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Chen Z, Hu T, Zhou J, Gu X, Chen S, Qi Q, Wang L. Overview of tumor immunotherapy based on approved drugs. Life Sci 2024; 340:122419. [PMID: 38242494 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy has become a new hotspot for cancer treatment. Various immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses (OVs), cytokines, and cancer vaccines, have been used to treat tumors. They operate through different mechanisms, along with certain toxicities and side effects. Understanding the mechanisms by which immunotherapy modulates the immune system is essential for improving the efficacy and managing these adverse effects. This article discusses various currently approved cancer immunotherapy mechanisms and related agents approved by the Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, and the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency. We also review the latest progress in immune drugs approved by the National Medical Products Administration, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, OVs, and chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy, to help understand the clinical application of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, China
| | - Tiantian Hu
- Clinical Base of Qingpu Traditional Medicine Hospital, the Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaolei Gu
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, China
| | - Song Chen
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, China
| | - Qing Qi
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Li S, Wang Z, Guo X, Chen P, Tang Y. Potent anti-tumor activity of CD45RA-targeting Hm3A4-Ranpirnase against myeloid lineage leukemias. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8631-8642. [PMID: 35322728 PMCID: PMC9161826 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2054159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45RA is a specific marker for leukemia stem cell (LSC) sub-populations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Ranpirnase (Rap), an amphibian RNase, has been extensively investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for its antitumor activity. Rap could be administered repeatedly to patients without inducing an immune response. Reversible renal toxicity has been reported to be dose-limiting. In this study, we generated a novel immunotoxin targeting LSCs: Hm3A4-Rap, which was composed of Rap and Hm3A4, a human-mouse chimeric antibody against CD45RA. This immunotoxin was generated recombinantly by fusing Rap to Hm3A4 at the Fc terminus and then produced by stably transfecting CHO cells. The immunotoxin was purified using Ni-NTA and then evaluated using RT-PCR, SDS-PAGE, antibody titer assays, competitive inhibition assays, and internalization assays. In addition, the purity, molecular integrity, and affinity to the CD45RA antigen were determined. In vitro studies demonstrated that Hm3A4-Rap could efficiently kill target cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that Hm3A4-Rap had potent anti-leukemia activity, with dosed mice showing a significant increase in survival time compared to control mice (P < 0.01). In summary, our immunotoxin had excellent biological activity suggesting its potential therapeutic value for treating AML patients. Additional preclinical and clinical studies are needed to develop this immunotoxin as a treatment option for patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Li
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Division/Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology at the Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhujun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR, China
| | - Xiaoping Guo
- Division/Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology at the Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Division/Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology at the Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yongmin Tang
- Division/Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology at the Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Nassiri M, Gopalan V, Vakili-Azghandi M. Modifications of Ribonucleases in Order to Enhance Cytotoxicity in Anticancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:373-387. [PMID: 35240973 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220303101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) are a superfamily of enzymes that have been extensively studied since the 1960s. For a long time, this group of secretory enzymes was studied as an important model for protein chemistry such as folding, stability and enzymatic catalysis. Since it was discovered that RNases displayed cytotoxic activity against several types of malignant cells, recent investigation has focused mainly on the biological functions and medical applications of engineered RNases. In this review, we describe structures, functions and mechanisms of antitumor activity of RNases. They operate at the crossroads of transcription and translation, preferentially degrading tRNA. As a result, this inhibits protein synthesis, induces apoptosis and causes death of cancer cells. This effect can be enhanced thousands of times when RNases are conjugated with monoclonal antibodies. Such combinations, called immunoRNases, have demonstrated selective antitumor activity against cancer cells both in vitro and in animal models. This review summarizes the current status of engineered RNases and immunoRNases as promising novel therapeutic agents for different types of cancer. Also, we describe our experimental results from published or previously unpublished research and compare with other scientific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Nassiri M, Behnam-Rasouli R, Vakili-Azghandi M, Gopalan V, Dolati P, Nourmohammadi R. Refined immunoRNases for the efficient targeting and selective killing of tumour cells: A novel strategy. Life Sci 2022; 289:120222. [PMID: 34902436 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome limitations of conventional cancer therapy methods, immunotoxins with the capability of target-specific action have been designed and evaluated pre-clinically, and some of them are in clinical studies. Targeting cancer cells via antibodies specific for tumour-associated surface proteins is a new biomedical approach that could provide the selectivity that is lacking in conventional cancer therapy methods such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A successful example of an approved immunotoxin is represented by immunoRNases. ImmunoRNases are fusion proteins in which the toxin has been replaced by a ribonuclease. Conjugation of RNase molecule to monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment was shown to enhance specific cell-killing by several orders of magnitude, both in vitro and in animal models. There are several RNases obtained from different mammalian cells that are expected to be less immunogenic and systemically toxic. In fact, RNases are pro-toxins which become toxic only upon their internalization in target cells mediated by the antibody moiety. The structure and large size of the antibody molecules assembled with the immunoRNases have always been a challenge in the application of immunoRNases as an antitoxin. To overcome this obstacle, we have offered a new strategy for the application of immunoRNases as a promising approach for upgrading immunoRNAses with maximum affinity and high stability in the cell, which can ultimately act as an effective large-scale cancer treatment. In this review, we introduce the optimized antibody-like molecules with small size, approximately 10 kD, which are presumed to significantly enhance RNase activity and be a suitable agent with the potential for anti-cancer functionality. In addition, we also discuss new molecular entities such as monobody, anticalin, nonobody and affilin as refined versions in the development of immunoRNases. These small molecules express their functionality with the suitable small size as well as with low immunogenicity in the cell, as a part of immunoRNases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
| | - Reihane Behnam-Rasouli
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Peyman Dolati
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Nourmohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Lorestan 68137-17133, Iran
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Gotte G, Campagnari R, Loreto D, Bettin I, Calzetti F, Menegazzi M, Merlino A. The crystal structure of the domain-swapped dimer of onconase highlights some catalytic and antitumor activity features of the enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:560-571. [PMID: 34563576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Onconase (ONC) is a monomeric amphibian "pancreatic-type" RNase endowed with remarkable anticancer activity. ONC spontaneously forms traces of a dimer (ONC-D) in solution, while larger amounts can be formed when ONC is lyophilized from mildly acidic solutions. Here, we report the crystal structure of ONC-D and analyze its catalytic and antitumor activities in comparison to ONC. ONC-D forms via the three-dimensional swapping of the N-terminal α-helix between two monomers, but it displays a significantly different quaternary structure from that previously modeled [Fagagnini A et al., 2017, Biochem J 474, 3767-81], and based on the crystal structure of the RNase A N-terminal swapped dimer. ONC-D presents a variable quaternary assembly deriving from a variable open interface, while it retains a catalytic activity that is similar to that of ONC. Notably, ONC-D displays antitumor activity against two human melanoma cell lines, although it exerts a slightly lower cytostatic effect than the monomer. The inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation by ONC or ONC-D is associated with the reduction of the expression of the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), as well as of the total expression and phosphorylation of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-3. Phosphorylation is inhibited in both STAT3 Tyr705 and Ser727 key-residues, as well as in its upstream tyrosine-kinase Src. Consequently, both ONC species should exert their anti-cancer action by inhibiting the pro-tumor pleiotropic STAT3 effects deriving either by its phospho-tyrosine activation or by its non-canonical signaling pathways. Both ONC species, indeed, increase the portion of A375 cells undergoing apoptotic cell death. This study expands the variety of RNase domain-swapped dimeric structures, underlining the unpredictability of the open interface arrangement upon domain swapping. Structural data also offer valuable insights to analyze the differences in the measured ONC or ONC-D biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gotte
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Rachele Campagnari
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Domenico Loreto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bettin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Calzetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Dimerization of Human Angiogenin and of Variants Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810068. [PMID: 34576228 PMCID: PMC8468037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Angiogenin (hANG, or ANG, 14.1 kDa) promotes vessel formation and is also called RNase 5 because it is included in the pancreatic-type ribonuclease (pt-RNase) super-family. Although low, its ribonucleolytic activity is crucial for angiogenesis in tumor tissues but also in the physiological development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) neuronal progenitors. Nevertheless, some ANG variants are involved in both neurodegenerative Parkinson disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Notably, some pt-RNases acquire new biological functions upon oligomerization. Considering neurodegenerative diseases correlation with massive protein aggregation, we analyzed the aggregation propensity of ANG and of three of its pathogenic variants, namely H13A, S28N, and R121C. We found no massive aggregation, but wt-ANG, as well as S28N and R121C variants, can form an enzymatically active dimer, which is called ANG-D. By contrast, the enzymatically inactive H13A-ANG does not dimerize. Corroborated by a specific cross-linking analysis and by the behavior of H13A-ANG that in turn lacks one of the two His active site residues necessary for pt-RNases to self-associate through the three-dimensional domain swapping (3D-DS), we demonstrate that ANG actually dimerizes through 3D-DS. Then, we deduce by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and modeling that ANG-D forms through the swapping of ANG N-termini. In light of these novelties, we can expect future investigations to unveil other ANG determinants possibly related with the onset and/or development of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Kalim M, Wang S, Liang K, Khan MSI, Zhan J. Engineered scPDL1-DM1 drug conjugate with improved in vitro analysis to target PD-L1 positive cancer cells and intracellular trafficking studies in cancer therapy. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 42:e20180391. [PMID: 31967634 PMCID: PMC7198028 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), precisely deliver a cytotoxic agent to
antigen-expressing tumor cells by using specific binding strategies of
antibodies. The ADC has shown the ability of potent bio-therapeutics development
but indefinite stoichiometric linkage and full-length antibody penetration
compromised the field of its advancement. Single chain variable fragments
convention instead of the full-length antibody may overcome the challenge of
rapid penetration and internalization. Programmed cell death ligand-1
interaction with PD-1 has recently revolutionized the field of immunotherapy. We
systematically designed scPDL1-DM1 drug conjugate by linking scFv-PD-L1 proteins
(scFv) with maytansinoids (DM1) cytotoxic agent through succinimidyl
trans-4-maleimidylmethyl cyclohexane-1- carboxylate (SMCC) linker. Binding
affinity was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, spectrophotometry and gel
electrophoresis analysis. The scPDL1-DM1 showed specific binding with PD-L1
positive tumor cells and retained in vitro anti-cell
proliferation activity. The intracellular trafficking of the drug was evaluated
in A549 cancer cell lines, and maximum trafficking was observed after two hours
of incubation. The generated drug can be utilized as a potent tool for
site-specific conjugation, predicting specificity in vitro
activities with extended range against PD-L1 positive cancer cells and can be
utilized for further in vivo testing and clinical therapeutics
development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kalim
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keying Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Zhou Z, Austin GL, Shaffer R, Armstrong DD, Gentry MS. Antibody-Mediated Enzyme Therapeutics and Applications in Glycogen Storage Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:1094-1109. [PMID: 31522955 PMCID: PMC6889062 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibodies as targeting molecules or cell-penetrating tools has emerged at the forefront of pharmaceutical research. Antibody-directed therapies in the form of antibody-drug conjugates, immune modulators, and antibody-directed enzyme prodrugs have been most extensively utilized as hematological, rheumatological, and oncological therapies, but recent developments are identifying additional applications of antibody-mediated delivery systems. A novel application of this technology is for the treatment of glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) via an antibody-enzyme fusion (AEF) platform to penetrate cells and deliver an enzyme to the cytoplasm, nucleus, and/or other organelles. Exciting developments are currently underway for AEFs in the treatment of the GSDs Pompe disease and Lafora disease (LD). Antibody-based therapies are quickly becoming an integral part of modern disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiu Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Grant L Austin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Alliance, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Acquired Resistance to Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030394. [PMID: 30897808 PMCID: PMC6468698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the tumor selectivity of antibodies with the potency of cytotoxic small molecules thereby constituting antibody-mediated chemotherapy. As this inherently limits the adverse effects of the chemotherapeutic, such approaches are heavily pursued by pharma and biotech companies and have resulted in four FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved ADCs. However, as with other cancer therapies, durable responses are limited by the fact that under cell stress exerted by these drugs, tumors can acquire mechanisms of escape. Resistance can develop against the antibody component of ADCs by down-regulation/mutation of the targeted cell surface antigen or against payload toxicity by up-regulation of drug efflux transporters. Unique resistance mechanisms specific for the mode of action of ADCs have also emerged, like altered internalization or cell surface recycling of the targeted tumor antigen, changes in the intracellular routing or processing of ADCs, and impaired release of the toxic payload into the cytosol. These evasive changes are tailored to the specific nature and interplay of the three ADC constituents: the antibody, the linker, and the payload. Hence, they do not necessarily endow broad resistance to ADC therapy. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical findings that shed light on the mechanisms of acquired resistance to ADC therapies.
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Lu L, Li J, Moussaoui M, Boix E. Immune Modulation by Human Secreted RNases at the Extracellular Space. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1012. [PMID: 29867984 PMCID: PMC5964141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribonuclease A superfamily is a vertebrate-specific family of proteins that encompasses eight functional members in humans. The proteins are secreted by diverse innate immune cells, from blood cells to epithelial cells and their levels in our body fluids correlate with infection and inflammation processes. Recent studies ascribe a prominent role to secretory RNases in the extracellular space. Extracellular RNases endowed with immuno-modulatory and antimicrobial properties can participate in a wide variety of host defense tasks, from performing cellular housekeeping to maintaining body fluid sterility. Their expression and secretion are induced in response to a variety of injury stimuli. The secreted proteins can target damaged cells and facilitate their removal from the focus of infection or inflammation. Following tissue damage, RNases can participate in clearing RNA from cellular debris or work as signaling molecules to regulate the host response and contribute to tissue remodeling and repair. We provide here an overall perspective on the current knowledge of human RNases’ biological properties and their role in health and disease. The review also includes a brief description of other vertebrate family members and unrelated extracellular RNases that share common mechanisms of action. A better knowledge of RNase mechanism of actions and an understanding of their physiological roles should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Qi J, Ye X, Li L, Bai H, Xu C. Improving the specific antitumor efficacy of ONC by fusion with N-terminal domain of transferrin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1153-1158. [PMID: 29629632 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1456318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Onconase (ONC) as a novel anti-tumor drug has a significant killing effect on a variety of tumor cells. Drug delivery system mediated by transferrin (TF) and TF receptor (TfR), which can significantly increase the amount of drug uptake in the tumor cells, enhance the initiative target efficiency of drugs and reduce its toxic side effects. It has been widely used in drug delivery and clinical trials. In this study, the rONC-TFn was expressed in Escherichia coli by linking ONC with the N-terminal domain of TF (TFn). ELISA and competitive binding analysis demonstrated that rONC-TFn can bind to TfR. The rONC-TFn protein showed much higher cytotoxicity to the cultured HepG2 and Hela cells than rONC. These results suggested that the N-terminal domain protein of TF promoted the tumor targeting of ONC, and thus the rONC-TFn fusion protein may be further developed as a potential targeted anti-tumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Qi
- a College of Life Science , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b Key Laboratory for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- a College of Life Science , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Lingling Li
- a College of Life Science , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b Key Laboratory for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Haijing Bai
- a College of Life Science , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b Key Laboratory for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- a College of Life Science , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b Key Laboratory for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China
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Jordaan S, Akinrinmade OA, Nachreiner T, Cremer C, Naran K, Chetty S, Barth S. Updates in the Development of ImmunoRNases for the Selective Killing of Tumor Cells. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010028. [PMID: 29510557 PMCID: PMC5874685 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy includes, amongst others, antibody-based delivery of toxic payloads to selectively eliminate tumor cells. This payload can be either a synthetic small molecule drug composing an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) or a cytotoxic protein composing an immunotoxin (IT). Non-human cytotoxic proteins, while potent, have limited clinical efficacy due to their immunogenicity and potential off-target toxicity. Humanization of the cytotoxic payload is essential and requires harnessing of potent apoptosis-inducing human proteins with conditional activity, which rely on targeted delivery to contact their substrate. Ribonucleases are attractive candidates, due to their ability to induce apoptosis by abrogating protein biosynthesis via tRNA degradation. In fact, several RNases of the pancreatic RNase A superfamily have shown potential as anti-cancer agents. Coupling of a human RNase to a humanized antibody or antibody derivative putatively eliminates the immunogenicity of an IT (now known as a human cytolytic fusion protein, hCFP). However, RNases are tightly regulated in vivo by endogenous inhibitors, controlling the ribonucleolytic balance subject to the cell’s metabolic requirements. Endogenous inhibition limits the efficacy with which RNase-based hCFPs induce apoptosis. However, abrogating the natural interaction with the natural inhibitors by mutation has been shown to significantly enhance RNase activity, paving the way toward achieving cytolytic potency comparable to that of bacterial immunotoxins. Here, we review the immunoRNases that have undergone preclinical studies as anti-cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jordaan
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Olusiji A Akinrinmade
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Cremer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
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Agha Amiri S, Shahhosseini S, Zarei N, Khorasanizadeh D, Aminollahi E, Rezaie F, Zargari M, Azizi M, Khalaj V. A novel anti-CD22 scFv-apoptin fusion protein induces apoptosis in malignant B-cells. AMB Express 2017; 7:112. [PMID: 28582973 PMCID: PMC5457376 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 marker is a highly internalizing antigen which is located on the surface of B-cells and is being used as a promising target for treatment of B cell malignancies. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD22 have been introduced and some are currently under investigation in clinical trials. Building on the success of antibody drug conjugates, we developed a fusion protein consisting of a novel anti-CD22 scFv and apoptin and tested binding and therapeutic effects in lymphoma cells. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli and successfully purified and refolded. In vitro binding analysis by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry demonstrated that the recombinant protein specifically binds to CD22 positive Raji cells but not to CD22 negative Jurkat cells. The cytotoxic properties of scFv–apoptin were assessed by an MTT assay and Annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis and showed that the recombinant protein induced apoptosis preferentially in Raji cells with no detectable effects in Jurkat cells. Our findings indicated that the recombinant anti-CD22 scFv–apoptin fusion protein could successfully cross the cell membrane and induce apoptosis with high specificity, make it as a promising molecule for immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies.
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Drake PM, Carlson A, McFarland JM, Bañas S, Barfield RM, Zmolek W, Kim YC, Huang BC, Kudirka R, Rabuka D. CAT-02-106, a Site-Specifically Conjugated Anti-CD22 Antibody Bearing an MDR1-Resistant Maytansine Payload Yields Excellent Efficacy and Safety in Preclinical Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:161-168. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Addressing the Immunogenicity of the Cargo and of the Targeting Antibodies with a Focus on Demmunized Bacterial Toxins and on Antibody-Targeted Human Effector Proteins. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020028. [PMID: 28574434 PMCID: PMC5489814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Third-generation immunotoxins are composed of a human, or humanized, targeting moiety, usually a monoclonal antibody or an antibody fragment, and a non-human effector molecule. Due to the non-human origin of the cytotoxic domain, these molecules stimulate potent anti-drug immune responses, which limit treatment options. Efforts are made to deimmunize such immunotoxins or to combine treatment with immunosuppression. An alternative approach is using the so-called “human cytotoxic fusion proteins”, in which antibodies are used to target human effector proteins. Here, we present three relevant approaches for reducing the immunogenicity of antibody-targeted protein therapeutics: (1) reducing the immunogenicity of the bacterial toxin, (2) fusing human cytokines to antibodies to generate immunocytokines and (3) addressing the immunogenicity of the targeting antibodies.
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Two Saporin-Containing Immunotoxins Specific for CD20 and CD22 Show Different Behavior in Killing Lymphoma Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060182. [PMID: 28556822 PMCID: PMC5488032 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are hybrid proteins combining the binding specificity of antibodies with the cytocidal properties of toxins. They represent a promising approach to lymphoma therapy. The cytotoxicity of two immunotoxins obtained by chemical conjugation of the plant toxin saporin-S6 with the anti-CD20 chimeric antibody rituximab and the anti-CD22 murine antibody OM124 were evaluated on the CD20-/CD22-positive cell line Raji. Both ITs showed strong cytotoxicity for Raji cells, but the anti-CD22 IT was two logs more efficient in killing, probably because of its faster internalization. The anti-CD22 IT gave slower but greater caspase activation than the anti-CD20 IT. The cytotoxic effect of both immunotoxins can be partially prevented by either the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD or the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. Oxidative stress seems to be involved in the cell killing activity of anti-CD20 IT, as demonstrated by the protective role of the H2O2 scavenger catalase, but not in that of anti-CD22 IT. Moreover, the IT toxicity can be augmented by the contemporary administration of other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as PS-341, MG-132, and fludarabine. These results contribute to the understanding of the immunotoxin mechanism of action that is required for their clinical use, either alone or in combination with other drugs.
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17
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Remon J, Abedallaa N, Taranchon-Clermont E, Bluthgen V, Lindsay CR, Besse B, Thomas de Montpréville V. CD52, CD22, CD26, EG5 and IGF-1R expression in thymic malignancies. Lung Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28625631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic epithelial tumours are rare cancers for which new treatment options are required. Identification of putative predictive markers is important for developing clinical trials. We studied the expression of five putative predictive biomarkers, potentially actionable by approved experimental drugs. METHODS CD52, CD22, CD26, EG5, and IGF-1R expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed surgical samples of thymic epithelial tumour patients. All samples containing 10% positive epithelial tumour cells, independent of tumour cell intensity, were considered as positive. Correlation with histological subtype was performed. RESULTS 106 surgical samples (89 thymomas, 12 thymic carcinoma, and 5 thymic neuroendocrine tumours) were evaluated. Overall, CD52, CD22, CD26, EG5 and IGF-1R expression was observed in 7%, 42%, 25%, 42% and 77% of samples, respectively. CD52 expression was more frequent in B2 and B3 thymoma. All TET subtypes stained for CD22, mainly AB thymoma (68%). CD26 expression also correlated with AB thymoma (68%), and A thymoma (50%) subtype, while IGFR1 was the most common marker expressed by thymic carcinoma samples (92%), followed by EG5 (60%). Only EG5 expression was significantly higher in thymic carcinomas than in thymomas (75% vs. 38%, p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS Our data were consistent with a previous study of IGF-1R expression. Based on their expression, activity of agents targeting CD52, CD 22, CD26 and EG5 could be further explored in TET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Remon
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - N Abedallaa
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - E Taranchon-Clermont
- Departement d'Anatomie Pathologiques Recherche, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène Joint-Curie, 31509 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - V Bluthgen
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | - C R Lindsay
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | - B Besse
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | - V Thomas de Montpréville
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133, avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
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Weber T, Bötticher B, Arndt MA, Mier W, Sauter M, Exner E, Keller A, Krämer S, Leotta K, Wischnjow A, Grosse-Hovest L, Strumberg D, Jäger D, Gröne HJ, Haberkorn U, Brem G, Krauss J. Preclinical evaluation of a diabody-based 177Lu-radioimmunoconjugate for CD22-directed radioimmunotherapy in a non-Hodgkin lymphoma mouse model. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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