, Tsoy E, Wang G, Xiong C, Allegri R, Chrem P, Vazquez S, Berman SB, Chhatwal J, Masters CL, Farlow MR, Jucker M, Levin J, Salloway S, Fox NC, Day GS, Gorno-Tempini ML, Boxer AL, La Joie R, Bateman R, Rabinovici GD. Molecular neuroimaging in dominantly inherited versus sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae159. [PMID: 38784820 PMCID: PMC11114609 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of Alzheimer's disease patients develop symptoms before age 65 (early-onset Alzheimer's disease), with either sporadic (sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease) or dominantly inherited (dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease) presentations. Both sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease and dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease are characterized by brain amyloid-β accumulation, tau tangles, hypometabolism and neurodegeneration, but differences in topography and magnitude of these pathological changes are not fully elucidated. In this study, we directly compared patterns of amyloid-β plaque deposition and glucose hypometabolism in sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease and dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease individuals. Our analysis included 134 symptomatic sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease amyloid-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-positive cases from the University of California, San Francisco, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (mean ± SD age 59.7 ± 5.6 years), 89 symptomatic dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease cases (age 45.8 ± 9.3 years) and 102 cognitively unimpaired non-mutation carriers from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network study (age 44.9 ± 9.2). Each group underwent clinical and cognitive examinations, 11C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound B-PET and structural MRI. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET was also available for most participants. Positron Emission Tomography scans from both studies were uniformly processed to obtain a standardized uptake value ratio (PIB50-70 cerebellar grey reference and FDG30-60 pons reference) images. Statistical analyses included pairwise global and voxelwise group comparisons and group-independent component analyses. Analyses were performed also adjusting for covariates including age, sex, Mini-Mental State Examination, apolipoprotein ε4 status and average composite cortical of standardized uptake value ratio. Compared with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease, sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease participants were older at age of onset (mean ± SD, 54.8 ± 8.2 versus 41.9 ± 8.2, Cohen's d = 1.91), with more years of education (16.4 ± 2.8 versus 13.5 ± 3.2, d = 1) and more likely to be apolipoprotein ε4 carriers (54.6% ε4 versus 28.1%, Cramer's V = 0.26), but similar Mini-Mental State Examination (20.6 ± 6.1 versus 21.2 ± 7.4, d = 0.08). Sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease had higher global cortical Pittsburgh Compound B-PET binding (mean ± SD standardized uptake value ratio, 1.92 ± 0.29 versus 1.58 ± 0.44, d = 0.96) and greater global cortical 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET hypometabolism (mean ± SD standardized uptake value ratio, 1.32 ± 0.1 versus 1.39 ± 0.19, d = 0.48) compared with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. Fully adjusted comparisons demonstrated relatively higher Pittsburgh Compound B-PET standardized uptake value ratio in the medial occipital, thalami, basal ganglia and medial/dorsal frontal regions in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease versus sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease showed relatively greater 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease signature temporoparietal regions and caudate nuclei, whereas dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease showed relatively greater hypometabolism in frontal white matter and pericentral regions. Independent component analyses largely replicated these findings by highlighting common and unique Pittsburgh Compound B-PET and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET binding patterns. In summary, our findings suggest both common and distinct patterns of amyloid and glucose hypometabolism in sporadic and dominantly inherited early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Iaccarino
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Lauren Edwards
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zachary Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John C Morris
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Nidhi Mundada
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David Soleimani-Meigooni
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amelia Strom
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elena Tsoy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Patricio Chrem
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Silvia Vazquez
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- Department of Neuroscience, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Neuroscience Center, Indiana University School of Medicine at Indianapolis, Indiana, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mathias Jucker
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80539, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich 81377, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Memory & Aging Program, Butler Hospital, Brown University in Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 33224, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Randall Bateman
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Singh B, Day CM, Abdella S, Garg S. Alzheimer's disease current therapies, novel drug delivery systems and future directions for better disease management. J Control Release 2024; 367:402-424. [PMID: 38286338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a neurodegenerative disorder that escalates with time, exerting a significant impact on physical and mental health and leading to death. The prevalence of AD is progressively rising along with its associated economic burden and necessitates effective therapeutic approaches in the near future. This review paper aims to offer an insightful overview of disease pathogenesis, current FDA-approved drugs, and drugs in different clinical phases. It also explores innovative formulations and drug delivery strategies, focusing on nanocarriers and long-acting medications (LAMs) to enhance treatment efficacy and patient adherence. The review also emphasizes preclinical evidence related to nanocarriers and their potential to improve drug bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics parameters, while also highlighting their ability to minimize systemic side effects. By providing a comprehensive analysis, this review furnishes valuable insights into different pathophysiological mechanisms for future drug development. It aims to inform the development of treatment strategies and innovative formulation approaches for delivering existing molecules in Alzheimer's disease, ultimately striving to improve patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Singh
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Candace M Day
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sadikalmahdi Abdella
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Singh S, Mahajan M, Kumar D, Singh K, Chowdhary M, Amit. An inclusive study of recent advancements in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Neuropeptides 2023; 102:102369. [PMID: 37611472 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has remained elusive in revealing its pathophysiology and mechanism of development. In this review paper, we attempt to highlight several theories that abound about the exact pathway of AD development. The number of cases worldwide has prompted a constant flow of research to detect high-risk patients, slow the progression of the disease and discover improved methods of treatment that may prove effective. We shall focus on the two main classes of drugs that are currently in use; and emerging ones with novel mechanisms that are under development. As of late there has also been increased attention towards factors that were previously thought to be unrelated to AD, such as the gut microbiome, lifestyle habits, and diet. Studies have now shown that all these factors make an impact on AD progression, thus bringing to our attention more areas that could hold the key to combating this disease. This paper covers all the aforementioned factors concisely. We also briefly explore the relationship between mental health and AD, both before and after the diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mitali Mahajan
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dhawal Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kunika Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mehvish Chowdhary
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amit
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Gong C, Bonfili L, Zheng Y, Cecarini V, Cuccioloni M, Angeletti M, Dematteis G, Tapella L, Genazzani AA, Lim D, Eleuteri AM. Immortalized Alzheimer's Disease Astrocytes: Characterization of Their Proteolytic Systems. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2787-2800. [PMID: 36729287 PMCID: PMC10039838 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegeneration with dysfunctions in both the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. Astroglia participation in AD is an attractive topic of research, but molecular patterns are partially defined and available in vitro models have technical limitations. Immortalized astrocytes from the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice (3Tg-iAstro and WT-iAstro, respectively) have been obtained as an attempt to overcome primary cell line limitations and this study aims at characterizing their proteolytic systems, focusing on UPS and autophagy. Both 26S and 20S proteasomal activities were downregulated in 3Tg-iAstro, in which a shift in catalytic subunits from constitutive 20S proteasome to immunoproteasome occurred, with consequences on immune functions. In fact, immunoproteasome is the specific complex in charge of clearing damaged proteins under inflammatory conditions. Parallelly, augmented expression and activity of the lysosomal cathepsin B, enhanced levels of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, beclin1, and LC3-II, together with an increased uptake of monodansylcadaverine in autophagic vacuoles, suggested autophagy activation in 3Tg-iAstro. The two proteolytic pathways were linked by p62 that accumulated in 3Tg-iAstro due to both increased synthesis and decreased degradation in the UPS defective astrocytes. Treatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid, a neuroprotective small chemical chaperone, partially restored proteasome and autophagy-mediated proteolysis in 3Tg-iAstro. Our data shed light on the impaired proteostasis in 3Tg-iAstro with proteasome inhibition and autophagic compensatory activation, providing additional validation of this AD in vitro model, and propose a new mechanism of action of 4-phenylbutyric acid in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Gong
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Yadong Zheng
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cuccioloni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
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Sensi SL, Russo M, Tiraboschi P. Biomarkers of diagnosis, prognosis, pathogenesis, response to therapy: Convergence or divergence? Lessons from Alzheimer's disease and synucleinopathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 192:187-218. [PMID: 36796942 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common disorder associated with cognitive impairment. Recent observations emphasize the pathogenic role of multiple factors inside and outside the central nervous system, supporting the notion that AD is a syndrome of many etiologies rather than a "heterogeneous" but ultimately unifying disease entity. Moreover, the defining pathology of amyloid and tau coexists with many others, such as α-synuclein, TDP-43, and others, as a rule, not an exception. Thus, an effort to shift our AD paradigm as an amyloidopathy must be reconsidered. Along with amyloid accumulation in its insoluble state, β-amyloid is becoming depleted in its soluble, normal states, as a result of biological, toxic, and infectious triggers, requiring a shift from convergence to divergence in our approach to neurodegeneration. These aspects are reflected-in vivo-by biomarkers, which have become increasingly strategic in dementia. Similarly, synucleinopathies are primarily characterized by abnormal deposition of misfolded α-synuclein in neurons and glial cells and, in the process, depleting the levels of the normal, soluble α-synuclein that the brain needs for many physiological functions. The soluble to insoluble conversion also affects other normal brain proteins, such as TDP-43 and tau, accumulating in their insoluble states in both AD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The two diseases have been distinguished by the differential burden and distribution of insoluble proteins, with neocortical phosphorylated tau deposition more typical of AD and neocortical α-synuclein deposition peculiar to DLB. We propose a reappraisal of the diagnostic approach to cognitive impairment from convergence (based on clinicopathologic criteria) to divergence (based on what differs across individuals affected) as a necessary step for the launch of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Molecular Neurology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST and ITAB Institute for Advanced Biotechnology, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mirella Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Molecular Neurology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST and ITAB Institute for Advanced Biotechnology, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- Division of Neurology V-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Pasko VI, Churkina AS, Shakhov AS, Kotlobay AA, Alieva IB. Modeling of Neurodegenerative Diseases: 'Step by Step' and 'Network' Organization of the Complexes of Model Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010604. [PMID: 36614047 PMCID: PMC9820769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have acquired the status of one of the leading causes of death in developed countries, which requires creating new model systems capable of accurately reproducing the mechanisms underlying these pathologies. Here we analyzed modern model systems and their contribution to the solution of unexplored manifestations of neuropathological processes. Each model has unique properties that make it the optimal tool for modeling certain aspects of neurodegenerative disorders. We concluded that to optimize research, it is necessary to combine models into complexes that include organisms and artificial systems of different organizational levels. Such complexes can be organized in two ways. The first method can be described as "step by step", where each model for studying a certain characteristic is a separate step that allows using the information obtained in the modeling process for the gradual study of increasingly complex processes in subsequent models. The second way is a 'network' approach. Studies are carried out with several types of models simultaneously, and experiments with each specific type are adjusted in conformity with the data obtained from other models. In our opinion, the 'network' approach to combining individual model systems seems more promising for fundamental biology as well as diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Sergeevna Churkina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–73, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Sergeevich Shakhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Alexeevich Kotlobay
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Borisovna Alieva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Sobregrau P, Peri JM, Sánchez del Valle R, Molinuevo JL, Barra B, Pintor L. Psychiatric and Psychosocial Characteristics of a Cohort of Spanish Individuals Attending Genetic Counseling Due to Risk for Genetically Conditioned Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:461-478. [PMID: 36186729 PMCID: PMC9484134 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Predictive genetic tests are presently effective over several medical conditions, increasing the demand among patients and healthy individuals. Considering the psychological burden suspected familial dementia may carry on individuals, assessing personality, coping strategies, and mental health could aid clinicians in findings the appropriate time for delivering genetic test results and predict compliance regarding genetic counseling and expectations towards the genetic condition depending on the outcome. Objective: To describe the psychiatric, psychological, and coping characteristics of a sample of Spanish individuals at risk of familial dementia before genetic test results were given. Methods: We included 54 first degree relatives of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, lobar frontotemporal degeneration, or prion diseases. The NEO-FFI-R, COPE, and HADS tests evaluated personality, coping strategies, and psychological distress, respectively. Results: Anxiety and depression were below the cut-off point for mild severity. Conscientiousness and Agreeableness were the most preponderant personality factors, while Neuroticism was the least. Positive reinterpretation and Acceptance were the most frequent coping strategies, and Denial and Alcohol and drug use were the least used. Ongoing medical pathologies increased depression, while psychiatric disorders worsened psychological distress. Conclusion: Contrary to our expectations, PICOGEN candidates showed psychological distress and personality traits within normative ranges, and the use of problem-focused coping strategies prevailed over avoidance coping strategies. Nevertheless, clinicians should pay particular attention to individuals attending genetic counseling who are women, aged, and present an ongoing psychiatric disorder and psychiatric history at inclusion to ensure their mental health and adherence throughout the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Sobregrau
- Psychiatry Department, Clinical Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychology Faculty, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Peri
- Psychiatry Department, Clinical Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez del Valle
- Neurology Department, Clinical Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bernardo Barra
- Clínica Universidad de Los Andes, Servicio de Salud Mental, Santiago, Chile
- Psychiatric Department, School of Medicine, Andrés Bello University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luís Pintor
- Psychiatry Department, Clinical Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychology Faculty, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Orozco-Barajas M, Oropeza-Ruvalcaba Y, Canales-Aguirre AA, Sánchez-González VJ. PSEN1 c.1292C<A Variant and Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease: A Scoping Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:860529. [PMID: 35959289 PMCID: PMC9361039 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.860529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive loss of cognitive function, with β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles being its major pathological findings. Although the disease mainly affects the elderly, c. 5–10% of the cases are due to PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP mutations, principally associated with an early onset of the disease. The A413E (rs63750083) PSEN1 variant, identified in 2001, is associated with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD). Although there is scant knowledge about the disease’s clinical manifestations and particular features, significant clinical heterogeneity was reported, with a high incidence of spastic paraparesis (SP), language impairments, and psychiatric and motor manifestations. This scoping review aims to synthesize findings related to the A431E variant of PSEN1. In the search, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the guidelines proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. We searched and identified 247 studies including the A431E variant of PSEN1 from 2001 to 2021 in five databases and one search engine. After the removal of duplicates, and apply inclusion criteria, 42 studies were finally included. We considered a narrative synthesis with a qualitative approach for the analysis of the data. Given the study sample conformation, we divided the results into those carried out only with participants carrying A431E (seven studies), subjects with PSEN variants (11 studies), and variants associated with EOAD in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP (24 studies). The resulting synthesis indicates most studies involve Mexican and Mexican-American participants in preclinical stages. The articles analyzed included carrier characteristics in categories such as genetics, clinical, imaging techniques, neuropsychology, neuropathology, and biomarkers. Some studies also considered family members’ beliefs and caregivers’ experiences. Heterogeneity in both the studies found and carrier samples of EOAD-related gene variants does not allow for the generalization of the findings. Future research should focus on reporting data on the progression of carrier characteristics through time and reporting results independently or comparing them across variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Orozco-Barajas
- Doctorado en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Centro de Atención Psicológica, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro A. Canales-Aguirre
- Departamento de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Victor J. Sánchez-González
- Doctorado en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Victor J. Sánchez-González,
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9
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A Possible Pathogenic PSEN2 Gly56Ser Mutation in a Korean Patient with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062967. [PMID: 35328387 PMCID: PMC8953053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) is characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) before 65 years of age. Mutations in pathological genes, including amyloid protein precursor (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2), were associated with EOAD. Seventy-six mutations in PSEN2 have been found around the world, which could affect the activity of γ-secretase in amyloid beta processing. Here, a heterozygous PSEN2 point mutation from G to A nucleotide change at position 166 (codon 56; c.166G>A, Gly56Ser) was identified in a 64-year-old Korean female with AD with progressive cognitive memory impairment for the 4 years prior to the hospital visit. Hippocampal atrophy was observed from magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging analyses. Temporal and parietal cortex hypometabolisms were identified using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. This mutation was at the N-terminal portion of the presenilin 2 protein on the cytosolic side. Therefore, the serine substitution may have promoted AD pathogenesis by perturbing to the mutation region through altered phosphorylation of presenilin. In silico analysis revealed that the mutation altered protein bulkiness with increased hydrophilicity and reduced flexibility of the mutated region of the protein. Structural changes were likely caused by intramolecular interactions between serine and other residues, which may have affected APP processing. The functional study will clarify the pathogenicity of the mutation in the future.
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10
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Kalampokini S, Georgouli D, Patrikiou E, Provatas A, Valotassiou V, Georgoulias P, Spanaki C, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Xiromerisiou G. Τhe Greek Variant in APP Gene: The Phenotypic Spectrum of APP Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212355. [PMID: 34830236 PMCID: PMC8622139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) cause autosomal dominant inherited Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We present a case of a 68-year-old female who presented with epileptic seizures, neuropsychiatric symptoms and progressive memory decline and was found to carry a novel APP variant, c.2062T>G pLeu688Val. A comprehensive literature review of all reported cases of AD due to APP mutations was performed in PubMed and Web of Science databases. We reviewed 98 studies with a total of 385 cases. The mean age of disease onset was 51.3 ± 8.3 (31–80 years). Mutations were most often located in exons 17 (80.8%) and 16 (12.2%). The most common symptoms were dementia, visuospatial symptoms, aphasia, epilepsy and psychiatric symptoms. Mutations in the β-amyloid region, and specifically exon 17, were associated with high pathogenicity and a younger age of disease onset. We describe the second reported APP mutation in the Greek population. APP mutations may act variably on disease expression and their phenotype is heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Kalampokini
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Nicosia, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22603911; Fax: +357-22603467
| | - Despoina Georgouli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
| | - Eleni Patrikiou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41223 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Antonios Provatas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
| | - Varvara Valotassiou
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Georgoulias
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Cleanthe Spanaki
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Nicosia, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus;
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
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11
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Huq AJ, Sexton A, Lacaze P, Masters CL, Storey E, Velakoulis D, James PA, Winship IM. Genetic testing in dementia-A medical genetics perspective. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1158-1170. [PMID: 33779003 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE When a genetic cause is suspected in a person with dementia, it creates unique diagnostic and management challenges to the treating clinician. Many clinicians may be unaware of the practicalities surrounding genetic testing for their patients, such as when to test and what tests to use and how to counsel patients and their families. This review was conducted to provide guidance to clinicians caring for patients with dementia regarding clinically relevant genetics. METHODS We searched PubMed for studies that involved genetics of dementia up to March 2020. Patient file reviews were also conducted to create composite cases. RESULTS In addition to families where a strong Mendelian pattern of family history is seen, people with younger age of onset, especially before the age of 65 years were found to be at an increased risk of harbouring a genetic cause for their dementia. This review discusses some of the most common genetic syndromes, including Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson disease dementia/dementia with Lewy bodies and some rarer types of genetic dementias, along with illustrative clinical case studies. This is followed by a brief review of the current genetic technologies and a discussion on the unique genetic counselling issues in dementia. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of genetic testing in the diagnostic pathway in some patients with dementia could potentially reduce the time taken to diagnose the cause of their dementia. Although a definite advantage as an addition to the diagnostic repository, genetic testing has many pros and cons which need to be carefully considered first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamira J Huq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrienne Sexton
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Neurosciences, The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A James
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Winship
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Abstract
PSEN1 gene is considered to be the most common gene, which is responsible for the development of an autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease with early onset and sometimes broad phenotype. We present a patient with a spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)-like phenotype who was found to carry an M233V mutation. General and neurological exam was carried out. Brain MRI as well as genetic testing for SCAs 1, 2, 3, 6, and 17 were performed. The patient was then referred for a next-generation sequencing-based gene panel test with 723 genes included. A 26-year-old man of an Azerbaijani origin presented with a progressive impairment of coordination followed by memory impairment. Family history was positive for a similar disorder suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance. Brain MRI showed bilateral hippocampal atrophy (more pronounced in the left), as well as mild atrophy of the left temporoparietal cortex. Tests for SCAs 1, 2, 3, 6, and 17 came negative. Gene panel test showed c.697A > G heterozygous variant in the PSEN1 gene leading to a M233V amino acid change, which was validated by a Sanger sequencing. So far, M233V mutation has not been associated with a combination of cerebellar and cognitive features at onset. Our case contributes to a better characterization of the PSEN1 mutations and expands the phenotype of the M233V carriers. We propose to consider PSEN1 mutations in patients presenting with an SCA-like phenotype but negative for common types of SCA.
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13
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Genetic Counselling Improves the Molecular Characterisation of Dementing Disorders. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060474. [PMID: 34073306 PMCID: PMC8227097 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementing disorders are a complex group of neurodegenerative diseases characterised by different, but often overlapping, pathological pathways. Genetics have been largely associated with the development or the risk to develop dementing diseases. Recent advances in molecular technologies permit analyzing of several genes in a small time, but the interpretation analysis is complicated by several factors: the clinical complexity of neurodegenerative disorders, the frequency of co-morbidities, and the high phenotypic heterogeneity of genetic diseases. Genetic counselling supports the diagnostic path, providing an accurate familial and phenotypic characterisation of patients. In this review, we summarise neurodegenerative dementing disorders and their genetic determinants. Genetic variants and associated phenotypes will be divided into high and low impact, in order to reflect the pathologic continuum between multifactorial and mendelian genetic factors. Moreover, we report a molecular characterisation of genes associated with neurodegenerative disorders with cognitive impairment. In particular, the high frequency of rare coding genetic variants in dementing genes strongly supports the role of geneticists in both, clinical phenotype characterisation and interpretation of genotypic data. The smart application of exome analysis to dementia patients, with a pre-analytical selection on familial, clinical, and instrumental features, improves the diagnostic yield of genetic test, reduces time for diagnosis, and allows a rapid and personalised management of disease.
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14
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Lu K, Nicholas JM, Weston PSJ, Stout JC, O’Regan AM, James SN, Buchanan SM, Lane CA, Parker TD, Keuss SE, Keshavan A, Murray-Smith H, Cash DM, Sudre CH, Malone IB, Coath W, Wong A, Richards M, Henley SMD, Fox NC, Schott JM, Crutch SJ. Visuomotor integration deficits are common to familial and sporadic preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab003. [PMID: 33615219 PMCID: PMC7882207 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether subtle visuomotor deficits were detectable in familial and sporadic preclinical Alzheimer's disease. A circle-tracing task-with direct and indirect visual feedback, and dual-task subtraction-was completed by 31 individuals at 50% risk of familial Alzheimer's disease (19 presymptomatic mutation carriers; 12 non-carriers) and 390 cognitively normal older adults (members of the British 1946 Birth Cohort, all born during the same week; age range at assessment = 69-71 years), who also underwent β-amyloid-PET/MRI to derive amyloid status (positive/negative), whole-brain volume and white matter hyperintensity volume. We compared preclinical Alzheimer's groups against controls cross-sectionally (mutation carriers versus non-carriers; amyloid-positive versus amyloid-negative) on speed and accuracy of circle-tracing and subtraction. Mutation carriers (mean 7 years before expected onset) and amyloid-positive older adults traced disproportionately less accurately than controls when visual feedback was indirect, and were slower at dual-task subtraction. In the older adults, the same pattern of associations was found when considering amyloid burden as a continuous variable (Standardized Uptake Value Ratio). The effect of amyloid was independent of white matter hyperintensity and brain volumes, which themselves were associated with different aspects of performance: greater white matter hyperintensity volume was also associated with disproportionately poorer tracing accuracy when visual feedback was indirect, whereas larger brain volume was associated with faster tracing and faster subtraction. Mutation carriers also showed evidence of poorer tracing accuracy when visual feedback was direct. This study provides the first evidence of visuomotor integration deficits common to familial and sporadic preclinical Alzheimer's disease, which may precede the onset of clinical symptoms by several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Philip S J Weston
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Julie C Stout
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison M O’Regan
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Sarah M Buchanan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christopher A Lane
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas D Parker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah E Keuss
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Carole H Sudre
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EU, UK
- Department of Medical Physics, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ian B Malone
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - William Coath
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Susie M D Henley
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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15
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Neuner SM, Tcw J, Goate AM. Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104976. [PMID: 32565066 PMCID: PMC7409822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genetic and genomic technologies over the last thirty years have greatly enhanced our knowledge concerning the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several genes including APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE have been shown to exhibit large effects on disease susceptibility, with the remaining risk loci having much smaller effects on AD risk. Notably, common genetic variants impacting AD are not randomly distributed across the genome. Instead, these variants are enriched within regulatory elements active in human myeloid cells, and to a lesser extent liver cells, implicating these cell and tissue types as critical to disease etiology. Integrative approaches are emerging as highly effective for identifying the specific target genes through which AD risk variants act and will likely yield important insights related to potential therapeutic targets in the coming years. In the future, additional consideration of sex- and ethnicity-specific contributions to risk as well as the contribution of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions will likely be necessary to further improve our understanding of AD genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Neuner
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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16
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D’Argenio V, Sarnataro D. New Insights into the Molecular Bases of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020026. [PMID: 32325882 PMCID: PMC7354425 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Like several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Prion and Parkinson diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by spreading mechanism of aggregated proteins in the brain in a typical "prion-like" manner. Recent genetic studies have identified in four genes associated with inherited AD (amyloid precursor protein-APP, Presenilin-1, Presenilin-2 and Apolipoprotein E), rare mutations which cause dysregulation of APP processing and alterations of folding of the derived amyloid beta peptide (A). Accumulation and aggregation of A in the brain can trigger a series of intracellular events, including hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, leading to the pathological features of AD. However, mutations in these four genes account for a small of the total genetic risk for familial AD (FAD). Genome-wide association studies have recently led to the identification of additional AD candidate genes. Here, we review an update of well-established, highly penetrant FAD-causing genes with correlation to the protein misfolding pathway, and novel emerging candidate FAD genes, as well as inherited risk factors. Knowledge of these genes and of their correlated biochemical cascade will provide several potential targets for treatment of AD and aging-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D’Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, via di val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
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17
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Mastromoro G, Gambardella S, Marchionni E, Campopiano R, Traversa A, Di Bonaventura C, Pizzuti A. Unusual Segregation of APP Mutations in Monogenic Alzheimer Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2019; 19:96-100. [PMID: 31578030 DOI: 10.1159/000502906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
APP gene mutations causing Alzheimer disease (AD) segregate in an autosomal dominant pattern. We report on a 40-year-old woman with a severe cognitive decline starting at 36 years, while her affected relatives presented symptoms onset in the 6th decade. The proband carried an APP missense variant in homozygous state (NM_000484.4: c.2032G>A; NP_000475.1: p.Asp678Asn; rs63750064) and showed a more severe clinical picture than the other AD relatives, as regards the age of onset and the rate of disease progression. This mutation behaves as a semi-dominant trait. The very rare chance of studying APP mutations in the homozygous state demonstrates they are not always dominant and other segregation models are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Mastromoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,
| | | | - Enrica Marchionni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alice Traversa
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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18
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Giau VV, Pyun JM, Bagyinszky E, An SSA, Kim S. A pathogenic PSEN2 p.His169Asn mutation associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:1321-1329. [PMID: 30104866 PMCID: PMC6074827 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s170374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) is genetically heterogeneous and has been associated with mutations in 3 different genes, coding for amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). Most frequent cases are associated with mutations in the PSEN1 gene, whereas mutations in the APP and PSEN2 genes are rare. Methods Patient who presented progressive memory decline in her 50s was enrolled in this study. A broad battery of neuropsychological tests and neuroimaging was applied to make the diagnosis. Genetic tests were performed in the patient to evaluate possible mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The pathogenic nature of missense mutation and its 3D protein structure prediction were performed by in silico prediction programs. Results A pathogenic mutation in the PSEN2 gene in a Korean patient associated with EOAD was identified. Targeted Next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing revealed a heterozygous C to A transition at position 505 (c.505C>A), resulting in a probably missense mutation at codon 169 (p.His169Asn) in PSEN2. PolyPhen-2 and SIFT software analyses predicted this mutation to be a probable damaging variant. This hypothesis was supported by the results of 3D in silico modelling analyses that predicted the p.His169Asn may result in major helix torsion due to histidine to asparagine substitution. Mutation may cause additional stresses with hydrophobic residues on the surface that interact inside the transmembrane domain III, which is a conserved domain in PSEN2 His169. Conclusion These findings revealed that the p.His169Asn might be an important residue in PSEN2, which may alter the functions of PSEN2, suggesting its potential involvement with AD phenotype. Future functional studies are needed to evaluate the role of PSEN2 p.His169Asn mutation in AD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - Jung-Min Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea,
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19
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Abstract
Few movement disorders seem to make a straightforward approach to diagnosis and treatment more difficult and frustrating than myoclonus, due to its plethora of causes and its variable classifications. Nevertheless, in recent years, exciting advances have been made in the elucidation of the pathophysiology and genetic basis of many disorders presenting with myoclonus. Here, we provide a review of all of the important types of myoclonus encountered in pediatric and adult neurology, with an emphasis on the recent developments that have led to a deeper understanding of this intriguing phenomenon. An up-to-date list of the genetic basis of all major myoclonic disorders is presented. Randomized studies are scarce in myoclonus therapy, but helpful pragmatic approaches at diagnosis as well as treatment have been recently suggested.
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20
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Cacace R, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C. Molecular genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease revisited. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:733-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
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21
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Choong XY, Tosh JL, Pulford LJ, Fisher EMC. Dissecting Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome using mouse models. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:268. [PMID: 26528151 PMCID: PMC4602094 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic condition caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). This greatly increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), but although virtually all people with DS have AD neuropathology by 40 years of age, not all develop dementia. To dissect the genetic contribution of trisomy 21 to DS phenotypes including those relevant to AD, a range of DS mouse models has been generated which are trisomic for chromosome segments syntenic to human chromosome 21. Here, we consider key characteristics of human AD in DS (AD-DS), and our current state of knowledge on related phenotypes in AD and DS mouse models. We go on to review important features needed in future models of AD-DS, to understand this type of dementia and so highlight pathogenic mechanisms relevant to all populations at risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yu Choong
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Justin L Tosh
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Laura J Pulford
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
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Clinical workout for the early detection of cognitive decline and dementia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1186-91. [PMID: 25271010 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor for the development of human neurodegenerative maladies such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases (PDs) and prion disorders, all of which stem from toxic protein aggregation. All of these diseases are correlated with cognitive decline. Cognitive Decline is a dynamic state from normal cognition of aging to dementia. According to the original criteria for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) (1984), a clinical diagnosis was possible only when someone was already demented. The prevalence rates of Cognitive Decline (mild cognitive impairment plus dementia) are very high now and will be higher in future because of the increasing survival time of people. Many neurological and psychiatric diseases are correlated with cognitive decline. Diagnosis of cognitive decline is mostly clinical (clinical criteria), but there are multiple biomarkers that could help us mostly in research programs such as short or long, paper and pencil or computerized neuropsychological batteries for cognition, activities of daily living and behavior, electroencephalograph, event-related potentials, and imaging-structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional (fMRI, Pittsburgh bound positron emission tomography, FDG-PET, single photon emission computerized tomography and imaging of tau pathology)-cerebrospinal fluid proteins (Abeta, tau and phospho-tau in AD and α-synuclein (αSyn) for PD). Blood biomarkers need more studies to confirm their usefulness. Genetic markers are also studied but until now are not used in clinical praxis. Finally, in everyday clinical praxis and in research workout for early detection of cognitive decline, the combination of biomarkers is useful.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and epilepsy are common disorders in the elderly. Evidence demonstrates that patients with AD have an increased risk of developing epilepsy and seizures. Objective To review epidemiological, clinical and treatment aspects of epilepsy and AD. Methods We reviewed databases (PubMED, LiLACS, Scielo) conducting a search for manuscripts using the terms Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. Results Manuscripts related to the areas of interest were reviewed. Studies revealed that epilepsy is more frequent among AD patients. The combined presence of the two disorders may be related to mechanisms of neuronal hyperexcitability as a consequence of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) or phosphorylated tau accumulation, as well as to structural changes in cortical and hippocampal regions. Available data suggest that the new generation of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are better tolerated in the elderly population, and may also be the best option in patients with AD and epilepsy. Conclusion Further prospective studies involving evaluation of concomitant dementia and epilepsy, neurophysiological findings and biomarkers need to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- PhD, Neurologist, Hospital Santa Marcelina; Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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