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Halder D, Das S, R S J, Joseph A. Role of multi-targeted bioactive natural molecules and their derivatives in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an insight into structure-activity relationship. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11286-11323. [PMID: 36579430 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2158136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder involving cognitive dysfunction like short-term memory and behavioral changes as the disease progresses due to other unaltered physiological factors. The solution for this problem is Multi-targeted Drugs (MTDs), which can affect multiple determinants to realize the multifunctional effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine are FDA-approved drugs used to treat AD symptomatically. The key objective of this review is to understand multitargeted bioactive natural molecules that could be considered as leads for further development as effective drugs for treating AD, along with understanding its pharmacology and structure-activity relationship (SAR). Understanding the molecular mechanism of the AD pathophysiology, the role of existing drugs, treatment of AD via amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque, and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) inhibition by natural bioactive molecules were also discussed in the review. The current quest and recent advancements with natural bioactive compounds like physostigmine, resveratrol, curcumin, and catechins, along with the study of in silico SAR, were reported in the present study. This review summarises the structural properties required for bioactive natural molecules to show anti-Alzheimer's activity by emphasizing on SAR of several bioactive natural molecules targeting various AD pathologies, their key molecular interactions that are critical for target specificity, their role as multitargeted ligands, used with adjunctive therapy for AD followed by related US patents granted recently. This article highlights the significance of the structural features of natural bioactive molecules in the treatment of AD and establishes a connection between them.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Halder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeyaprakash R S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Ribeiro J, Lopes I, Gomes AC. A New Perspective for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Exosome-like Liposomes to Deliver Natural Compounds and RNA Therapies. Molecules 2023; 28:6015. [PMID: 37630268 PMCID: PMC10458935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increment of the aging population in recent years, neurodegenerative diseases exert a major global disease burden, essentially as a result of the lack of treatments that stop the disease progression. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an example of a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people globally, with no effective treatment. Natural compounds have emerged as a viable therapy to fill a huge gap in AD management, and in recent years, mostly fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, RNA-based therapeutics have become a hot topic in the treatment of several diseases. Treatments of AD face significant limitations due to the complex and interconnected pathways that lead to their hallmarks and also due to the necessity to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanotechnology has contributed to surpassing this bottleneck in the treatment of AD by promoting safe and enhanced drug delivery to the brain. In particular, exosome-like nanoparticles, a hybrid delivery system combining exosomes and liposomes' advantageous features, are demonstrating great potential in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.); (I.L.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability (IB-S), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ivo Lopes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.); (I.L.)
| | - Andreia Castro Gomes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.); (I.L.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability (IB-S), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids in Common Neurological Disorders Associated with Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054297. [PMID: 36901731 PMCID: PMC10001833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging reduces homeostasis and contributes to increasing the risk of brain diseases and death. Some of the principal characteristics are chronic and low-grade inflammation, a general increase in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory markers. Aging-related diseases include focal ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Flavonoids are the most common class of polyphenols and are abundantly found in plant-based foods and beverages. A small group of individual flavonoid molecules (e.g., quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and myricetin) has been used to explore the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro studies and in animal models of focal ischemic stroke and AD and PD, and the results show that these molecules reduce the activated neuroglia and several proinflammatory cytokines, and also, inactivate inflammation and inflammasome-related transcription factors. However, the evidence from human studies has been limited. In this review article, we highlight the evidence that individual natural molecules can modulate neuroinflammation in diverse studies from in vitro to animal models to clinical studies of focal ischemic stroke and AD and PD, and we discuss future areas of research that can help researchers to develop new therapeutic agents.
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Collection of Hairy Roots as a Basis for Fundamental and Applied Research. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228040. [PMID: 36432139 PMCID: PMC9695355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to population growth, instability of climatic conditions, and reduction of the areas of natural ecosystems, it becomes necessary to involve modern biotechnological approaches to obtain highly productive plant material. This statement applies both to the creation of plant varieties and the production of new pharmaceutical raw materials. Genetic transformation of valuable medicinal plants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes ensures the production of stable and rapidly growing hairy roots cultures that have a number of advantages compared with cell culture and, above all, can synthesize root-specific substances at the level of the roots of the intact plant. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the collection of hairy roots of the Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Russian Academy of Sciences, the founder of which was Dr. Kuzovkina I.N. Currently, the collection contains 38 hairy roots lines of valuable medicinal and forage plants. The review discusses the prospects of creating a hairy roots collection as a basis for fundamental research and commercial purposes.
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Su MT, Lu CW, Wu WJ, Jheng YS, Yang SY, Chuang WC, Lee MC, Wu CH. Applications of Immunomagnetic Reduction Technology as a Biosensor in Therapeutic Evaluation of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Tauopathy Alleviation of an AD Drosophila Model. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:883. [PMID: 36291020 PMCID: PMC9599240 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The most convincing biomarkers in the blood for AD are currently β-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau protein because amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are pathological hallmarks in the brains of patients with AD. The development of assay technologies in diagnosing early-stage AD is very important. The study of human AD subjects is hindered by ethical and technical limitations. Thus, many studies have therefore turned to AD animal models, such as Drosophila melanogaster, to explore AD pathology. However, AD biomarkers such as Aβ and p-Tau protein in Drosophilamelanogaster occur at extremely low levels and are difficult to detect precisely. In this study, we applied the immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) technology of nanoparticles for the detection of p-Tau expressions in hTauR406W flies, an AD Drosophila model. Furthermore, we used IMR technology as a biosensor in the therapeutic evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines in hTauR406W flies with Tau-induced toxicity. To uncover the pathogenic pathway and identify therapeutic interventions of Chinese herbal medicines in Tau-induced toxicity, we modeled tauopathy in the notum of hTauR406W flies. Our IMR data showed that the selected Chinese herbal medicines can significantly reduce p-Tau expressions in hTauR406W flies. Using evidence of notal bristle quantification and Western blotting analysis, we confirmed the validity of the IMR data. Thus, we suggest that IMR can serve as a new tool for measuring tauopathy and therapeutic evaluation of Chinese herbal medicine in an AD Drosophila model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsan Su
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Lu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jhen Wu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Sin Jheng
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | | | - Wu-Chang Chuang
- Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., New Taipei City 231632, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Lee
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City 231632, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Wu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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Hassanein EHM, Mohamed WR, Ahmed OS, Abdel-Daim MM, Sayed AM. The role of inflammation in cadmium nephrotoxicity: NF-κB comes into view. Life Sci 2022; 308:120971. [PMID: 36130617 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kidney diseases are major health problem and understanding the underlined mechanisms that lead to kidney diseases are critical research points with a marked potential impact on health. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs naturally and can be found in contaminated food. Kidneys are the most susceptible organ to heavy metal intoxication as it is the main route of waste excretion. The harmful effects of Cd were previously well proved. Cd induces inflammatory responses, oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbs Ca2+ homeostasis. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a cellular transcription factor that regulates inflammation and controls the expression of many inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from NF-κB inhibition. In this review we focused on certain compounds including cytochalasin D, mangiferin, N-acetylcysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, roflumilast, rosmarinic acid, sildenafil, sinapic acid, telmisartan and wogonin and certain plants as Astragalus Polysaccharide, Ginkgo Biloba and Thymus serrulatus that potently inhibit NF-κB and effectively counteracted Cd-associated renal intoxication. In conclusion, the proposed NF-κB involvement in Cd-renal intoxication clarified the underlined inflammation associated with Cd-nephropathy and the beneficial effects of NF-κB inhibitors that make them the potential to substantially optimize treatment protocols for Cd-renal intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Osama S Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt.
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Li J, Sun M, Cui X, Li C. Protective Effects of Flavonoids against Alzheimer's Disease: Pathological Hypothesis, Potential Targets, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710020. [PMID: 36077418 PMCID: PMC9456554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with high morbidity and mortality, for which there is no available cure. Currently, it is generally believed that AD is a disease caused by multiple factors, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Multitarget prevention and treatment strategies for AD are recommended. Interestingly, naturally occurring dietary flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, have been reported to have multiple biological activities and anti-AD effects in several AD models owing to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidogenic properties. In this review, we summarize and discuss the existing multiple pathogenic factors of AD. Moreover, we further elaborate on the biological activities of natural flavonoids and their potential mode of action and targets in managing AD by presenting a wide range of experimental evidence. The gathered data indicate that flavonoids can be regarded as prophylactics to slow the advancement of AD or avert its onset. Different flavonoids have different activities and varying levels of activity. Further, this review summarizes the structure–activity relationship of flavonoids based on the existing literature and can provide guidance on the design and selection of flavonoids as anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-351-701-9371 (J.L.); Fax: +86-351-701-1499 (J.L. & C.L.)
| | - Min Sun
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-351-701-9371 (J.L.); Fax: +86-351-701-1499 (J.L. & C.L.)
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Pekkle Lam HY, Hung MY, Cheng PC, Peng SY. Use of wogonin as a cooperative drug with praziquantel to better combat schistosomiasis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:757-765. [PMID: 35654701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating tropical diseases in the world. Currently, praziquantel (PZQ) represents the best pharmacological option for the treatment of schistosomiasis as it effectively kills the worm. However, the inability to reverse established liver damages often makes treatment futile. In the current study, we investigate whether combining the use of wogonin, a compound that was found to be liver-protective, with PZQ can attribute to the greatest beneficial effect in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. METHODS To determine the protective effect of PZQ-wogonin treatment on S. manosni-infected mice, histopathological analysis was done to evaluate the granuloma size and fibrotic areas in the liver. Western blotting was performed to analyze several injuries-related markers including fibrotic markers, inflammasomes, and apoptotic markers. Scanning electron microscopy was done to evaluate the effect of wogonin on the worms, and the worm and egg burden was calculated. RESULTS Our results showed that PZQ-wogonin treatment significantly improved liver histopathology of S. mansoni-infected mice. Further analysis showed that PZQ-wogonin combinations are more effective in reducing fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in the liver than that of individual drug use. Furthermore, our results revealed that wogonin is anthelmintic; and it works better with PZQ in reducing hepatic egg burden, further lessen the disease progression. CONCLUSION In general, this combinatorial strategy may represent a new and effective approach to schistosomiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yun Hung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Center for Precision Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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Ahmad Alwi NA, Lim SM, Mani V, Ramasamy K. Lactobacillus Spp.-Enhanced Memory is Strain-Dependent and Associated, in Part, with Amyloidogenic and anti-Oxidant/Oxidative Stress Interplay in Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice. J Diet Suppl 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35876040 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored mechanisms underpinning enhanced memory in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice (male; 10-12 months; n = 6/group) supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 (LAB12)/Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS). Morris Water Maze test was performed before brains were harvested for gene expression and biochemical studies. LAB-supplemented mice exhibited reduced escape latency and distance but significant increased time spent in platform zone. This was associated with downregulated beta-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) mRNA and significant reduced nitric oxide in brains. LAB12 also significantly increased glutathione. The LAB-enhanced memory is strain-dependent and could be mediated, in part, through amyloidogenic pathway and anti-oxidant/oxidative stress interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Amalina Ahmad Alwi
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Burtscher J, Romani M, Bernardo G, Popa T, Ziviani E, Hummel FC, Sorrentino V, Millet GP. Boosting mitochondrial health to counteract neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 215:102289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Qi YY, Heng X, Yao ZY, Qu SY, Ge PY, Zhao X, Ni SJ, Guo R, Yang NY, Zhang QC, Zhu HX. Involvement of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on Microglia with Abnormal Sphingolipid Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:931-950. [PMID: 35391788 PMCID: PMC8979960 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s357061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal sphingolipid metabolism is closely related to the occurrence and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). With heat-clearing and detoxifying effects, Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDD) has been used to treat dementia and improve learning and memory impairments. Purpose To study the therapeutic effect of HLJDD on AD as it relates to sphingolipid metabolism. Methods The level of sphingolipids in the brains of APP/PS1 mice and in the supernatant of β-amyloid (Aβ)25–35-induced BV2 microglia was detected by HPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QTRAP-MS techniques, respectively. The co-expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and Aβ as well as four enzymes related to sphingolipid metabolism, including serine palmitoyltransferase 2 (SPTLC2), cer synthase 2 (CERS2), sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1), and sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SGMS1), in the brains of APP/PS1 mice were evaluated by immunofluorescence double labelling. In addition, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was conducted to determine the mRNA expression of SPTLC2, CERS2, SMPD1, SGMS1, galactosylceramidase (GALC), and sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2) in Aβ25-35-stimulated BV2 microglia. Results Abnormal sphingolipid metabolism was observed both in APP/PS1 mouse brain tissues and Aβ25-35-stimulated BV2 cells. The levels of sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphinganine-1-phosphate and sphingomyelin were significantly reduced, while the levels of ceramide-1-phosphate, ceramide, lactosylceramide and hexosylceramide significantly increased in Aβ25-35-stimulated BV2 cells. In AD mice, more microglia were clustered in the Aβ-positive region. The decreased level of SGMS1 and increased levels of CERS2, SPTLC and SMPD1 were also found. In addition, the expressions of SPTLC2, CERS2, and SMPD1 in Aβ25-35-stimulated BV2 cells were increased significantly, while the expressions of GALC, SPHK2, and SGMS1 were decreased. These changes all showed a significant correction after HLJDD treatment. Conclusion HLJDD is a good candidate for treating AD. This study provides a novel perspective on the potential roles of the sphingolipid metabolism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Qi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing and Preparation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Heng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing and Preparation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Ying Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yue Qu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing and Preparation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Yuan Ge
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing and Preparation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing and Preparation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Jia Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Physiological, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Yun Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing and Preparation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Chun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Xu Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing and Preparation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kaur R, Sood A, Lang DK, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Aleya L, Behl T. Potential of flavonoids as anti-Alzheimer's agents: bench to bedside. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26063-26077. [PMID: 35067880 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing therapies for neurodegenerative diseases are challenging because of the presence of blood-brain barrier and Alzheimer being one of the commonest and uprising neurodegenerative disorders possess the need for developing novel therapies. Alzheimer's is attributed to be the sixth leading cause of death in the USA and the number of cases is estimated to be increased from 58 million in 2021 to 88 million by 2050. Natural drugs have benefits of being cost-effective, widely available, fewer side effects, and immuno-booster can be useful in managing Alzheimer. Flavonoids can slow the neuronal degeneration as they have shown activity in central nervous system and are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. These can be easily extracted from fruits, vegetable, and plants. In Alzheimer disease, flavonoids scavenges the reactive oxygen species and reduces the production of amyloid beta protein. Agents from sub-classes of flavonoids such as flavanones, flavanols, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones having pharmacological action in treating Alzheimer disease are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University Punjab, Rajpura, India
| | - Ankita Sood
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University Punjab, Rajpura, India
| | | | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University Punjab, Rajpura, India.
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Sharifi-Rad J, Herrera-Bravo J, Salazar LA, Shaheen S, Abdulmajid Ayatollahi S, Kobarfard F, Imran M, Imran A, Custódio L, Dolores López M, Schoebitz M, Martorell M, Kumar M, Ansar Rasul Suleria H, Cho WC. The Therapeutic Potential of Wogonin Observed in Preclinical Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:9935451. [PMID: 34221094 PMCID: PMC8221866 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9935451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wogonin is a flavonoid found in different plants such as roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi distributed mainly in Asia and Europe. Dried root extracts of S. baicalensis with high content of wogonin, popularly known as "Huang-Qin" or Chinese or baical skullcap, have been used for long time in traditional Chinese medicine. Several health benefits are attributed to wogonin and derivatives showing anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant effects and more recently antineurodegenerative properties. Preclinical pharmacological activities of wogonin against diverse types of cancer such as breast, colorectal, and human gastric cancer will be presented in this review. In addition, studies on oxidative stress and bioavailability of wogonin will be discussed together with antineurodegenerative potential with special focus on Alzheimer's disease. Outcomes extracted from the last preclinical studies related to therapeutic applications of wogonin will be commented and updated in this review. The scientific evidence collected in this review aims to encourage transfer of the preclinical evidence of wogonin to new clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Luis A. Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | | | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition & Home Economics, Institute of Home and Food Sciences Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Building 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - María Dolores López
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Mendez, 595, Chillán 3812120, Chile
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | | | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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14
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Sohn E, Kim YJ, Jeong SJ. Korean traditional herbal formula Soshiho-tang attenuates memory impairment and neuronal damage in mice with amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer's disease. Integr Med Res 2021; 10:100723. [PMID: 33898246 PMCID: PMC8059063 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2021.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soshiho-tang (SST), also known as Xiaochaihu-tang in China and Sho-saiko-to in Japan, is an Oriental herbal formula traditionally used to treat febrile diseases. Recently, several in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the anti-cancer, anti-liver disease, and anti-inflammatory activities of SST. However, there is little evidence of its effects on neurological diseases. We previously reported the inhibitory effects of SST on in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activation and amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, which are crucial hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we report that SST has preventive effects on memory impairment and neuronal cell changes in an Aβ-induced AD-like mouse model. Methods Male mice underwent injection of Aβ aggregates and administered SST (500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg/day) for 20 days. Behavioral tests (passive avoidance task [PAT] and Morris water maze [MWM] test) were conducted. Lastly, brain sections were obtained from sacrificed mice for quantitative analysis. Results Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ aggregates significantly decreased the latency time in the PAT and MWM test compared to normal control. In contrast, SST administration markedly reversed the latency caused by Aβ injection. Additionally, our data revealed that SST-mediated improvements in memory impairment are related to its neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. On histological analysis, SST treatment protected neuronal loss and damage as well as microglial activation, and ameliorated amount of Aβ in brain of mouse model of AD. Conclusion Our findings suggest that SST may be a promising candidate for the development of novel drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Sohn
- Clinical Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Clinical Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Clinical Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Prasanna P, Upadhyay A. Flavonoid-Based Nanomedicines in Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics: Promises Made, a Long Way To Go. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:74-95. [PMID: 33615162 PMCID: PMC7887745 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the continuous decline of the cognitive abilities manifested due to the accumulation of large aggregates of amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42), the formation of neurofibrillary tangles of hyper-phosphorylated forms of microtubule-associated tau protein, which may lead to many alterations at the cellular and systemic level. The current therapeutic strategies primarily focus on alleviating pathological symptoms rather than providing a possible cure. AD is one of the highly studied but least understood neurological problems and remains an unresolved condition of human brain degeneration. Over the years, multiple naturally derived small molecules, including plant products, microbial isolates, and some metabolic byproducts, have been projected as supplements reducing the risk or possible treatment of the disease. However, unfortunately, none has met the expected success. One major challenge for most medications is their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In past decades, nanotechnology-based interventions have offered an alternative platform to address the problem of the successful delivery of the drugs to the specific targets. Interestingly, the exciting interface of natural products and nanomedicine is delivering promising results in AD treatment. The potential applications of flavonoids, the plant-derived compounds best known for their antioxidant activities, and their amalgamation with nanomedicinal approaches may lead to highly effective therapeutic strategies for treating well-known neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, we explore the possibilities and recent developments on an exciting combination of flavonoids and nanoparticles in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department
of Biotechnology, National Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India 844102
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindari, Kishangarh Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305817
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16
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Shen Y, Zhang B, Pang X, Yang R, Chen M, Zhao J, Wang J, Wang Z, Yu Z, Wang Y, Li L, Liu A, Du G. Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis of Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction on the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:595254. [PMID: 33390981 PMCID: PMC7774966 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a worldwide disease that is harmful to human health and brings a heavy economic burden to healthcare system. Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction (XXMD) has been widely used to treat stroke and other neurological diseases for more than 1000 years in China. However, the synergistic mechanism of the constituents in XXMD for the potential treatment of AD is still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict the potential targets and uncover the material basis of XXMD for the potential treatment of AD. A network pharmacology-based method, which combined data collection, drug-likeness filtering and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/T) properties filtering, target prediction and network analysis, was used to decipher the effect and potential targets of XXMD for the treatment of AD. Then, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory assay was used to screen the potential active constituents in XXMD for the treatment of AD, and the molecular docking was furtherly used to identify the binding ability of active constituents with AD-related target of AChE. Finally, three in vitro cell models were applied to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of potential lead compounds in XXMD. Through the China Natural Products Database, Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) Database, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-Database @Taiwan and literature, a total of 1481 compounds in XXMD were finally collected. After ADME/T properties filtering, 908 compounds were used for the further study. Based on the prediction data, the constituents in XXMD formula could interact with 41 AD-related targets. Among them, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), estrogen receptor α (ERα) and AChE were the major targets. The constituents in XXMD were found to have the potential to treat AD through multiple AD-related targets. 62 constituents in it were found to interact with more than or equal to 10 AD-related targets. The prediction results were further validated by in vitro biology experiment, resulting in several potential anti-AD multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs), including two AChE inhibitors with the IC50 values ranging from 4.83 to 10.22 μM. Moreover, fanchinoline was furtherly found to prevent SH-SY5Y cells from the cytotoxicities induced by sodium nitroprusside, sodium dithionate and potassium chloride. In conclusion, XXMD was found to have the potential to treat AD by targeting multiple AD-related targets and canonical pathways. Fangchinoline and dauricine might be the potential lead compounds in XXMD for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjia Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziru Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Scrophularia buergeriana Extract Improves Memory Impairment via Inhibition of the Apoptosis Pathway in the Mouse Hippocampus. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10227987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scrophularia buergeriana (SB) Miq. (Scrophulariaceae) has been used to help cure swelling and fever and has reported antioxidant and neuro-protective effects. However, few mechanism–based studies have evaluated the memory-improving effects in a beta-amyloid induced memory loss model. As a result of Scrophularia buergeriana extract (SBE) administration (30 and 100 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly recovered beta-amyloid-induced amnesia in the passive avoidance test and improved the impairment of spatial memory in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. Furthermore, SBE up-regulated superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD)-1, SOD-2, glutathione peroxidase-1, and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 protein expression levels. Additionally, SBE downregulated Bcl-2-associated X protein, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, and Aβ protein expression levels and inhibited the phosphorylation of the tau protein of Aβ-treated mice hippocampus. These results demonstrate that SBE improved memory impairment by reducing beta-amyloid induced neurotoxicity and regulated oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic pathways.
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18
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Chinese Veterinary Medicine B307 Promotes Cardiac Performance and Skeletal Muscle Contraction via Enhancing Intracellular Calcium Levels and Neural Electrical Activity in Animal and Cell Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9064824. [PMID: 33178329 PMCID: PMC7644306 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9064824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study mainly investigated the effects of Chinese veterinary medicine B307 in cardiac and motor functions in animal models of pigeons and mice. Related cellular mechanisms were also studied in the neuroblastoma cell model of SH-SY5Y. Cardiac functions of pigeons and mice were examined by using moorFLPI Laser color Doppler imager and M-mode echocardiography, and motor functions were examined by using muscle electrical stimulation and force recording in the isolated breast muscle. Intracellular calcium levels and electrical activity of SH-SY5Y cells were examined by using Fura 2-AM fluorescence and MED64 system separately. Our results in vivo found that those pigeons under oral B307 treatment obviously enhanced subcutaneous microcirculation and contractile force and prolonged fatigue time in their breast muscles. Those mice under oral B307 treatment obviously elevated ejection fraction and cardiac output in their hearts. Our results in vitro showed that those SH-SY5Y cells under B307 treatment obviously increased intracellular calcium mobilization and electrical activities. These results revealed that improvement of cardiac and motor functions under B307 treatments may be caused by increasing electrical activities and intracellular calcium levels in neuromuscular cells and a similar mechanism may also occur in muscle cells. Thus, we suggested that B307 can be a functional Chinese veterinary medicine for flying pigeons.
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19
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Mitochondrial Dysfunctions: A Red Thread across Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103719. [PMID: 32466216 PMCID: PMC7279270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in a plethora of processes related to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and genomic integrity. They contribute to preserving the optimal functioning of cells and protecting them from potential DNA damage which could result in mutations and disease. However, perturbations of the system due to senescence or environmental factors induce alterations of the physiological balance and lead to the impairment of mitochondrial functions. After the description of the crucial roles of mitochondria for cell survival and activity, the core of this review focuses on the "mitochondrial switch" which occurs at the onset of neuronal degeneration. We dissect the pathways related to mitochondrial dysfunctions which are shared among the most frequent or disabling neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Can mitochondrial dysfunctions (affecting their morphology and activities) represent the early event eliciting the shift towards pathological neurobiological processes? Can mitochondria represent a common target against neurodegeneration? We also review here the drugs that target mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases.
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20
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Niaz K, Jeandet P, Clément C, Mathew B, Rauf A, Rengasamy KR, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Ashraf GM, Aleya L. Molecular Insight into the Therapeutic Promise of Flavonoids against Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061267. [PMID: 32168835 PMCID: PMC7143946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the utmost chronic neurodegenerative disorders, which is characterized from a neuropathological point of view by the aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that are deposited as senile plaques and tau proteins which form neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Even though advancement has been observed in order to understand AD pathogenesis, currently available therapeutic methods can only deliver modest symptomatic relief. Interestingly, naturally occurring dietary flavonoids have gained substantial attention due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidogenic properties as alternative candidates for AD therapy. Experimental proof provides support to the idea that some flavonoids might protect AD by interfering with the production and aggregation of Aβ peptides and/or decreasing the aggregation of tau. Flavonoids have the ability to promote clearance of Aβ peptides and inhibit tau phosphorylation by the mTOR/autophagy signaling pathway. Moreover, due to their cholinesterase inhibitory potential, flavonoids can represent promising symptomatic anti-Alzheimer agents. Several processes have been suggested for the aptitude of flavonoids to slow down the advancement or to avert the onset of Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. To enhance cognitive performance and to prevent the onset and progress of AD, the interaction of flavonoids with various signaling pathways is proposed to exert their therapeutic potential. Therefore, this review elaborates on the probable therapeutic approaches of flavonoids aimed at averting or slowing the progression of the AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: or (M.S.U.); (P.J.); Tel.: +880-1710220110 (M.S.U.); +33-3-26913-341 (P.J.)
| | | | - Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims CEDEX 2, France
- Correspondence: or (M.S.U.); (P.J.); Tel.: +880-1710220110 (M.S.U.); +33-3-26913-341 (P.J.)
| | - Christophe Clément
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims CEDEX 2, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala 678557, India
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030 Besançon, France
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21
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Smith JF, Starr EG, Goodman MA, Hanson RB, Palmer TA, Woolstenhulme JB, Weyand JA, Marchant AD, Bueckers SL, Nelson TK, Sterling MT, Rose BJ, Porter JP, Eggett DL, Kooyman DL. Topical Application of Wogonin Provides a Novel Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32132930 PMCID: PMC7040489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by inflammatory degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Wogonin, a compound extracted from the plant Scutellaria baicalensis (colloquially known as skullcap), has previously been shown to have direct anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. We examined the pain-reducing, anti-inflammatory, and chondroprotective effects of wogonin when applied as a topical cream. We validated the efficacy of delivering wogonin transdermally in a cream using pig ear skin in a Franz diffusion system. Using a surgical mouse model, we examined the severity and progression of OA with and without the topical application of wogonin. Using a running wheel to track activity, we found that mice with wogonin treatment were statistically more active than mice receiving vehicle treatment. OA progression was analyzed using modified Mankin and OARSI scoring and direct quantification of cyst-like lesions at the chondro-osseus junction; in each instance we observed a statistically significant attenuation of OA severity among mice treated with wogonin compared to the vehicle treatment. Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant decrease in protein expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), high temperature receptor A1 (HTRA1), matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP-13) and NF-κB in wogonin-treated mice, further bolstering the cartilage morphology assessments in the form of a decrease in inflammatory and OA biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F. Smith
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Evan G. Starr
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Michael A. Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Romney B. Hanson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Trent A. Palmer
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Woolstenhulme
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jeffery A. Weyand
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Andrew D. Marchant
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Shawen L. Bueckers
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Tanner K. Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Matthew T. Sterling
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Brandon J. Rose
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - James P. Porter
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | | | - David L. Kooyman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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22
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Small molecule inhibitors and stimulators of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cancer cells from natural origin (phytochemicals, marine compounds, antibiotics). Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 176:113792. [PMID: 31926145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are a family of isoforms, which generate nitric oxide (NO). NO is one of the smallest molecules in nature and acts mainly as a potent vasodilator. It participates in various biological processes ranging from physiological to pathological conditions. Inducible NOS (iNOS, NOS2) is a calcium-independent and inducible isoform. Despite high iNOS expression in many tumors, the role of iNOS is still unclear and complex with both enhancing and prohibiting actions in tumorigenesis. Nature presents a broad variety of natural stimulators and inhibitors, which may either promote or inhibit iNOS response. In the present review, we give an overview of iNOS-modulating agents with a special focus on both natural and synthetic molecules and their effects in related biological processes. The role of iNOS in physiological and pathological conditions is also discussed.
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23
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Cenini G, Voos W. Mitochondria as Potential Targets in Alzheimer Disease Therapy: An Update. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:902. [PMID: 31507410 PMCID: PMC6716473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive and deleterious neurodegenerative disorder that affects mostly the elderly population. At the moment, no effective treatments are available in the market, making the whole situation a compelling challenge for societies worldwide. Recently, novel mechanisms have been proposed to explain the etiology of this disease leading to the new concept that AD is a multifactor pathology. Among others, the function of mitochondria has been considered as one of the intracellular processes severely compromised in AD since the early stages and likely represents a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Many mitochondrial parameters decline already during the aging, reaching an extensive functional failure concomitant with the onset of neurodegenerative conditions, although the exact timeline of these events is still unclear. Thereby, it is not surprising that mitochondria have been already considered as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Together with an overview of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction, this review examines the pros and cons of the tested therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondria in the context of AD. Since mitochondrial therapies in AD have shown different degrees of progress, it is imperative to perform a detailed analysis of the significance of mitochondrial deterioration in AD and of a pharmacological treatment at this level. This step would be very important for the field, as an effective drug treatment in AD is still missing and new therapeutic concepts are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cenini
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voos
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Jeon SG, Song EJ, Lee D, Park J, Nam Y, Kim JI, Moon M. Traditional Oriental Medicines and Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:307-328. [PMID: 31435482 PMCID: PMC6667206 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most major cause of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects cognitive functions. Even though the prevalence of AD is continuously increasing, few drugs including cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl D-aspartate-receptor antagonists were approved to treat AD. Because the clinical trials of AD drugs with single targets, such as β-amyloid and tau, have failed, the development of multi-target drugs that ameliorate many of the symptoms of AD is needed. Thus, recent studies have investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of herbal formulae consisting of various herb combinations used to treat AD. This review discusses the results of clinical and nonclinical studies of the therapeutic efficacy in AD and underlying mechanisms of the herbal formulae of traditional Oriental medicines and bioactive compounds of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gak Jeon
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Song
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongje Lee
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyong Park
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- 2Center for Organic Devices and Advanced Materials, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- 3Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
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