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Maity J, Pal P, Pal R, Mukhopadhyay PK. Co-administration of L-Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol Alleviates Arsenic-Induced Immunotoxicities in the Thymus and Spleen by Dwindling Oxidative Stress-Induced Inflammation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2199-2227. [PMID: 37704839 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we investigated whether L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and α-tocopherol (α-T) co-administration has the potential to alleviate arsenic-induced immunotoxicities in the thymus, spleen, and circulating leukocytes. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups before the treatment: group I (control); group II (sodium arsenite, 3 mg/kg/day/rat); group III (sodium arsenite + L-AA (200 mg/kg/day/rat) and α-T (400 mg/kg/day/rat)); group IV (L-AA and α-T). The result showed that sodium arsenite exposure (consecutive 30 days) caused weight reduction, structural alterations in the thymus and spleen, accompanied by a decrease in thymocyte and splenocyte count. Decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, increased malondialdehyde and protein-carbonyl content, reduced Nrf2 and Bcl2 expression, and increased p-ERK, NF-kβ, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression were also observed in the thymus and spleen of arsenic-exposed rats. Enhanced plasma ACTH and corticosterone, ROS-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes were also observed. L-AA and α-T co-administration has the potential to abrogate the deleterious impact of arsenic on the thymus, spleen, and circulating lymphocytes. Whole transcriptome analysis of leukocytes revealed that arsenic treatment augmented the expression of Itga4, Itgam, and MMP9 genes, which might help in transient migration of the leukocytes through the endothelial cell layer. Co-administration with L-AA and α-T maintained Itga4, Itgam, and MMP9 gene expression within leukocytes at a lower level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Maity
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Priyankar Pal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Ranjana Pal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
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Ghosh R, Dey R, Sawoo R, Bishayi B. Simultaneous neutralization of TGF-β and IL-6 attenuates Staphylococcus aureus-induced arthritic inflammation through differential modulation of splenic and synovial macrophages. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13252. [PMID: 36597222 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Septic arthritis is a joint disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Different macrophage populations contribute in various ways to control blood-borne infections and induce inflammatory responses. Macrophage tissue-resident niche is necessary for the suppression of chronic inflammation and may contribute to the pathogenesis of septic arthritis. Thus, to obtain a resolution of the disease and restoration of synovial homeostasis, it needs the activation of macrophages that further regulate the inflammatory consequences. The aim of this study was to find out the mechanism by which neutralization of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and/or interleukin (IL)-6 after induction of septic arthritis could alter the specific macrophage responses in spleen and synovial joints via different cytokines (osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), IL-10, IL-12 and CXCL8) cross-talking, and how the response could be modulated by reactive oxygen species vs antioxidant enzyme activities. Dual neutralization of TGF-β and IL-6 is notably effective in eliciting splenic and synovial tissue-resident macrophage responses. Synovial macrophage-derived IL-10 can elicit protection against septic arthritis via regulating receptor-activated nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/OPG interaction. They also reduced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes including SOD and catalase. Histopathological analysis revealed that dual neutralization of TGF-β and IL-6 prevented bone destruction and osteoclastic activity in septic arthritis by promoting the differential functional response of the splenic and synovial macrophages. Additionally, the macrophage-derived IL-10 can elicit protection against S. aureus-induced septic arthritis via regulating RANKL/OPG interaction. Further studies on STAT3 and STAT4 are needed for the understanding of such cross-talking in resident macrophages of arthritic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Ghosh
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajen Dey
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritasha Sawoo
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
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Abdel-Rafei MK, Thabet NM, El Tawel G, El Bakary NM, El Fatih NM, Sh Azab K. Role of leptin/STAT3 signaling and RIP-kinases in fucoxanthin influences on mice exposed to LPS and gamma radiation. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2008451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K. Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada El Tawel
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen M. El Bakary
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neama M. El Fatih
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Sh Azab
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Li N, Wang L, Cao N, Zhang L, Han X, Yang L. Early pregnancy affects the expression of toll-like receptor pathway in ovine thymus. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:547-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang W, Xu H, Lin H, Molnar M, Ren H. The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in septic cardiomyopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107160. [PMID: 33243604 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM)is common in septic patients and results in cardiovascular failure. The pathogenesis of SCM is complicated, and patients with SCM have high mortality because current treatment methods are limited. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) modulates inflammatory responses through vagus nerve stimulation that leads to the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which binds to the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Moreover, α7nAChR activation by its agonists at the tissue level inhibits inflammatory mediators and regulates the function of immune cells in sepsis. Therefore, the α7nAChR can maintain balance of the inflammatory-immune response in sepsis. CAP has been elucidated as a critical regulator of anti-inflammation in many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory boweldisease and SCM. Additionally, some clinical and preclinical trials show therapeutic potential via regulating CAP. There are excellent studies regarding the beneficial role of CAP activation, especially α7nAChR, in experimental SCM. This review aims to discuss the CAP in attenuating inflammation and the potential role of α7nAChR activation in regulating immune and reducing inflammation in SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Megan Molnar
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA.
| | - Hongsheng Ren
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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HIF1α inhibition facilitates Leflunomide-AHR-CRP signaling to attenuate bone erosion in CRP-aberrant rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4579. [PMID: 31594926 PMCID: PMC6783548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by progressive bone erosion. Leflunomide is originally developed to suppress inflammation via its metabolite A77 1726 to attenuate bone erosion. However, distinctive responsiveness to Leflunomide is observed among RA individuals. Here we show that Leflunomide exerts immunosuppression but limited efficacy in RA individuals distinguished by higher serum C-reactive protein (CRPHigher, CRPH), whereas the others with satisfactory responsiveness to Leflunomide show lower CRP (CRPLower, CRPL). CRP inhibition decreases bone erosion in arthritic rats. Besides the immunomodulation via A77 1726, Leflunomide itself induces AHR-ARNT interaction to inhibit hepatic CRP production and attenuate bone erosion in CRPL arthritic rats. Nevertheless, high CRP in CRPH rats upregulates HIF1α, which competes with AHR for ARNT association and interferes Leflunomide-AHR-CRP signaling. Hepatocyte-specific HIF1α deletion or a HIF1α inhibitor Acriflavine re-activates Leflunomide-AHR-CRP signaling to inhibit bone erosion. This study presents a precision medicine-based therapeutic strategy for RA. Leflunomide is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Here, the authors show that effectiveness is limited in patients with higher levels of serum c-reactive protein (CRP). Using animal models, they show that higher CRP induces HIF1a expression, which in turn interferes with Leflunomide signalling, and that effectiveness of the drug is restored when HIF1a is pharmacologically inhibited.
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Liposomal-lipopolysaccharide vaccine extracted from Proteus mirabilis induces moderate TLR4 and CD14 production. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of recurrent urinary tract infections in individuals with functional or structural abnormalities. It also forms bladder and kidney stones. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potential Proteus virulence factor that plays a key role in pathogenesis, as well as in stimulating innate immune response. Therefore, this study aimed to extract LPS from a highly resistant isolate and incorporate it in a delivery system (liposome) to stimulate an immune response against virulent pathogens. In the work, 50 isolates of P. mirabilis were taken from 200 urine specimens obtained from recurrent-urinary tract infections (UTI) of patients of AL-Sadar Hospital. Specimens were cultured on specific media, and then bacterial isolates were identified via morphological, biochemical and Vitek-2 systems. The results showed that P. mirabilis was expressed in 11 (22%), 30 (60%) and 9 (18%) recurrent UTI, kidney stone and catheter samples, respectively. All isolates were assessed through antibiogram testing, with the results revealing that most isolates were multidrug resistant to more than 3 classes of antibiotics. Herein, P. mirabilis NO 50 revealed particularly high resistance, so it was chosen for LPS extraction. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) observations indicated that a live suspension of P. mirabilis was at 4.5×107 CFU/ml, while LPS was at 270 μg/ml. LPS was used as an immunogenic to stimulate the immune system through injecting Rats intraperitoneally (I.P.) with 1 ml of LD50%. Subsequently, the efficiency of immunogenes in stimulating the immune response was evaluated by determining the Toll-like receptor and CD14 levels. The results indicate that LPS incorporated in the Liposome released moderate levels of Toll-like receptors-4 (TLR4) that enabled the immune system to clear pathogens. The LPS+ complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and LPS vaccinated groups recorded hyper production for TLR4 (52.2 and 40.9 pg/ml, respectively), this was followed by liposome (LIP) and bacterial suspension (11 and 20.5 pg/ml, respectively) in ranking effectiveness. This study reveals a mean of CD14 that was higher in both LPS and LPS+CFA and moderate in LPS+LIP, in comparison with control and liposome groups.
In conclusion, LPS-Liposomes are a promising nanomedicine for modulating the hyper response of LPS. This may lead to tissue inflammation but appeared beneficial in stimulating the immune response at moderate levels so as to eradicate infection without tissue damage.
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Franko J, McCall JL, Barnett JB. Evaluating Macrophages in Immunotoxicity Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1803:255-296. [PMID: 29882145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that have a multitude of functions depending on their differentiation state. While classically known for their phagocytic and antigen presentation abilities, it is now evident that these cells fulfill homeostatic functions beyond the elimination of invading pathogens. In addition, macrophages have also been implicated in the downregulation of inflammatory responses following pathogen removal, tissue remodeling, repair, and angiogenesis. Alterations in macrophage differentiation and/or activity due to xenobiotic exposure can have grave consequences on organismal homeostasis, potentially contributing to disease due to immunosuppression or chronic inflammatory responses, depending upon the pathways affected. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the macrophages subtypes, their origin and a general discussion of several different assays used to assess their functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Franko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jamie L McCall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John B Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Yu J, Wang S, Zhao W, Duan J, Wang Z, Chen H, Tian Y, Wang D, Zhao J, An T, Bai H, Wu M, Wang J. Mechanistic Exploration of Cancer Stem Cell Marker Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel α2δ1 Subunit-mediated Chemotherapy Resistance in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2148-2158. [PMID: 29437792 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Chemoresistance in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is reportedly attributed to the existence of resistant cancer stem cells (CSC). Studies involving CSC-specific markers and related mechanisms in SCLC remain limited. This study explored the role of the voltage-dependent calcium channel α2δ1 subunit as a CSC marker in chemoresistance of SCLC, and explored the potential mechanisms of α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance and strategies of overcoming the resistance.Experimental Design: α2δ1-positive cells were identified and isolated from SCLC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, and CSC-like properties were subsequently verified. Transcriptome sequencing and Western blotting were carried out to identify pathways involved in α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance in SCLC. In addition, possible interventions to overcome α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance were examined.Results: Different proportions of α2δ1+ cells were identified in SCLC cell lines and PDX models. α2δ1+ cells exhibited CSC-like properties (self-renewal, tumorigenic, differentiation potential, and high expression of genes related to CSCs and drug resistance). Chemotherapy induced the enrichment of α2δ1+ cells instead of CD133+ cells in PDXs, and an increased proportion of α2δ1+ cells corresponded to increased chemoresistance. Activation and overexpression of ERK in the α2δ1-positive H1048 cell line was identified at the protein level. mAb 1B50-1 was observed to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and delay relapse as maintenance therapy in PDX models.Conclusions: SCLC cells expressing α2δ1 demonstrated CSC-like properties, and may contribute to chemoresistance. ERK may play a key role in α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance. mAb 1B50-1 may serve as a potential anti-SCLC drug. Clin Cancer Res; 24(9); 2148-58. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Tian
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong An
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meina Wu
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Singha AK, Bhattacharjee B, Saha B, Maiti D. IL-3 and GM-CSF modulate functions of splenic macrophages in ENU induced leukemia. Cytokine 2017; 91:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ando T, Ito H, Ohtaki H, Kanbe A, Hirata A, Hara A, Seishima M. Role of invariant NKT cells in lipopolysaccharide-induced lethal shock during encephalomyocarditis virus infection. Immunobiology 2016; 222:350-357. [PMID: 27665995 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections can give rise to secondary bacterial infections. In the present study, we examined the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethal shock during encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection. Wild-type (WT) mice and Jα18 gene knockout (Jα18 KO) mice were inoculated with EMCV, 5days prior to challenging with LPS. The survival rate of Jα18 KO mice subjected to EMCV and LPS was significantly higher than that of WT mice. TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) production were increased in WT mice, than that in Jα18 KO mice, after the administration of EMCV and LPS. EMCV infection increased the number of iNKT cells and IFN-γ production by iNKT cells in WT mice. Moreover, EMCV infection enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the lung and spleen. IFN-γ also increased the expression of TLR4 in splenocytes. These findings indicated that EMCV infection activated iNKT cells, and IFN-γ secreted from the iNKT cells up-regulated the expression of TLR4 in various tissues. As a result, EMCV-infected mice were susceptible to LPS and easily developed the lethal shock. In conclusion, iNKT cells were involved in the development of LPS-induced lethal shock during EMCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Ohtaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kansai University of Health Sciences, 2-11-1 Wakaba, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0482, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kanbe
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Seishima
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Dranitsina AS, Dvorshchenko KO, Morgaienko OO, Grebinyk DM, Ostapchenko LI. Expression of Tlr2, Defa, and Muc2 genes in rat duodenum epithelial cells during prolonged stomach hypoacidity and after hypoacidity correction by multiprobiotics. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271603004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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