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Sheikh AM, Tabassum S, Yano S, Abdullah FB, Wang R, Ikeue T, Nagai A. A Cationic Zn-Phthalocyanine Turns Alzheimer's Amyloid β Aggregates into Non-Toxic Oligomers and Inhibits Neurotoxicity in Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8931. [PMID: 39201616 PMCID: PMC11354870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) aggregation and deposition are considered the main causes of Alzheimer's disease. In a previous study, we demonstrated that anionic Zn-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) can interact with the Aβ peptide and inhibit the fibril-formation process. However, due to the inability of anionic ZnPc to cross the intact blood-brain barrier, we decided to explore the interaction of cationic methylated Zn-phthalocyanine (cZnPc) with the peptide. Using a ThT fluorescence assay, we observed that cZnPc dose-dependently and time-dependently inhibited Aβ1-42 fibril levels under in vitro fibril-formation conditions. Electron microscopy revealed that it caused Aβ1-42 peptides to form small aggregates. Western blotting and dot immunoblot oligomer experiments demonstrated that cZnPc increased rather than decreased the levels of oligomers from the very early stages of incubation. A binding assay confirmed that cZnPc could bind with the peptide. Docking simulations indicated that the oligomer species of Aβ1-42 had a higher ability to interact with cZnPc. ANS fluorescence assay results indicated that cZnPc did not affect the hydrophobicity of the peptide. However, cZnPc significantly increased intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence of the peptide after 8 h of incubation in fibril-formation conditions. Importantly, cell culture experiments demonstrated that cZnPc did not exhibit any toxicity up to a concentration of 10 µM. Instead, it protected a neuronal cell line from Aβ1-42-induced toxicity. Thus, our results suggest that cZnPc can affect the aggregation process of Aβ1-42, rendering it non-toxic, which could be crucial for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Md. Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (S.T.); (S.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Shatera Tabassum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (S.T.); (S.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (S.T.); (S.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Fatema Binte Abdullah
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (F.B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruochen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (F.B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (S.T.); (S.Y.); (A.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (F.B.A.); (R.W.)
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2
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Evren AE, Nuha D, Özkan BNS, Kahraman Ç, Gönülalan EM, Yurttaş L. Design and synthesis of phenoxy methyl-oxadiazole compounds against Alzheimer's disease. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400115. [PMID: 38657203 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the synthesis and evaluation of 11 newly developed compounds as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents that occur via cholinesterase and β-secretase inhibition. The compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) using the modified Ellman method. The results showed that several compounds exhibited significant inhibition of AChE, particularly compounds 6d, 7a, and 7e, which demonstrated high inhibitory activity at lower concentrations, with IC50 values of 0.120, 0.039, and 0.063 µM, respectively. However, the compounds showed limited effectiveness against BChE, with only a few compounds exhibiting moderate inhibition. Compound 7e showed an inhibitory effect against BACE-1 close to that of the standard drug. Structural analysis revealed that the compounds with substituted benzothiazole and thiazole moieties exhibited the most promising inhibitory activity. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of these synthesized derivatives as a treatment against Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the structure, stability, and properties of the active compounds were further investigated using density functional theory calculations. As a final note, the utilization of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies allowed us to elucidate the action mechanism of the active compounds and gain insights into the structure-activity relationship against AChE and β-secretase proteins. These computational techniques provide valuable information on the binding modes, interactions with target enzymes, dynamic behavior, and conformational changes of the compounds, enabling a comprehensive understanding of their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf E Evren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Pharmacy Services, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Demokrat Nuha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University for Business and Technology, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Begüm N S Özkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Kahraman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekrem M Gönülalan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Leyla Yurttaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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3
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Yi LX, Zeng L, Wang Q, Tan EK, Zhou ZD. Reelin links Apolipoprotein E4, Tau, and Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102339. [PMID: 38754634 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that affects the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and is characterised by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. A recent report of a patient carrying a novel gain-of-function variant of RELN (H3447R, termed RELN-COLBOS) who developed resilience against presenilin-linked autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD) has generated enormous interest. The RELN-COLBOS variant enhances interactions with the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), which are associated with delayed AD onset and progression. These findings were validated in a transgenic mouse model. Reelin is involved in neurodevelopment, neurogenesis, and neuronal plasticity. The evidence accumulated thus far has demonstrated that the Reelin pathway links apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), amyloid-β (Aβ), and tubulin-associated unit (Tau), which are key proteins that have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Reelin and key components of the Reelin pathway have been highlighted as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao Yi
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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Sequeira L, Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Lima I, Peixoto J, Alves C, Machado CS, Gaspar A, Borges F, Chavarria D. Drug Development for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Where Do We Go Now? Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:708. [PMID: 38931832 PMCID: PMC11206728 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a set of progressive, chronic, and incurable diseases characterized by the gradual loss of neurons, culminating in the decline of cognitive and/or motor functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs and represent an enormous burden both in terms of human suffering and economic cost. The available therapies for AD and PD only provide symptomatic and palliative relief for a limited period and are unable to modify the diseases' progression. Over the last decades, research efforts have been focused on developing new pharmacological treatments for these NDs. However, to date, no breakthrough treatment has been discovered. Hence, the development of disease-modifying drugs able to halt or reverse the progression of NDs remains an unmet clinical need. This review summarizes the major hallmarks of AD and PD and the drugs available for pharmacological treatment. It also sheds light on potential directions that can be pursued to develop new, disease-modifying drugs to treat AD and PD, describing as representative examples some advances in the development of drug candidates targeting oxidative stress and adenosine A2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Suresh S, Singh S A, Rushendran R, Vellapandian C, Prajapati B. Alzheimer's disease: the role of extrinsic factors in its development, an investigation of the environmental enigma. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1303111. [PMID: 38125832 PMCID: PMC10730937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1303111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the realm of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, the impact of environmental factors has ignited intense curiosity due to its substantial burden on global health. Recent investigations have unveiled these environmental factors as key contributors, shedding new light on their profound influence. Notably, emerging evidence highlights the detrimental role of various environmental contaminants in the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease. These contaminants encompass a broad spectrum, including air pollutants laden with ozone, neurotoxic metals like lead, aluminum, manganese, and cadmium, pesticides with their insidious effects, and the ubiquitous presence of plastics and microplastics. By meticulously delving into the intricate web connecting environmental pollutants and this devastating neurological disorder, this comprehensive chapter takes a deep dive into their involvement as significant risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, it explores the underlying molecular mechanisms through which these contaminants exert their influence, aiming to unravel the complex interactions that drive the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, this chapter proposes potential strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of these environmental contaminants on brain health, with the ultimate goal of restoring and preserving typical cognitive function. Through this comprehensive exploration, we aim to enhance our understanding of the multifaceted relationship between neurotoxins and Alzheimer's disease, providing a solid foundation for developing innovative in-vivo models and advancing our knowledge of the intricate pathological processes underlying this debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Suresh
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ankul Singh S
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rapuru Rushendran
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Vellapandian
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhupendra Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, India
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Pharmacotherapy Evolution in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Framework and Relevant Directions. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010131. [PMID: 36611925 PMCID: PMC9818415 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), once considered a rare disease, is now the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. Current drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate antagonists) are safe but of limited benefit to most patients, offering symptomatic relief without successful cure of the disease. Since the last several decades, there has been a great need for the development of a treatment that might cure the underlying causes of AD and thereby slow its progression in vulnerable individuals. That is why phase I, II, and III studies that act on several fronts, such as cognitive improvement, symptom reduction, and enhancing the basic biology of AD, are imperative to stop the disease. This review discusses current treatment strategies, summarizing the clinical features and pharmacological properties, along with molecular docking analyses of the existing medications.
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Implications of Microorganisms in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4584-4615. [PMID: 36286029 PMCID: PMC9600878 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a deadly brain degenerative disorder that leads to brain shrinkage and dementia. AD is manifested with hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide buildup in the hippocampus and cortex regions of the brain. The nervous tissue of AD patients also contains fungal proteins and DNA which are linked to bacterial infections, suggesting that polymicrobial infections also occur in the brains of those with AD. Both immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were employed to assess fungal and bacterial infections in the brain tissue of AD patients and non-AD controls, with the most prevalent fungus genera detected in AD patients being Alternaria, Botrytis, Candida, and Malassezia. Interestingly, Fusarium was the most common genus detected in the control group. Both AD patients and controls were also detectable for Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides for bacterial infection. At the family level, Burkholderiaceae and Staphylococcaceae exhibited higher levels in the brains of those with AD than the brains of the control group. Accordingly, there is thought to be a viscous cycle of uncontrolled neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain, caused by agents such as the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), Chlamydophilapneumonia, and Spirochetes, and the presence of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), which is associated with an increased proinflammatory response in the immune system. Systemic proinflammatory cytokines are produced by microorganisms such as Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and those related to periodontal infections. These can then cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lead to the onset of dementia. Here, we reviewed the relationship between the etiology of AD and microorganisms (such as bacterial pathogens, Herpesviridae viruses, and periodontal pathogens) according to the evidence available to understand the pathogenesis of AD. These findings might guide a targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to AD.
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Panda SP, Dhurandhar Y, Agrawal M. The interplay of epilepsy with impaired mitophagy and autophagy linked dementia (MAD): A review of therapeutic approaches. Mitochondrion 2022; 66:27-37. [PMID: 35842181 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The duration and, age of dementia have been linked to a higher risk of seizures. The exact mechanism that drives epileptogenesis in impaired mitophagy and autophagy linked dementia (MAD) is fully defined after reviewing the Scopus, Publon, and Pubmed databases. The epileptogenesis in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is due to involvement of amyloid plaques (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (pTau), Parkin, NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Microglia, the prime protective and inflammatory cells in the brain exert crosstalk between mitophagy and inflammation. Several researchers believed that the inflammatory brain cells microglia could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of a MAD associated epilepsy. There are conventional antiepileptic drugs such as gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenytoin sodium, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, felbamate, lamotrigine, valproate sodium, and topiramate are prescribed by a psychiatrist to suppress seizure frequency. Also, the conventional drugs generate serious adverse effects and synergises dementia characteristics. The adverse effect of carbamazepine is neurotoxic and also, damages haemopoietic system and respiratory tract. The phenytoin treatment causes cerebellar defect and anemia. Dementia and epilepsy have a complicated relationship, thus targeting mitophagy for cure of epileptic dementia makes sense. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is one of the rising strategies by many patients of the world, not only to suppress seizure frequency but also to mitigate dementia characteristics of patients. Therefore our present review focus on the interplay between epilepsy and MAD and their treatment with CAM approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prasad Panda
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Yogita Dhurandhar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mehak Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ali TFS, Ciftci HI, Radwan MO, Roshdy E, Shawky AM, Abourehab MAS, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Discovery of Azaindolin-2-One as a Dual Inhibitor of GSK3β and Tau Aggregation with Potential Neuroprotective Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040426. [PMID: 35455423 PMCID: PMC9029746 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity through pharmacological intervention represents a promising approach for treating challenging neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. Similarly, abnormal tau aggregate accumulation in neurons is a hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases. We introduced new dual GSK3β/tau aggregation inhibitors due to the excellent clinical outcome of multitarget drugs. Compound (E)-2f stands out among the synthesized inhibitors as a promising GSK3β inhibitor (IC50 1.7 µM) with a pronounced tau anti-aggregation effect in a cell-based model of tauopathy. Concurrently, (E)-2f was demonstrated to be non-toxic to normal cells, making it a promising neuroprotective lead compound that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha F. S. Ali
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.S.A.); (M.F.); Tel.: +20-10-6983-5295 (T.F.S.A.); +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.)
| | - Halil I. Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm, Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- National Research Centre, Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Eslam Roshdy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Central Laboratory for Micro-Analysis, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm, Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.S.A.); (M.F.); Tel.: +20-10-6983-5295 (T.F.S.A.); +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.)
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Haghighijoo Z, Zamani L, Moosavi F, Emami S. Therapeutic potential of quinazoline derivatives for Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113949. [PMID: 34742016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinazolines are considered as a promising class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds with broad properties. Particularly, the quinazoline scaffold has an impressive role in the design and synthesis of new CNS-active drugs. The drug-like properties and pharmacological characteristics of quinazoline could lead to different drugs with various targets. Among CNS disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with memory loss, cognitive decline and language dysfunction. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease therefore, the need for finding multi-target drugs against this devastative disease is urgent. A literature survey revealed that quinazoline derivatives have diverse therapeutic potential for AD as modulators/inhibitors of β-amyloid, tau protein, cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, and phosphodiesterases as well as other protective effects. Thus, we describe here the most relevant and recent studies about anti-AD agents with quinazoline structure which can further aid the development and discovery of new anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Haghighijoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Leila Zamani
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Bomasang-Layno E, Bronsther R. Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease:: An Update. Dela J Public Health 2021; 7:74-85. [PMID: 34604768 PMCID: PMC8482985 DOI: 10.32481/djph.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Ahmad SS, Younis K, Philippe J, Aschner M, Khan H. Strategic approaches to target the enzymes using natural compounds for the management of Alzheimer's disease: A review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:610-620. [PMID: 34382514 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210811160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. It is clinically characterized by memory loss and intellectual decrease, among other neurological deficits. The etiology of AD is not completely understood but includes amyloid plaques and intracellular helical filaments as well as neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. AD is also associated with alterations in amyloid processing genes, such as PSEN1 or PSEN2 and APP. The modulation immune system, cholesterol metabolism, and synaptic vesicle endocytosis have all been shown to remediate AD. In this review, enzymes such as AChE, BuChE, β-secretase, γ-secretase, MAO, and RAGE are discussed as potential targets for AD treatment. The aim of this review was to addresses the molecular mechanisms as well as various genetic factors in AD etiology. The use of natural compounds against these targets might be beneficial for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541. Korea
| | - Kaiser Younis
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow. India
| | - Jeandet Philippe
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461. United States
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200. Pakistan
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Mortada I, Farah R, Nabha S, Ojcius DM, Fares Y, Almawi WY, Sadier NS. Immunotherapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654739. [PMID: 34163421 PMCID: PMC8215715 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases are mostly symptomatic without affecting the underlying cause of disease. Emerging evidence supports a potential role for immunotherapy in the management of disease progression. Numerous reports raise the exciting prospect that either the immune system or its derivative components could be harnessed to fight the misfolded and aggregated proteins that accumulate in several neurodegenerative diseases. Passive and active vaccinations using monoclonal antibodies and specific antigens that induce adaptive immune responses are currently under evaluation for their potential use in the development of immunotherapies. In this review, we aim to shed light on prominent immunotherapeutic strategies being developed to fight neuroinflammation-induced neurodegeneration, with a focus on innovative immunotherapies such as vaccination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mortada
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raymond Farah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Najwane Said Sadier
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Qiao O, Ji H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu N, Huang L, Liu C, Gao W. New insights in drug development for Alzheimer's disease based on microglia function. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111703. [PMID: 34083109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in drug development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is how to effectively remove deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ). Recently, the relationship between microglia and Aβ has become a research hotspot. Emerging evidence suggests that Aβ-induced microglia-mediated neuroinflammation further aggravates the decline of cognitive function, while microglia are also involved in the process of Aβ clearance. Hence, microglia have become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment or prevention of AD. An in-depth understanding of the role played by microglia in the development of AD will help us to broaden therapeutic strategies for AD. In this review, we provide an overview of the dual roles of microglia in AD progression: the positive effect of phagocytosis of Aβ and its negative effect on neuroinflammation after over-activation. With the advantages of novel structure, high efficiency, and low toxicity, small-molecule compounds as modulators of microglial function have attracted considerable attention in the therapeutic areas of AD. In this review, we also summarize the therapeutic potential of small molecule compounds (SMCs) and their structure-activity relationship for AD treatment through modulating microglial phagocytosis and inhibiting neuroinflammation. For example, the position and number of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the B ring are the key to the activity of flavonoids, and the substitution of hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic acids. This review is expected to be useful for developing effective modulators of microglial function from SMCs for the amelioration and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haixia Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- The State Key Laboratories of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
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15
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Gorecki L, Uliassi E, Bartolini M, Janockova J, Hrabinova M, Hepnarova V, Prchal L, Muckova L, Pejchal J, Karasova JZ, Mezeiova E, Benkova M, Kobrlova T, Soukup O, Petralla S, Monti B, Korabecny J, Bolognesi ML. Phenothiazine-Tacrine Heterodimers: Pursuing Multitarget Directed Approach in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1698-1715. [PMID: 33852284 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2002, no clinical candidate against Alzheimer's disease has reached the market; hence, an effective therapy is urgently needed. We followed the so-called "multitarget directed ligand" approach and designed 36 novel tacrine-phenothiazine heterodimers which were in vitro evaluated for their anticholinesterase properties. The assessment of the structure-activity relationships of such derivatives highlighted compound 1dC as a potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with IC50 = 8 nM and 1aA as a potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor with IC50 = 15 nM. Selected hybrids, namely, 1aC, 1bC, 1cC, 1dC, and 2dC, showed a significant inhibitory activity toward τ(306-336) peptide aggregation with percent inhibition ranging from 50.5 to 62.1%. Likewise, 1dC and 2dC exerted a remarkable ability to inhibit self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation. Notwithstanding, in vitro studies displayed cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells and cerebellar granule neurons; no pathophysiological abnormality was observed when 1dC was administered to mice at 14 mg/kg (i.p.). 1dC was also able to permeate to the CNS as shown by in vitro and in vivo models. The maximum brain concentration was close to the IC50 value for acetylcholinesterase inhibition with a relatively slow elimination half-time. 1dC showed an acceptable safety and good pharmacokinetic properties and a multifunctional biological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Z. Karasova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Ciccocioppo F, Bologna G, Ercolino E, Pierdomenico L, Simeone P, Lanuti P, Pieragostino D, Del Boccio P, Marchisio M, Miscia S. Neurodegenerative diseases as proteinopathies-driven immune disorders. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:850-856. [PMID: 31719246 PMCID: PMC6990794 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, the role of misfolded protein deposition leading to neurodegeneration has been primarily discussed. In the last decade, however, it has been proposed a parallel involvement of innate immune activation, chronic inflammation and adaptive immunity in the neurodegeneration mechanisms triggered by proteinopathies. New insights in the neurodegenerative field strongly suggest a role for the immune system in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the hypothesis underlining the modulation of the innate and the adaptive immune system in the events linked to brain deposition of misfolded proteins could open new perspectives in the setting of specific immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we have reviewed the pathogenic hypothesis in neurodegenerative pathologies, underling the links between the deposition of misfolded protein mechanisms and the immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Ciccocioppo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eva Ercolino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Pierdomenico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT); Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT); Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science; Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Ahmad SS, Kamal MA. Current Updates on the Regulation of Beta-Secretase Movement as a Potential Restorative Focus for Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:579-587. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190405125334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most recent decade was described by a developing awareness about the
seriousness of dementia in the field of age-related people. Among the dementias, Alzheimer's
assumes a plentiful role as a result of its amazingly high rate and casualty. A few
pharmacological procedures have been attempted yet at the same time now, Alzheimer continues
being an untreatable malady. The collection of Aβ in the brain is an early poisonous occasion in
the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most widely recognized type of dementia
correlated with plaques and tangles within the brain. However, the mechanism of the
intraneuronal direction of BACE1 is poorly understood. AD is caused by mutations in one of the
genes that encoding APP, presenilins 1 and 2. Most of the mutations in these genes increase
Aβ42 production. Numerous receptors are associated with initiating Aβ transport and clearance.
Among them, RAGE is an influx transport receptor that binds soluble Aβ and mediates
pathophysiological cellular responses. RAGE additionally intervenes the vehicle of plasma Aβ
over the blood-brain barrier. LRP-1 functions as a clearance receptor for Aβ at the blood-brain
barrier. The regulation of beta-secretase movement is being explored as a potential restorative
focus for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Vyas S, Kothari S, Kachhwaha S. Nootropic medicinal plants: Therapeutic alternatives for Alzheimer’s disease. J Herb Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Uwajeh PC, Iyendo TO, Polay M. Therapeutic gardens as a design approach for optimising the healing environment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: A narrative review. Explore (NY) 2019; 15:352-362. [PMID: 31230998 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The first half of this paper documents the role of nature in healthcare environments and its impact on wellness, with a particular focus on gardens. The second half presents a scientific evaluation of the role of gardens as a therapeutic intervention to optimise the clinical outcomes in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, including a review of the innovative application of technologies alongside nature to promote cognitive rehabilitation in this particular patient population. METHODS Using search engines such as the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest Central, MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar, a relevant literature search on the positive health implications of therapeutic gardens (TG) on AD and dementia patients in the healthcare milieu was conducted. RESULTS The health implications of TG for AD and dementia patients span physical, social, psychological and cognitive effects. Virtual reality (VR) technologies that display natural environments also offer positive cognitive outcomes for AD and dementia patients. CONCLUSION TG should be used to improve the health and wellbeing of AD and dementia patients, and its application should be extended to other patient populations to promote quicker recovery. Future directions in the design of TG, with a focus on patients with AD and other dementias, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chukwuemeke Uwajeh
- Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Mersin 10, Gazimağusa, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | | | - Mukaddes Polay
- Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Mersin 10, Gazimağusa, North Cyprus, Turkey
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20
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Espargaró A, Pont C, Gamez P, Muñoz-Torrero D, Sabate R. Amyloid Pan-inhibitors: One Family of Compounds To Cope with All Conformational Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1311-1317. [PMID: 30380841 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are ubiquitous protein aggregates sharing common internal structural features; they are present in all organisms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, where they play physiological or pathological roles. Importantly, amyloids, which are generated by aggregation of a range of distinct proteins, could be a key factor in a number of major human disorders, the so-called conformational diseases. Because all amyloids exhibit similar cross-β motifs, one may envisage that molecules capable of blocking the formation of β-sheet structures could abolish aggregation of all amyloid proteins, albeit with different efficacies. Herein, two different β-sheet blockers were tested against a selection of amyloidogenic proteins, encompassing all the major types of amyloid-based disorders. Analysis of their blocking efficiency, using a simple but contrasted cell-based screening procedure, unequivocally confirms that they indeed behave as aggregation pan-inhibitors. The significant inhibitory effects observed for these compounds against all tested amyloidogenic proteins could spur a broader biological evaluation of other known and new amyloid aggregation inhibitors to further determine the potential use of this class of compounds for the universal treatment of conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caterina Pont
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabate
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Banerjee V, Oren O, Dagan B, Taube R, Engel S, Papo N. An Engineered Variant of the B1 Domain of Protein G Suppresses the Aggregation and Toxicity of Intra- and Extracellular Aβ42. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1488-1496. [PMID: 30428260 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra- and extraneuronal deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). While both intra- and extraneuronal Aβ deposits affect neuronal cell viability, the molecular mechanism by which these Aβ structures, especially when intraneuronal, do so is still not entirely understood. This makes the development of inhibitors challenging. To prevent the formation of toxic Aβ structural assemblies so as to prevent neuronal cell death associated with AD, we used a combination of computational and combinatorial-directed evolution approaches to develop a variant of the HTB1 protein (HTB1M2). HTB1M2 inhibits in vitro self-assembly of Aβ42 peptide and shifts the Aβ42 aggregation pathway to the formation of oligomers that are nontoxic to neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing or treated with Aβ42 peptide. This makes HTB1M2 a potential therapeutic lead in the development of AD-targeted drugs and a tool for elucidating conformational changes in the Aβ42 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Banerjee
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ofek Oren
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Bar Dagan
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ran Taube
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Stanislav Engel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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22
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Sagnou M, Mavroidi B, Shegani A, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Raptopoulou C, Psycharis V, Pirmettis I, Papadopoulos MS, Pelecanou M. Remarkable Brain Penetration of Cyclopentadienyl M(CO)3+ (M = 99mTc, Re) Derivatives of Benzothiazole and Benzimidazole Paves the Way for Their Application as Diagnostic, with Single-Photon-Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2638-2650. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Cao J, Hou J, Ping J, Cai D. Advances in developing novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:64. [PMID: 30541602 PMCID: PMC6291983 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of aging, affects one in eight older Americans. Nearly all drug treatments tested for AD today have failed to show any efficacy. There is a great need for therapies to prevent and/or slow the progression of AD. The major challenge in AD drug development is lack of clarity about the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Several studies support the notion that AD is a multifactorial disease. While there is abundant evidence that amyloid plays a role in AD pathogenesis, other mechanisms have been implicated in AD such as tangle formation and spread, dysregulated protein degradation pathways, neuroinflammation, and loss of support by neurotrophic factors. Therefore, current paradigms of AD drug design have been shifted from single target approach (primarily amyloid-centric) to developing drugs targeted at multiple disease aspects, and from treating AD at later stages of disease progression to focusing on preventive strategies at early stages of disease development. Here, we summarize current strategies and new trends of AD drug development, including pre-clinical and clinical trials that target different aspects of disease (mechanism-based versus non-mechanism based, e.g. symptomatic treatments, lifestyle modifications and risk factor management).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Cao
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Hou
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jing Ping
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongming Cai
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Omar SH, Scott CJ, Hamlin AS, Obied HK. Biophenols: Enzymes (β-secretase, Cholinesterases, histone deacetylase and tyrosinase) inhibitors from olive (Olea europaea L.). Fitoterapia 2018; 128:118-129. [PMID: 29772299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this study was on inhibition of enzymes involved in the pathogenesis Alzheimer's disease (AD) including prime amyloid beta (Aβ) producing enzyme (β-secretase: BACE-1) and disease progression enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and tyrosinase along with the catecholamine L-DOPA, by using olive biophenols. Here we report the strongest inhibition of BACE-1 from rutin (IC50: 3.8 nM) followed by verbascoside (IC50: 6.3 nM) and olive fruit extract (IC50: 18 ng), respectively. Olive biophenol, quercetin exhibited strongest enzyme inhibitory activity against tyrosinase (IC50: 10.73 μM), BChE (IC50: 19.08 μM), AChE (IC50: 55.44 μM), and HDAC (IC50: 105.1 μM) enzymes. Furthermore, olive biophenol verbascoside (IC50: 188.6 μM), and hydroxytyrosol extreme extract (IC50: 66.22 μg) were showed the highest levels of inhibition against the HDAC enzyme. Neuroprotective capacity against levodopa-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells of olive biophenols were assessed, where rutin indicated the highest neuroprotection (74%), followed by caffeic acid (73%), and extract hydroxytyrosol extreme (97%), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vitro report on the enzymes inhibitory activity of olive biophenols. Taken together, our in vitro results data suggest that olive biophenols could be a promising natural inhibitor, which may reduce the enzyme-induced toxicity associated with the oxidative stress involved in the progression of AD. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS USED IN THE STUDY Acetylthiocholine iodide (PubChem CID: 74629); S-Butyrylthiocholine chloride (PubChem CID: 3015121); Caffeic acid (PubChem CID: 689043); Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (PubChem: 679); L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) (PubChem CID: 6047); 5,5'-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) (PubChem CID: 6254); Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (PubChem CID: 65064); Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (PubChem CID: 6049); Galantamine hydrobromide (PubChem CID: 121587); l-Glutamine (PubChem CID: 5961); Hydroxytyrosol (PubChem CID: 82755); Kojic acid (PubChem CID: 3840); Luteolin (PubChem CID: 5280445); Oleuropein (PubChem CID: 5281544); Penicillin-streptomycin (PubChem CID: 131715954); Quercetin (PubChem CID: 5280343); Rutin (PubChem CID: 5280805); Tris-HCl buffer (PubChem: 93573); Trypan blue (PubChem: 9562061).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Haris Omar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Adam S Hamlin
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Hassan K Obied
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Pugazhendhi A, Beema Shafreen R, Pandima Devi K, Suganthy N. Assessment of antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antiamyloidogenic effect of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna and its bioactive constituent 7-Methyl gallic acid – An in vitro and in silico studies. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Yu L, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhu X, Cao X, Gao J, Zhao H, Xu Y. PSD-93 Attenuates Amyloid-β-Mediated Cognitive Dysfunction by Promoting the Catabolism of Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:913-927. [PMID: 28697571 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a key neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Postsynaptic density protein 93 (PSD-93) is a key scaffolding protein enriched at postsynaptic sites. The aim of the present study was to examine whether PSD-93 overexpression could alleviate Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice by reducing Aβ levels in the brain. The level of PSD-93 was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Following lentivirus-mediated PSD-93 overexpression, cognitive function, synaptic function, and amyloid burden were investigated. The open field test, Morris water maze test, and fear condition test revealed that PSD-93 overexpression ameliorated spatial memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. The facilitation of long-term potentiation induction was observed in APP/PS1 mice after PSD-93 overexpression. The expression of somatostatin receptor 4 (SSTR4) and neprilysin was increased, while the amyloid plaque load and Aβ levels were decreased in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, PSD-93 interacted with SSTR4 and affected the level of SSTR4 on cell membrane, which was associated with the ubiquitination. Together, these findings suggest that PSD-93 attenuates spatial memory deficits and decreases amyloid levels in APP/PS1 mice, which might be associated with Aβ catabolism, and overexpression of PSD-93 might be a potential therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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The Mechanisms of Bushen-Yizhi Formula as a Therapeutic Agent against Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3104. [PMID: 29449587 PMCID: PMC5814461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bushen-Yizhi prescription (BSYZ) has been an effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) for hundreds of years. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this work, a systems pharmacology approach was developed to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of BSYZ in treating AD. First, we obtained 329 candidate compounds of BSYZ by in silico ADME/T filter analysis and 138 AD-related targets were predicted by our in-house WEGA algorithm via mapping predicted targets into AD-related proteins. In addition, we elucidated the mechanisms of BSYZ action on AD through multiple network analysis, including compound-target network analysis and target-function network analysis. Furthermore, several modules regulated by BSYZ were incorporated into AD-related pathways to uncover the therapeutic mechanisms of this prescription in AD treatment. Finally, further verification experiments also demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BSYZ on cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice, which was possibly via regulating amyloid-β metabolism and suppressing neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, we provide an integrative systems pharmacology approach to illustrate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of BSYZ formula action on AD.
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28
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Prasansuklab A, Meemon K, Sobhon P, Tencomnao T. Ethanolic extract of Streblus asper leaves protects against glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells and extends lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:551. [PMID: 29282044 PMCID: PMC5745612 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Although such local herb as Streblus asper (family Moraceae) has long been recognized for traditional folk medicines and important ingredient of traditional longevity formula, its anti-neurodegeneration or anti-aging activity is little known. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of S. asper leaf extracts (SA-EE) against toxicity of glutamate-mediated oxidative stress, a crucial factor contributing to the neuronal loss in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying mechanism as well as to evaluate its longevity effect. Methods Using mouse hippocampal HT22 as a model for glutamate oxidative toxicity, we carried out MTT and LDH assays including Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining to determine the SA-EE effect against glutamate-induced cell death. Antioxidant activities of SA-EE were evaluated using the radical scavenging and DCFH-DA assays. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, SA-EE treated cells were analyzed for the expressions of mRNA and proteins interested by immunofluorescent staining, western blot analysis and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques. The longevity effect of SA-EE was examined on C. elegans by lifespan assay. Results We demonstrate that a concentration-dependent reduction of glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was significant after SA-EE treatment as measured by MTT and LDH assays. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide and immunofluorescent staining showed that co-treatment of glutamate with SA-EE significantly reduced apoptotic-inducing factor (AIF)-dependent apoptotic cell death. DCFH-DA assay revealed that this extract was capable of dose dependently attenuating the ROS caused by glutamate. Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR showed that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein levels in the nucleus, as well as mRNA levels of antioxidant-related genes under Nrf2 regulation were significantly increased by SA-EE. Furthermore, this extract was capable of extending the lifespan of C. elegans. Conclusions SA-EE possesses both longevity effects and neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cell death, supporting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Hu X, Song C, Fang M, Li C. Simvastatin inhibits the apoptosis of hippocampal cells in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1795-1802. [PMID: 29434767 PMCID: PMC5776644 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with cognitive impairments that affect memory and executive functions. Simvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering statin drug that is used to control levels of cholesterol in the blood, particularly in cases of hypercholesterolemia, and may be used in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Previous results have indicated that the apoptosis of hippocampal cells may serve a critical role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, it was determined whether Simvastatin inhibited the apoptosis of hippocampal cells in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic effects of Simvastatin were evaluated in 24-month-old triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3×Tg-AD) mice, and the efficacy of Simvastatin in attenuating memory and cognitive impairment was investigated. Levels of apoptosis-related gene expression in the hippocampus and hippocampal cells of experimental mice were also detected. In addition, neuron excitability was assessed in the functionally relevant brain regions in the hippocampus. The data indicated that Simvastatin significantly suppressed the apoptosis of hippocampal cells in 3×Tg-AD model mice compared with controls (P<0.01). Furthermore, treatment with Simvastatin improved the dementia status of 3×Tg-AD mice, as determined by a learning task in which mice exhibited significantly reduced attention impairment, impulsivity and compulsivity (P<0.01). In addition, results demonstrated that Simvastatin significantly inhibited hippocampal damage and significantly improved neuronal loss in hippocampal structures classically associated with attentional performance when compared with untreated mice (P<0.01). Thus, Simvastatin prevented cognitive impairment by decreasing hippocampal cell apoptosis and improving learning-memory ability. Simvastatin treatment also increased the expression of anti-apoptotic genes and decreased the expression pro-apoptotic genes (P<0.01), which may have been associated with improved motor attention and cognitive competence in 3×Tg-AD mice. Collectively, these preclinical data indicated that Simvastatin was efficient in attenuating memory lapse and hippocampal cell apoptosis in a 3×Tg-AD mouse model. Thus, Simvastatin may be useful in improving the clinical outcome of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Hu
- Department of Neurology, Remnin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, The Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, The Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Chengyan Li
- Department of Neurology, Remnin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Chen GF, Xu TH, Yan Y, Zhou YR, Jiang Y, Melcher K, Xu HE. Amyloid beta: structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1205-1235. [PMID: 28713158 PMCID: PMC5589967 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is produced through the proteolytic processing of a transmembrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. Aβ accumulation in the brain is proposed to be an early toxic event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. Currently, it is unclear what the physiological and pathological forms of Aβ are and by what mechanism Aβ causes dementia. Moreover, there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we review the structures, biological functions, and neurotoxicity role of Aβ. We also discuss the potential receptors that interact with Aβ and mediate Aβ intake, clearance, and metabolism. Additionally, we summarize the therapeutic developments and recent advances of different strategies for treating Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we will report on the progress in searching for novel, potentially effective agents as well as selected promising strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These prospects include agents acting on Aβ, its receptors and tau protein, such as small molecules, vaccines and antibodies against Aβ; inhibitors or modulators of β- and γ-secretase; Aβ-degrading proteases; tau protein inhibitors and vaccines; amyloid dyes and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fang Chen
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Yan
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Ren Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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31
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Haghighijoo Z, Hemmateenejad B, Edraki N, Miri R, Emami S. Multi-structure docking analysis of BACE1 crystal structures and non-peptidic ligands. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:128-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, Harrington CR, Delalle I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Bažadona D, Buée L, de Silva R, Di Giovanni G, Wischik CM, Hof PR. Monoaminergic neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:101-138. [PMID: 27084356 PMCID: PMC5061605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
None of the proposed mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) fully explains the distribution patterns of the neuropathological changes at the cellular and regional levels, and their clinical correlates. One aspect of this problem lies in the complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental landscape of AD: early-onset AD is often familial with autosomal dominant inheritance, while the vast majority of AD cases are late-onset, with the ε4 variant of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) known to confer a 5-20 fold increased risk with partial penetrance. Mechanisms by which genetic variants and environmental factors influence the development of AD pathological changes, especially neurofibrillary degeneration, are not yet known. Here we review current knowledge of the involvement of the monoaminergic systems in AD. The changes in the serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic, and melatonergic systems in AD are briefly described. We also summarize the possibilities for monoamine-based treatment in AD. Besides neuropathologic AD criteria that include the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), special emphasis is given to the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Both of these brainstem nuclei are among the first to be affected by tau protein abnormalities in the course of sporadic AD, causing behavioral and cognitive symptoms of variable severity. The possibility that most of the tangle-bearing neurons of the LC and DRN may release amyloid β as well as soluble monomeric or oligomeric tau protein trans-synaptically by their diffuse projections to the cerebral cortex emphasizes their selective vulnerability and warrants further investigations of the monoaminergic systems in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Selina Wray
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danira Bažadona
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Wang CN, Wang YJ, Wang H, Song L, Chen Y, Wang JL, Ye Y, Jiang B. The Anti-dementia Effects of Donepezil Involve miR-206-3p in the Hippocampus and Cortex. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:465-472. [PMID: 28123152 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a most serious age-related neurodegenerative disorder accompanied with significant memory impairments in this world. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be invlolved in the pathophysiology of AD. Previous studies have shown that miRNA-206 (miR-206) is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD via suppressing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain. Here, we examined the miR-206-3p and miR-206-5p expression in the hippocampus and cortex of Abeta precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) transgenic mice treated with donepezil, a drug approved for treating AD in clinic. We found that the expression of miR-206-3p was significantly up-regulated in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice, while donepezil administration significantly reversed this dysfunction. In addition, enhancing the miR-206-3p level by the usage of AgomiR-206-3p significantly attenuated the anti-dementia effects of donepezil in APP/PS1 mice. Together, these results suggested that miR-206-3p is involved in the anti-dementia effects of donepezil, and could be a novel pharmacological target for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Niu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical College, Nantong University
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Hou Y, Song H, Croteau DL, Akbari M, Bohr VA. Genome instability in Alzheimer disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:83-94. [PMID: 27105872 PMCID: PMC5195918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Autosomal dominant, familial AD (fAD) is very rare and caused by mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN-1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN-2) genes. The pathogenesis of sporadic AD (sAD) is more complex and variants of several genes are associated with an increased lifetime risk of AD. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA integrity is pivotal during neuronal development, maintenance and function. DNA damage and alterations in cellular DNA repair capacity have been implicated in the aging process and in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. These findings are supported by research using animal models of AD and in DNA repair deficient animal models. In recent years, novel mechanisms linking DNA damage to neuronal dysfunction have been identified and have led to the development of noninvasive treatment strategies. Further investigations into the molecular mechanisms connecting DNA damage to AD pathology may help to develop novel treatment strategies for this debilitating disease. Here we provide an overview of the role of genome instability and DNA repair deficiency in AD pathology and discuss research strategies that include genome instability as a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Hou
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hyundong Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mansour Akbari
- Center for Healthy Aging, SUND, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterised by a progressive loss of cognitive functions. Histopathologically, AD is defined by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques containing Aβ and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. According to the now well-accepted amyloid cascade hypothesis is the Aβ pathology the primary driving force of AD pathogenesis, which then induces changes in tau protein leading to a neurodegenerative cascade during the progression of disease. Since many earlier drug trials aiming at preventing Aβ pathology failed to demonstrate efficacy, tau and microtubules have come into focus as prominent downstream targets. The article aims to develop the current concept of the involvement of tau in the neurodegenerative triad of synaptic loss, cell death and dendritic simplification. The function of tau as a microtubule-associated protein and versatile interaction partner will then be introduced and the rationale and progress of current tau-directed therapy will be discussed in the biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bakota
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
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Distribution of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse after a single intravenous injection. Neuroreport 2016; 27:235-41. [PMID: 26752148 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to track the migration of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) administered through a single intravenous injection and to observe the consequential therapeutic effects in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Ten-month-old APP/PS1 mice received a total injection of 1×10 cells through the lateral tail vein and were killed 1, 4, and 7 days after administration. On the basis of immunohistochemical analysis, hUCB-MSCs were not detected in the brain at any of the time points. Instead, most of the injected mesenchymal stem cells were found to be distributed in the lung, heart, and liver. In terms of the molecular effects, statistically significant differences in the amyloid β protein, neprilysin, and SOX2 levels were not observed among the groups. On the basis of the results from this study, we suggest that single intravenously administered hUCB-MSCs are not delivered to the brain and also do not have a significant influence on Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Westmark CJ, Sokol DK, Maloney B, Lahiri DK. Novel roles of amyloid-beta precursor protein metabolites in fragile X syndrome and autism. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1333-41. [PMID: 27573877 PMCID: PMC5580495 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and is associated with up to 5% of autism cases. Several promising drugs are in preclinical testing for FXS; however, bench-to-bedside plans for the clinic are severely limited due to lack of validated biomarkers and outcome measures. Published work from our laboratories has demonstrated altered levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) and its metabolites in FXS and idiopathic autism. Westmark and colleagues have focused on β-secretase (amyloidogenic) processing and the accumulation of Aβ peptides in adult FXS models, whereas Lahiri and Sokol have studied α-secretase (non-amyloidogenic or anabolic) processing and altered levels of sAPPα and Aβ in pediatric autism and FXS. Thus, our groups have hypothesized a pivotal role for these Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related proteins in the neurodevelopmental disorders of FXS and autism. In this review, we discuss the contribution of APP metabolites to FXS and autism pathogenesis as well as the potential use of these metabolites as blood-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Our future focus is to identify key underlying mechanisms through which APP metabolites contribute to FXS and autism condition-to-disease pathology. Positive outcomes will support utilizing APP metabolites as blood-based biomarkers in clinical trials as well as testing drugs that modulate APP processing as potential disease therapeutics. Our studies to understand the role of APP metabolites in developmental conditions such as FXS and autism are a quantum leap for the neuroscience field, which has traditionally restricted any role of APP to AD and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara J. Westmark
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Neurology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Deborah K. Sokol
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Bryan Maloney
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Arevalo-Villalobos JI, Rosales-Mendoza S, Zarazua S. Immunotherapies for neurodegenerative diseases: current status and potential of plant-made biopharmaceuticals. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:151-159. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1229602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime I Arevalo-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Sergio Zarazua
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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Tong BCK, Lee CSK, Cheng WH, Lai KO, Foskett JK, Cheung KH. Familial Alzheimer's disease-associated presenilin 1 mutants promote γ-secretase cleavage of STIM1 to impair store-operated Ca2+ entry. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra89. [PMID: 27601731 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some forms of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by mutations in presenilins (PSs), catalytic components of a γ-secretase complex that cleaves target proteins, including amyloid precursor protein (APP). Calcium (Ca(2+)) dysregulation in cells with these FAD-causing PS mutants has been attributed to attenuated store-operated Ca(2+) entry [SOCE; also called capacitative Ca(2+) entry (CCE)]. CCE occurs when STIM1 detects decreases in Ca(2+) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activates ORAI channels to replenish Ca(2+) stores in the ER. We showed that CCE was attenuated by PS1-associated γ-secretase activity. Endogenous PS1 and STIM1 interacted in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, patient fibroblasts, and mouse primary cortical neurons. Forms of PS1 with FAD-associated mutations enhanced γ-secretase cleavage of the STIM1 transmembrane domain at a sequence that was similar to the γ-secretase cleavage sequence of APP. Cultured hippocampal neurons expressing mutant PS1 had attenuated CCE that was associated with destabilized dendritic spines, which were rescued by either γ-secretase inhibition or overexpression of STIM1. Our results indicate that γ-secretase activity may physiologically regulate CCE by targeting STIM1 and that restoring STIM1 may be a therapeutic approach in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claire Shuk-Kwan Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hei Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-On Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Kevin Foskett
- Departments of Physiology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Gadhave K, Bolshette N, Ahire A, Pardeshi R, Thakur K, Trandafir C, Istrate A, Ahmed S, Lahkar M, Muresanu DF, Balea M. The ubiquitin proteasomal system: a potential target for the management of Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1392-407. [PMID: 27028664 PMCID: PMC4929298 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular quality control system degrades abnormal or misfolded proteins and consists of three different mechanisms: the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS), autophagy and molecular chaperones. Any disturbance in this system causes proteins to accumulate, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and prion or polyglutamine diseases. Alzheimer's disease is currently one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. However, its exact cause and pathogenesis are unknown. Currently approved medications for AD provide symptomatic relief; however, they fail to influence disease progression. Moreover, the components of the cellular quality control system represent an important focus for the development of targeted and potent therapies for managing AD. This review aims to evaluate whether existing evidence supports the hypothesis that UPS impairment causes the early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The first part presents basic information about the UPS and its molecular components. The next part explains how the UPS is involved in neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we emphasize how the UPS influences the management of AD. This review may help in the design of future UPS-related therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundlik Gadhave
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nityanand Bolshette
- Institutional Level Biotech hub (IBT hub), Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ashutosh Ahire
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rohit Pardeshi
- Institutional Level Biotech hub (IBT hub), Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Krishan Thakur
- Institutional Level Biotech hub (IBT hub), Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Cristiana Trandafir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Istrate
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sahabuddin Ahmed
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Institutional Level Biotech hub (IBT hub), Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Balea
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ultra rapid in vivo screening for anti-Alzheimer anti-amyloid drugs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23349. [PMID: 27000658 PMCID: PMC4802339 DOI: 10.1038/srep23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 46 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. A
large number of potential treatments have been proposed; among these, the inhibition
of the aggregation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), considered one
of the main culprits in Alzheimer’s disease. Limitations in monitoring
the aggregation of Aβ in cells and tissues restrict the screening of
anti-amyloid drugs to in vitro studies in most cases. We have developed a
simple but powerful method to track Aβ aggregation in vivo in
real-time, using bacteria as in vivo amyloid reservoir. We use the specific
amyloid dye Thioflavin-S (Th-S) to stain bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs), in this
case mainly formed of Aβ in amyloid conformation. Th-S binding to
amyloids leads to an increment of fluorescence that can be monitored. The
quantification of the Th-S fluorescence along the time allows tracking
Aβ aggregation and the effect of potential anti-aggregating agents.
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Zhou X, Li Y, Shi X, Ma C. An overview on therapeutics attenuating amyloid β level in Alzheimer's disease: targeting neurotransmission, inflammation, oxidative stress and enhanced cholesterol levels. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:246-69. [PMID: 27158324 PMCID: PMC4846881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common underlying cause of dementia, and novel drugs for its treatment are needed. Of the different theories explaining the development and progression of AD, "amyloid hypothesis" is the most supported by experimental data. This hypothesis states that the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that congregate with formation and deposition of Aβ plaques in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Risk factors including neurotransmitter modulation, chronic inflammation, metal-induced oxidative stress and elevated cholesterol levels are key contributors to the disease progress. Current therapeutic strategies abating AD progression are primarily based on anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors as cognitive enhancers. The AChE inhibitor, donepezil, is proven to strengthen cognitive functions and appears effective in treating moderate to severe AD patients. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine, is also useful, and its combination with donepezil demonstrated a strong stabilizing effect in clinical studies on AD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs delayed the onset and progression of AD and attenuated cognitive dysfunction. Based upon epidemiological evidence and animal studies, antioxidants emerged as potential AD preventive agents; however, clinical trials revealed inconsistencies. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling demonstrated pleiotropic functions of the hypolipidemic class of drugs, statins, potentially contributing towards the prevention of AD. In addition, targeting the APP processing pathways, stimulating neuroprotective signaling mechanisms, using the amyloid anti-aggregants and Aβ immunotherapy surfaced as well-tested strategies in reducing the AD-like pathology. Overall, this review covers mechanism of inducing the Aβ formation, key risk factors and major therapeutics prevalent in the AD treatment nowadays. It also delineates the need for novel screening approaches towards identifying drugs that may prevent or at least limit the progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Li
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhe Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Chun Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
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Proteomics in Traditional Chinese Medicine with an Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:393510. [PMID: 26557146 PMCID: PMC4628675 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This increasing demand for TCM needs to be accompanied by a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of TCM-based therapy. However, TCM is often described as a concept of Chinese philosophy, which is incomprehensible for Western medical society, thereby creating a gap between TCM and Western medicine (WM). In order to meet this challenge, TCM research has applied proteomics technologies for exploring the mechanisms of action of TCM treatment. Proteomics enables TCM researchers to oversee various pathways that are affected by treatment, as well as the dynamics of their interactions with one another. This review discusses the utility of comparative proteomics to better understand how TCM treatment may be used as a complementary therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, we review the data from comparative AD-related TCM proteomics studies and establish the relevance of the data with available AD hypotheses, most notably regarding the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
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Parsi S, Smith PY, Goupil C, Dorval V, Hébert SS. Preclinical Evaluation of miR-15/107 Family Members as Multifactorial Drug Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e256. [PMID: 26440600 PMCID: PMC4881761 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of Aβ and Tau deposits in the brain. There is no cure for AD, and failure at different clinical trials emphasizes the need for new treatments. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward the development of miRNA-based therapeutics for human disorders. This study was designed to evaluate the efficiency and potential safety of miRNA replacement therapy in AD, using miR-15/107 paralogues as candidate drug targets. We identified miR-16 as a potent inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and BACE1 expression, Aβ peptide production, and Tau phosphorylation in cells. Brain delivery of miR-16 mimics in mice resulted in a reduction of AD-related genes APP, BACE1, and Tau in a region-dependent manner. We further identified Nicastrin, a γ-secretase component involved in Aβ generation, as a target of miR-16. Proteomics analysis identified a number of additional putative miR-16 targets in vivo, including α-Synuclein and Transferrin receptor 1. Top-ranking biological networks associated with miR-16 delivery included AD and oxidative stress. Collectively, our data suggest that miR-16 is a good candidate for future drug development by targeting simultaneously endogenous regulators of AD biomarkers (i.e., Aβ and Tau), inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Parsi
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Québec City, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Pascal Y Smith
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Québec City, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Claudia Goupil
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Québec City, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Véronique Dorval
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Québec City, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien S Hébert
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Québec City, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada
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45
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Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease in clinical trials. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:127-38. [PMID: 26721364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to be the most common cause of dementia and is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Current treatment of the disease, essentially symptomatic, is based on three cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, affecting the glutamatergic system. Since 2003, no new drugs have been approved for treatment of AD. This article presents current directions in the search for novel, potentially effective agents for the treatment of AD, as well as selected promising treatment strategies. These include agents acting upon the beta-amyloid, such as vaccines, antibodies and inhibitors or modulators of γ- and β-secretase; agents directed against the tau protein as well as compounds acting as antagonists of neurotransmitter systems (serotoninergic 5-HT6 and histaminergic H3). Ongoing clinical trials with Aβ antibodies (solanezumab, gantenerumab, crenezumab) seem to be promising, while vaccines against the tau protein (AADvac1 and ACI-35) are now in early-stage trials. Interesting results have also been achieved in trials involving small molecules such as inhibitors of β-secretase (MK-8931, E2609), a combination of 5-HT6 antagonist (idalopirdine) with donepezil, inhibition of advanced glycation end product receptors by azeliragon or modulation of the acetylcholine response of α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by encenicline. Development of new effective drugs acting upon the central nervous system is usually a difficult and time-consuming process, and in the case of AD to-date clinical trials have had a very high failure rate. Most phase II clinical trials ending with a positive outcome do not succeed in phase III, often due to serious adverse effects or lack of therapeutic efficacy.
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Sugino H, Watanabe A, Amada N, Yamamoto M, Ohgi Y, Kostic D, Sanchez R. Global Trends in Alzheimer Disease Clinical Development: Increasing the Probability of Success. Clin Ther 2015; 37:1632-42. [PMID: 26243073 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer disease (AD) is a growing global health and economic issue as elderly populations increase dramatically across the world. Despite the many clinical trials conducted, currently no approved disease-modifying treatment exists. In this commentary, the present status of AD drug development and the grounds for collaborations between government, academia, and industry to accelerate the development of disease-modifying AD therapies are discussed. METHODS Official government documents, literature, and news releases were surveyed by MEDLINE and website research. FINDINGS Currently approved anti-AD drugs provide only short-lived symptomatic improvements, which have no effect on the underlying pathogenic mechanisms or progression of the disease. The failure to approve a disease-modifying drug for AD may be because the progression of AD in the patient populations enrolled in clinical studies was too advanced for drugs to demonstrate cognitive and functional improvements. The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency recently published draft guidance for industry which discusses approaches for conducting clinical studies with patients in early AD stages. For successful clinical trials in early-stage AD, however, it will be necessary to identify biomarkers highly correlated with the clinical onset and the longitudinal progress of AD. In addition, because of the high cost and length of clinical AD studies, support in the form of global initiatives and collaborations between government, industry, and academia is needed. IMPLICATIONS In response to this situation, national guidance and international collaborations have been established. Global initiatives are focusing on 2025 as a goal to provide new treatment options, and early signs of success in biomarker and drug development are already emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Sugino
- Global CNS Business, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Ltd (OPDC), Princeton, New Jersey.
| | - Akihito Watanabe
- Global Pharmaceutical Business, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Amada
- Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miho Yamamoto
- Global Pharmaceutical Business, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Ohgi
- Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Raymond Sanchez
- Global Clinical Development, OPDC, USA, Princeton, New Jersey
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