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Karbownik-Lewińska M, Stępniak J, Iwan P, Lewiński A. Iodine as a potential endocrine disruptor-a role of oxidative stress. Endocrine 2022; 78:219-240. [PMID: 35726078 PMCID: PMC9584999 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. However, overtreatment with iodine can unfavorably affect thyroid physiology. The aim of this review is to present the evidence that iodine-when in excess-can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis and, therefore, can act as a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), and that this action, as well as other abnormalities in the thyroid, occurs-at least partially-via oxidative stress. METHODS We reviewed published studies on iodine as a potential EDC, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of oxidative stress. RESULTS This paper summarizes current knowledge on iodine excess in the context of its properties as an EDC and its effects on oxidative processes. CONCLUSION Iodine does fulfill the criteria of an EDC because it is an exogenous chemical that interferes-when in excess-with thyroid hormone synthesis. However, this statement cannot change general rules regarding iodine supply, which means that iodine deficiency should be still eliminated worldwide and, at the same time, iodine excess should be avoided. Universal awareness that iodine is a potential EDC would make consumers more careful regarding their diet and what they supplement in tablets, and-what is of great importance-it would make caregivers choose iodine-containing medications (or other chemicals) more prudently. It should be stressed that compared to iodine deficiency, iodine in excess (acting either as a potential EDC or via other mechanisms) is much less harmful in such a sense that it affects only a small percentage of sensitive individuals, whereas the former affects whole populations; therefore, it causes endemic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Iwan
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
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Excess iodide-induced reactive oxygen species elicit iodide efflux via β-tubulin-associated ClC-3 in thyrocytes. Biochem J 2022; 479:629-640. [PMID: 35175311 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iodide (I-) is crucial to thyroid function, and its regulation in thyrocytes involves ion transporters and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the extent of 2Cl-/H+ exchanger (ClC-3) involvement in the iodide (I-) efflux from thyrocytes remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the effects of ClC-3 on I- efflux. ClC-3 expression was found to significantly alter the serum TT3 and TT4 concentrations in mice. We further found that excess I- stimulation affected ClC-3 expression, distribution, and I- efflux in FRTL-5 cells. Immunofluorescence analyses indicated that ClC-3 mainly accumulated in the cell membrane and co-localized with β-tubulins after 24 h of excess I- treatment, and that this process depended on ROS production. Thus, ClC-3 may be involved in I- efflux at the apical pole of thyrocytes via excess I--induced ROS production and β-tubulin polymerization. Our results reveal novel insights into the role of ClC-3 in I- transport and thyroid function.
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Yao X. Increased Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids and Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids After Treatment of Iodide Intake Adjustment and 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D 3 Supplementation in High Iodide Intake-Induced Hypothyroid Offspring Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669652. [PMID: 34381374 PMCID: PMC8352438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the potential role of fatty acids in high iodide intake-induced hypothyroidism and its complications and also in the intervention of iodide intake adjustment and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] supplementation. Methods: Pregnant rats were allocated to two groups, namely, normal iodide (NI, 7.5 μg/day) intake and 100 times higher-than-normal iodide (100 HI, 750 μg/day) intake. The offspring were continuously administered potassium iodide from weaning [i.e., postnatal day 21 (PN21)] to PN90. After PN90, the offspring were either administered iodide intake adjustment (7.5 μg/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation (5 μg·kg-1·day-1), or both, for 4 weeks. Thyroid function tests (free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyrotropin, thyroid peroxidase antibody, and thyroglobulin antibody), blood lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and vitamin D3 (VD3) levels were detected by ELISA. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography. Blood pressure was measured using a non-invasive tail-cuff system. The serum fatty acids profile was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: In the offspring rats with continued 100 HI administration, the levels of 8,9-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (8,9-DHET) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were decreased, while those of prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), prostaglandin B2 (PGB2), 4-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (4-HDoHE), 7-HDoHE, 8-HDoHE, and 20-HDoHE were increased. Significant correlations were found between PGB2, 8,9-DHET, 7-HDoHE levels and thyroid dysfunction, between PGJ2, 20-HDoHE, PGB2, 8,9-DHET levels and cardiac dysfunction, between PGJ2, 20-HDoHE levels and hypertension, between 4-HDoHE, 8-HDoHE, TXB2 levels and dyslipidemia, and between PGB2 and decreased VD3 level. After the treatment of iodide intake adjustment and 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation, the levels of 16-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (16-HETE), 18-HETE, 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET), 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, 14,15-EET, PGE2, 5-oxo-ETE, and 15-oxo-ETE were increased. The significant associations between PGE2, 16-HETE, 18-HETE and improved thyroid function and also between 5,6-EET, 11,12-EET, 14,15-EET, 16-HETE, 15-oxo-ETE and attenuated dyslipidemia were detected. Conclusion: Increased levels of prostaglandins (PGs) and HDoHEs and decreased levels of 8,9-DHET and TXB2 might occur in the progression of cardiac dysfunction, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in high iodide intake-induced hypothyroidism. The increased levels of EETs and HETEs might help to ameliorate these complications after iodide intake adjustment and 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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The Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in the Thyroid-2020 Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111082. [PMID: 33158045 PMCID: PMC7693470 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland has a special relationship with oxidative stress. On the one hand, like all other tissues, it must defend itself against reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, unlike most other tissues, it must also produce reactive oxygen species in order to synthesize its hormones that contribute to the homeostasis of other tissues. The thyroid must therefore also rely on antioxidant defense systems to maintain its own homeostasis in the face of continuous self-exposure to ROS. One of the main endogenous antioxidant systems is the pathway centered on the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its cytoplasmic inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Over the last few years, multiple links have emerged between the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and thyroid physiology, as well as various thyroid pathologies, including autoimmunity, goiter, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and cancer. In the present mini-review, we summarize recent studies shedding new light into the roles of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling in the thyroid.
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Chartoumpekis DV, Ziros PG, Georgakopoulos-Soares I, Smith AAT, Marques AC, Ibberson M, A. Kopp P, Habeos I, Trougakos IP, Khoo NKH, Sykiotis GP. The Transcriptomic Response of the Murine Thyroid Gland to Iodide Overload and the Role of the Nrf2 Antioxidant System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090884. [PMID: 32961913 PMCID: PMC7555824 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thyroid follicular cells have physiologically high levels of reactive oxygen species because oxidation of iodide is essential for the iodination of thyroglobulin (Tg) during thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyroid follicles (the functional units of the thyroid) also utilize incompletely understood autoregulatory mechanisms to defend against exposure to excess iodide. To date, no transcriptomic studies have investigated these phenomena in vivo. Nuclear erythroid factor 2 like 2 (Nrf2 or Nfe2l2) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of numerous antioxidant and other cytoprotective genes. We showed previously that the Nrf2 pathway regulates the antioxidant defense of follicular cells, as well as Tg transcription and Tg iodination. We, thus, hypothesized that Nrf2 might be involved in the transcriptional response to iodide overload. Methods: C57BL6/J wild-type (WT) or Nrf2 knockout (KO) male mice were administered regular water or water supplemented with 0.05% sodium iodide for seven days. RNA from their thyroids was prepared for next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Gene expression changes were assessed and pathway analyses were performed on the sets of differentially expressed genes. Results: Analysis of differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) indicated that iodide overload upregulates inflammatory-, immune-, fibrosis- and oxidative stress-related pathways, including the Nrf2 pathway. Nrf2 KO mice showed a more pronounced inflammatory–autoimmune transcriptional response to iodide than WT mice. Compared to previously published datasets, the response patterns observed in WT mice had strong similarities with the patterns typical of Graves’ disease and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) also responded to iodide overload, with the latter targeting mRNAs that participate mainly in inflammation pathways. Conclusions: Iodide overload induces the Nrf2 cytoprotective response and upregulates inflammatory, immune, and fibrosis pathways similar to autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease) and PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lausanne University Hospital, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.V.C.); (P.G.Z.); (P.A.K.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Panos G. Ziros
- Service of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lausanne University Hospital, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.V.C.); (P.G.Z.); (P.A.K.)
| | - Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam A. T. Smith
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.A.T.S.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Ana Claudia Marques
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.A.T.S.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Service of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lausanne University Hospital, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.V.C.); (P.G.Z.); (P.A.K.)
| | - Ioannis Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nicholas K. H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lausanne University Hospital, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.V.C.); (P.G.Z.); (P.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-21-314-0606
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Wang Y, Liu Q, Dong H, Feng Y, Raguthu C, Liang X, Liu C, Zhang Z, Yao X. The protective effect of iodide intake adjustment and 1,25(OH) 2D 3 supplementation in rat offspring following excess iodide intake. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820958295. [PMID: 35154633 PMCID: PMC8832296 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820958295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of iodide intake adjustment, 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation, or both, on the thyroid gland of rat offspring. METHODS The offspring of female rats administered 100 times the normal dose of iodide (100 HI; 750 μg/d) during pregnancy and lactation were divided into four different treatment groups. They were either having their iodide intake adjusted from 100 HI to normal iodide intake (7.5 μg/day) or supplemented with 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3; 5 μg·kg-1·day-1], or both, for 4 weeks. Thyroid sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) uptake percentages were measured using single-photon emission computed tomography, while serum levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and vitamin D3 (VD3) were monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The messenger ribonucleic acid expression of interleukin (IL)-17A, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-10 in the thyroid gland was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, while the protein expression of thyroid-hormone-receptor α1 (TRα1) and thyroid-hormone-receptor β1 (TRβ1) in the thyroid gland was detected using Western blotting. Haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and immunofluorescence staining were also used to assess thyroid follicular structure and lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid glands. RESULTS The immunofluorescence staining showed CD4+ co-localized with TRβ1 or the vitamin D receptor in thyroid gland cells of rats that were continuously treated with 100 HI. Following iodide adjustment, 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation, or both, an increase in serum levels of FT3, free thyroxine, and VD3, protein expression of TRα1 and TRβ1 in the thyroid gland cells, and Na99mTcO4 thyroid uptake percentages was observed. The mRNA expression levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ, decreased, while the mRNA expression levels of IL-10 increased in the thyroid cells of each treatment group, except the group with continuous 100 HI intake. CONCLUSION Iodide adjustment, 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation, or both may increase the serum levels of FT3, FT4, and VD3, as well as the protein expression levels of TRα1 and TRβ1, in thyroid cells. In addition, iodide adjustment, 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation, or both, may potentially reverse the imbalance in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-γ, and IL-10) caused by 100 HI, which may be beneficial in improving Na99mTcO4 thyroid uptake percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanni Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology,
Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ciri Raguthu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology,
Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology,
Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuncheng Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
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Santos LR, Durães C, Ziros PG, Pestana A, Esteves C, Neves C, Carvalho D, Bongiovanni M, Renaud CO, Chartoumpekis DV, Habeos IG, Simões MS, Soares P, Sykiotis GP. Interaction of Genetic Variations in NFE2L2 and SELENOS Modulates the Risk of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Thyroid 2019; 29:1302-1315. [PMID: 31426718 PMCID: PMC6760180 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are known to increase the risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT); such SNPs reside in thyroid-specific genes or in genes related to autoimmunity, inflammation, and/or cellular defense to stress. The transcription factor Nrf2, encoded by NFE2L2, is a master regulator of the cellular antioxidant response. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of genetic variation in NFE2L2 on the risk of developing HT. Methods: In a case-control candidate gene association study, functional SNPs in the NFE2L2 promoter (rs35652124, rs6706649, and rs6721961) were examined either as independent risk factors or in combination with a previously characterized HT risk allele (rs28665122) in the gene SELENOS, encoding selenoprotein S (SelS). A total of 997 individuals from the north of Portugal (Porto) were enrolled, comprising 481 HT patients and 516 unrelated healthy controls. SELENOS and NFE2L2 SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan® assays and Sanger sequencing, respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression, with adjustment for sex and age. Expression of SelS was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in thyroid tissue from HT patients and control subjects. Molecular interactions between the Nrf2 and SelS pathways were investigated in thyroid tissues from mice and in rat PCCL3 thyroid follicular cells. Results: When all three NFE2L2 SNPs were considered together, the presence of one or more minor alleles was associated with a near-significant increased risk (OR = 1.43, p = 0.072). Among subjects harboring only major NFE2L2 alleles, there was no increased HT risk associated with heterozygosity or homozygosity for the SELENOS minor allele. Conversely, in subjects heterozygous or homozygous for the SELENOS risk allele, the presence of an NFE2L2 minor allele significantly increased HT risk by 2.8-fold (p = 0.003). Immunohistochemistry showed reduced expression of SelS in thyroid follicular cells of HT patients. In Nrf2 knockout mice, there was reduced expression of SelS in thyroid follicular cells; conversely, in PCCL3 cells, reducing SelS expression caused reduced activity of Nrf2 signaling. Conclusions: The NFE2L2 promoter genotype interacts with the SELENOS promoter genotype to modulate the risk of HT in a Portuguese population. This interaction may be due to a bidirectional positive feedback between the Nrf2 and SelS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R. Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cecília Durães
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Panos G. Ziros
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Pestana
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - César Esteves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celestino Neves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Massimo Bongiovanni
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cédric O. Renaud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Habeos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Manuel Sobrinho Simões
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to: Gerasimos P. Sykiotis, MD, PhD, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, SA08/02/250, Ave de la Sallaz 8, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
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Effects of KEAP1 Silencing on the Regulation of NRF2 Activity in Neuroendocrine Lung Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102531. [PMID: 31126053 PMCID: PMC6566555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The KEAP1/NRF2 pathway has been widely investigated in tumors since it was implicated in cancer cells survival and therapies resistance. In lung tumors the deregulation of this pathway is mainly related to point mutations of KEAP1 and NFE2L2 genes and KEAP1 promoter hypermethylation, but these two genes have been rarely investigated in low/intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Methods. The effects of KEAP1 silencing on NRF2 activity was investigated in H720 and H727 carcinoid cell lines and results were compared with those obtained by molecular profiling of KEAP1 and NFE2L2 in a collection of 47 lung carcinoids. The correlation between methylation and transcript levels was assessed by 5-aza-dC treatment. Results. We demonstrated that in carcinoid cell lines, the KEAP1 silencing induces an upregulation of NRF2 and some of its targets and that there is a direct correlation between KEAP1 methylation and its mRNA levels. A KEAP1 hypermethylation and Loss of Heterozygosity at KEAP1 gene locus was also observed in nearly half of lung carcinoids. Conclusions. This is the first study that has described the effects of KEAP1 silencing on the regulation of NRF2 activity in lung carcinoids cells. The epigenetic deregulation of the KEAP1/NRF2 by a KEAP1 promoter hypermethylation system appears to be a frequent event in lung carcinoids.
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Renaud CO, Ziros PG, Chartoumpekis DV, Bongiovanni M, Sykiotis GP. Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling: A New Player in Thyroid Pathophysiology and Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 31428048 PMCID: PMC6687762 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1/Nrf2 pathway is a key mediator of general redox and tissue-specific homeostasis. It also exerts a dual role in cancer, by preventing cell transformation of normal cells but promoting aggressiveness, and drug resistance of malignant ones. Although Nrf2 is well-studied in other tissues, its roles in the thyroid gland are only recently emerging. This review focuses on the involvement of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling in thyroid physiology, and pathophysiology in general, and particularly in thyroid cancer. Studies in mice and cultured follicular cells have shown that, under physiological conditions, Nrf2 coordinates antioxidant defenses, directly increases thyroglobulin production and inhibits its iodination. Increased Nrf2 pathway activation has been reported in two independent families with multinodular goiters due to germline loss-of-function mutations in KEAP1. Nrf2 pathway activation has also been documented in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), due to somatic mutations, or epigenetic modifications in KEAP1, or other pathway components. In PTC, such Nrf2-activating KEAP1 mutations have been associated with tumor aggressiveness. Furthermore, polymorphisms in the prototypical Nrf2 target genes NQO1 and NQO2 have been associated with extra-thyroidal extension and metastasis. More recently, mutations in the Nrf2 pathway have also been found in Hürthle-cell (oncocytic) thyroid carcinoma. Finally, in in vitro, and in vivo models of poorly-differentiated, and undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma, Nrf2 activation has been associated with resistance to experimental molecularly-targeted therapy. Thus, Keap1/Nrf2 signaling is involved in both benign and malignant thyroid conditions, where it might serve as a prognostic marker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric O. Renaud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Panos G. Ziros
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Massimo Bongiovanni
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
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WDR-23 and SKN-1/Nrf2 Coordinate with the BLI-3 Dual Oxidase in Response to Iodide-Triggered Oxidative Stress. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:3515-3527. [PMID: 30166349 PMCID: PMC6222583 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animals utilize conserved mechanisms to regulate oxidative stress. The C. elegans SKN-1 protein is homologous to the vertebrate Nrf (NF-E2-related factor) family of cap 'n' collar (CnC) transcription factors and functions as a core regulator of xenobiotic and oxidative stress responses. The WD40 repeat-containing protein WDR-23 is a key negative regulator of SKN-1 activity. We previously found that the oxidative stress induced by excess iodide can be relieved by loss of function in the BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 dual oxidase complex. To further understand the molecular mechanism of this process, we screened for new mutants that can survive in excess iodide and identified gain-of-function mutations in skn-1 and loss-of-function mutations in wdr-23 The SKN-1C isoform functions in the hypodermis to affect animal's response to excess iodide, while the SKN-1A isoform appears to play a minor role. wdr-23(lf) can interact with bli-3 mutations in a manner different from skn-1(gf) Transcriptome studies suggest that excess iodide causes developmental arrest largely independent of changes in gene expression, and wdr-23(lf) could affect the expression of a subset of genes by a mechanism different from SKN-1 activation. We propose that WDR-23 and SKN-1 coordinate with the BLI-3/TSP-15/DOXA-1 dual oxidase complex in response to iodide-triggered oxidative stress.
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Li XN, Ma LY, Ji H, Qin YH, Jin SS, Xu LX. Resveratrol protects against oxidative stress by activating the Keap-1/Nrf2 antioxidant defense system in obese-asthmatic rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4339-4348. [PMID: 30542383 PMCID: PMC6257826 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the anti-obesity-asthmatic effects of resveratrol (RSV) in a rat model of obese-asthma. Rat models of obesity and asthma were established using a high-fat diet and the administration of ovalbumin, respectively. Rats were divided into 7 different groups: A normal control, a normal obese, a normal asthma, a normal obese + asthma, a RSV obese, a RSV asthma and a RSV obese + asthma group. Body weight, Lee index, body fat and lung histopathological changes were evaluated. Serum lipid levels were evaluated using calorimetric methods. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cellular antioxidant enzyme activities were measured using commercial kits. Levels of kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was examined using western blot analysis. The results indicated that obese and asthma rat models were successfully established. It was also demonstrated that RSV decreased fasting blood glucose in obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats. RSV altered serum lipid levels; it significantly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and significantly decreased serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein levels, compared with untreated obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats (P<0.05). ROS levels were significantly decreased in the RSV treatment group compared with obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats (P<0.05). RSV treatment significantly increased catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase levels compared with untreated obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats (P<0.05). Furthermore, RSV treatment significantly downregulated Keap-1 and upregulated Nrf2 levels in the heart, lung and kidney tissues of rats compared with untreated controls. Therefore, the results demonstrate that RSV protects against oxidative stress by activating the Keap-1/Nrf2 antioxidant defense system in obese-asthmatic rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Yi Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Hua Qin
- Department of Parasitology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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12
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Ziros PG, Habeos IG, Chartoumpekis DV, Ntalampyra E, Somm E, Renaud CO, Bongiovanni M, Trougakos IP, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Santisteban P, Carrasco N, Ris-Stalpers C, Amendola E, Liao XH, Rossich L, Thomasz L, Juvenal GJ, Refetoff S, Sykiotis GP. NFE2-Related Transcription Factor 2 Coordinates Antioxidant Defense with Thyroglobulin Production and Iodination in the Thyroid Gland. Thyroid 2018; 28:780-798. [PMID: 29742982 PMCID: PMC5994681 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid gland has a special relationship with oxidative stress. While generation of oxidative substances is part of normal iodide metabolism during thyroid hormone synthesis, the gland must also defend itself against excessive oxidation in order to maintain normal function. Antioxidant and detoxification enzymes aid thyroid cells to maintain homeostasis by ameliorating oxidative insults, including during exposure to excess iodide, but the factors that coordinate their expression with the cellular redox status are not known. The antioxidant response system comprising the ubiquitously expressed NFE2-related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) and its redox-sensitive cytoplasmic inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) defends tissues against oxidative stress, thereby protecting against pathologies that relate to DNA, protein, and/or lipid oxidative damage. Thus, it was hypothesized that Nrf2 should also have important roles in maintaining thyroid homeostasis. METHODS Ubiquitous and thyroid-specific male C57BL6J Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-KO) mice were studied. Plasma and thyroids were harvested for evaluation of thyroid function tests by radioimmunoassays and of gene and protein expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Nrf2-KO and Keap1-KO clones of the PCCL3 rat thyroid follicular cell line were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and were used for gene and protein expression studies. Software-predicted Nrf2 binding sites on the thyroglobulin enhancer were validated by site-directed in vitro mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The study shows that Nrf2 mediates antioxidant transcriptional responses in thyroid cells and protects the thyroid from oxidation induced by iodide overload. Surprisingly, it was also found that Nrf2 has a dramatic impact on both the basal abundance and the thyrotropin-inducible intrathyroidal abundance of thyroglobulin (Tg), the precursor protein of thyroid hormones. This effect is mediated by cell-autonomous regulation of Tg gene expression by Nrf2 via its direct binding to two evolutionarily conserved antioxidant response elements in an upstream enhancer. Yet, despite upregulating Tg levels, Nrf2 limits Tg iodination both under basal conditions and in response to excess iodide. CONCLUSIONS Nrf2 exerts pleiotropic roles in the thyroid gland to couple cell stress defense mechanisms to iodide metabolism and the thyroid hormone synthesis machinery, both under basal conditions and in response to excess iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos G. Ziros
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis G. Habeos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Ntalampyra
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cédric O. Renaud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Bongiovanni
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Thomas W. Kensler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERONC (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nancy Carrasco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carrie Ris-Stalpers
- Women's and Children's Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Amendola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luciano Rossich
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lisa Thomasz
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo J. Juvenal
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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