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Deng F, Jia F, Sun Y, Zhang L, Han J, Li D, Yang Q, Hou R, Jiang W. Predictive value of the serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for culprit plaques in patients with acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 38481127 PMCID: PMC10935860 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperuricemia and low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are both risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). The uric acid to HDL-C ratio (UHR) has recently been identified as a new inflammatory and metabolic biomarker. However, the relationship between the UHR and coronary culprit plaques has not been fully investigated in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS A total of 346 patients with ACS were enrolled in this study. Culprit lesion characteristics were assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Logistic regression and linear correlation analyses were performed to assess the association between the UHR and culprit plaques. The predictive value of the UHR was investigated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS The percentages of typical culprit plaques, including ruptures, erosions and thrombi, were greater in the high-UHR subgroup than those in the low-UHR subgroup. A positive relationship was also found between the UHR and diameter stenosis (r = 0.160, P = 0.003) and between the UHR and area stenosis (r = 0.145, P = 0.007). The UHR was found to be independently associated with plaque rupture, erosion and thrombus. Furthermore, ROC analysis suggested that the UHR had a better predictive value than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS An elevated UHR level was independently related to the occurrence rate of culprit plaques. The UHR is a simple and easily acquired parameter for detecting culprit plaques in patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxue Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rongrong Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
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Vreju AF, Pârvănescu CD, Turcu-Ştiolică A, Dinescu ŞC, Firulescu SC, Bărbulescu AL, Chisălău AB, Ionescu RA, Popoviciu HV, Gofiţă CE, Dumitraşcu RM, Ene CG, Gherghina FL, Ciurea PL, Avram C. Time to redefine hyperuricemia? The serum uric acid cut-off level for precipitation might be lower: a pilot study. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2023; 64:543-548. [PMID: 38184835 PMCID: PMC10863690 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.64.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperuricemia is classically defined as serum uric acid (SUA) value higher than 6.8 mg∕dL; between hyperuricemic patients, only 15-20% will develop gout. Our first goal was to find if there is a specificity of the "snowstorm" feature on ultrasound (US) for hyperuricemia. Moreover, we aimed to determine if there is a level of SUA from which the urates tend to appear in the synovial fluid, without generating a typical clinical gouty flare. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, transverse study, including 108 consecutive patients that displayed a set of clinical and imaging features, such as swollen knee and US proof for knee joint effusion. RESULTS Performing binary logistic regression, the relation between the explanatory variable (hyperechogenic spots) and the response variable (SUA) was demonstrated to be a significant one (p=0.005). The value of 0.397 for the statistical phi coefficient suggests a medium intensity association between the diagnosis of gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia and whether the patients have hyperechogenic spots or not. We found the cut-off value for SUA equal to 4.815 mg∕dL, regardless of gender, from which, the urate starts to precipitate. Values for men tend to be higher in comparison to the ones found for women (4.95 mg∕dL vs. 3.9 mg∕dL). CONCLUSIONS The "snowstorm" aspect of the fluid might be the result of an increased level of SUA and more than this, the cut-off level for SUA to precipitate might be lower than the fore used values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adina Turcu-Ştiolică
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | - Răzvan Adrian Ionescu
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horaţiu Valeriu Popoviciu
- Department of Rheumatology, Balneophysiokinetotherapy and Medical Rehabilitation, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulina Lucia Ciurea
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Claudiu Avram
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Medicine and Rheumatology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
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Zhang WZ. Uric acid en route to gout. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 116:209-275. [PMID: 37852720 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Gout and hyperuricemia (HU) have generated immense attention due to increased prevalence. Gout is a multifactorial metabolic and inflammatory disease that occurs when increased uric acid (UA) induce HU resulting in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition in joints. However, gout pathogenesis does not always involve these events and HU does not always cause a gout flare. Treatment with UA-lowering therapeutics may not prevent or reduce the incidence of gout flare or gout-associated comorbidities. UA exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammation functions in gout pathogenesis. HU and gout share mechanistic and metabolic connections at a systematic level, as shown by studies on associated comorbidities. Recent studies on the interplay between UA, HU, MSU and gout as well as the development of HU and gout in association with metabolic syndromes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular diseases are discussed. This review examines current and potential therapeutic regimens and illuminates the journey from disrupted UA to gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zheng Zhang
- VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Zhang S, Liu X, Song B, Yu H, Zhang X, Shao Y. Impact of serum uric acid levels on the clinical prognosis and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome and hypertension after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052031. [PMID: 35022171 PMCID: PMC8756275 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of serum uric acid (sUA) levels on the clinical prognosis and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and hypertension after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not fully clear. This study aimed to assess the association among sUA levels, clinical prognosis and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with ACS and hypertension after PCI. DESIGN In this prospective cohort study, we followed-up patients with ACS and hypertension after PCI for 1 year to explore the risk factors for 1 year total major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and multivessel coronary artery disease, the dose-effect relationship among sUA levels, MACEs and severity of coronary artery disease and correlation between sUA levels and severity of coronary artery disease (Gensini score). SETTING/PATIENTS Several Chinese internists followed-up 422 patients who were diagnosed with ACS and hypertension after PCI in a large tertiary hospital of Qingdao during the period from 1 June 2019 to 1 December 2019. OUTCOME MEASURES One-year follow-up MACEs results and coronary angiography results. RESULTS In the coronary angiography results, multivessel coronary artery disease (28.5% vs 21.4%, p=0.006) and non-culprit lesion vascular occlusion (11.7% vs 5.3%, p=0.042) were more common in the hyperuricaemia group, and the Gensini score (26.69±13.46 vs 17.66±10.57, p<0.001) was also higher. In the results of 1-year MACEs, the incidence of all-cause mortality (3.5% vs 2.5%, p=0.037), PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting therapy due to myocardial infarction or angina pectoris (15.1% vs 7.6%, p=0.027), medication conservative therapy in hospital due to myocardial infarction or angina pectoris (12.9% vs 6.7%, p=0.041) and total MACEs (31.8% vs 16.9%, p=0.001) were higher in patients with hyperuricaemia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis models showed that hyperuricaemia was still an independent risk factor for total MACEs within 1 year (OR=2.618, 95% CI 1.656 to 4.139, p<0.001; OR=1.920, 95% CI 1.158 to 3.183, p=0.011, respectively) and multivessel coronary artery disease (OR=2.140, 95% CI 1.371 to 3.342, p=0.001; OR=1.688, 95% CI 1.051 to 2.710, p=0.030, respectively) after adjusting for confounding factors. The severity of coronary artery disease (non-culprit lesion vascular occlusion (4.7% vs 8.4% vs 9.6% vs 16.2%, p=0.041); multivessel coronary artery disease (17.9% vs 22.4% vs 29.8% vs 35.2%, p=0.022); Gensini score (16.96±10.35 vs 19.31±10.63 vs 26.12±11.48 vs 33.33±14.01, p<0.001)) and the incidence of total MACEs (13.2% vs 14.2% vs 34.6% vs 41%, p<0.001) increased significantly with the sUA levels increasing. Further, the Gensini score was positively correlated with uric acid levels (r=0.515, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hyperuricaemia is an independent risk factor for 1-year total MACEs and multivessel coronary artery disease in patients with ACS and hypertension after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, shandong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, shandong, China
| | - Bingxue Song
- Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, shandong, China
| | - Haichu Yu
- Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, shandong, China
- Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, qingdao, shandong, china
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Cardiology, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital,Tongji University, qingdao, shandong, china
| | - Yanming Shao
- Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, shandong, China
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Should we be more aware of gender aspects in hyperuricemia? Analysis of the population-based German health interview and examination survey for adults (DEGS1). Maturitas 2021; 153:33-40. [PMID: 34654526 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While gout is a well-known entity, little research has been conducted on its pathophysiology. There is growing evidence that women with hyperuricemia are at higher cardiovascular risk than men with hyperuricemia. We aim to evaluate whether gender-specific cut-offs should be considered. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study (the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults; DEGS1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported gout or hyperuricemia and uric acid level. RESULTS Of 6,918 participants (mean age 47.2 years; 50.5% females), 9.7% had had a diagnosis of hyperuricemia or gout at least once in their lifetime. Men were nearly twice as often affected as women (12.9 vs. 6.5%). In women, the prevalence of cardiovascular and renal diseases increased with higher uric acid level to a much greater extent than in men. This association remained in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS No commonly accepted cut-off value for uric acid has been established. Overall, women were at lower risk of hyperuricemia. However, women were at higher risk of having cardiovascular and renal comorbidities, even at lower uric acid levels. Our results are in line with the accumulating evidence that we should consider gender in gout and hyperuricemia.
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Jiao Z, Chen Y, Xie Y, Li Y, Li Z. Metformin protects against insulin resistance induced by high uric acid in cardiomyocytes via AMPK signalling pathways in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6733-6745. [PMID: 34053175 PMCID: PMC8278091 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High uric acid (HUA) is associated with insulin resistance (IR) in cardiomyocytes. We investigated whether metformin protects against HUA-induced IR in cardiomyocytes. We exposed primary cardiomyocytes to HUA, and cellular glucose uptake was quantified by measuring the uptake of 2-NBDG, a fluorescent glucose analog. Western blot was used to examine the levels of signalling protein. Membrane of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) was analysed by immunofluorescence. We monitored the impact of metformin on HUA-induced IR and in myocardial tissue of an acute hyperuricaemia mouse model established by potassium oxonate treatment. Treatment with metformin protected against HUA-reduced glucose uptake induced by insulin in cardiomyocytes. HUA directly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and the translocation of GLUT4 induced by insulin, which was blocked by metformin. Metformin promoted phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and restored the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in HUA-induced IR cardiomyocytes. As a result of these effects, in a mouse model of acute hyperuricaemia, metformin improved insulin tolerance and glucose tolerance, accompanied by increased AMPK phosphorylation, Akt phosphorylation and translocation of GLUT4 in myocardial tissues. As expected, AICAR, another AMPK activator, had similar effects to metformin, demonstrating the important role of AMPK activation in protecting against IR induced by HUA in cardiomyocytes. Metformin protects against IR induced by HUA in cardiomyocytes and improves insulin tolerance and glucose tolerance in an acute hyperuricaemic mouse model, along with the activation of AMPK. Consequently, metformin may be an important potential new treatment strategy for hyperuricaemia-related cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Jiao
- Department of CardiologyBeijing Chaoyang HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of CardiologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, GuangdongChina
| | - Yingqun Chen
- Department of CardiologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, GuangdongChina
- Department of Intensive Care UnitPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of CardiologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, GuangdongChina
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of CardiologyBeijing Chaoyang HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of CardiologyBeijing You An HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of CardiologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, GuangdongChina
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Zhang WZ. Why Does Hyperuricemia Not Necessarily Induce Gout? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020280. [PMID: 33672821 PMCID: PMC7918342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for gout. It has been well observed that a large proportion of individuals with hyperuricemia have never had a gout flare(s), while some patients with gout can have a normuricemia. This raises a puzzle of the real role of serum uric acid (SUA) in the occurrence of gout flares. As the molecule of uric acid has its dual effects in vivo with antioxidant properties as well as being an inflammatory promoter, it has been placed in a delicate position in balancing metabolisms. Gout seems to be a multifactorial metabolic disease and its pathogenesis should not rely solely on hyperuricemia or monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. This critical review aims to unfold the mechanisms of the SUA role participating in gout development. It also discusses some key elements which are prerequisites for the formation of gout in association with the current therapeutic regime. The compilation should be helpful in precisely fighting for a cure of gout clinically and pharmaceutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zheng Zhang
- VIDRL and The Peter Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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Mozzini C, Girelli D, Setti A, Croce J, Stefanoni F, Castagna A, Pizzolo F, Friso S, Olivieri O, Martinelli N. Serum Uric Acid Levels, but Not rs7442295 Polymorphism of SCL2A9 Gene, Predict Mortality in Clinically Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 46:100798. [PMID: 33540324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum uric acid (SUA) has been associated with cardiovascular disease, but up to now whether SUA is an independent cardiovascular risk factor or merely a disease-related epiphenomenon remains still controversial. within the framework of the Verona Heart Study, we prospectively followed 703 subjects with angiographically demonstrated and clinically stable coronary artery disease between May 1996 and March 2007. At baseline, SUA levels were measured in all the patients. Genotype data of SCL2A9 rs7442295 polymorphism, which has been associated with SUA by genome-wide association studies, were available for 686 subjects (97.6%). After a median follow-up of 57 months, 116 patients (16.5%) had died, 83 (11.8%) because of cardiovascular causes. Patients with hyperuricemia, defined by SUA levels above the 75th percentile (≥0.41 mmol/L), had an increased total and cardiovascular mortality rate than those with SUA below this threshold level (23.3% vs 14.1%, P = 0.048 and 19.4% vs 9.2%, P = 0.001, respectively, by Kaplan-Meier with Log-Rank test). These associations were confirmed by Cox regression after adjustment for sex, age, other predictors of mortality, coronary revascularization, and drug therapies at discharge (hazard ratio for total mortality 1.87 [1.05-3.34], P = 0.033; hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality 2.09 [1.03-4.25], P = 0.041). Although associated with SUA levels, rs7442295 polymorphism did not predict total or cardiovascular mortality. our data support that SUA may be a prognostic cardiovascular biomarker, predicting total and cardiovascular mortality in the setting of secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. On the other hand, SCL2A9 gene polymorphism, notwithstanding a clear influence on SUA levels, was not associated with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mozzini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Domenico Girelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Setti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jacopo Croce
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Stefanoni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annalisa Castagna
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Pizzolo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simonetta Friso
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Oliviero Olivieri
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Maloberti A, Qualliu E, Occhi L, Sun J, Grasso E, Tognola C, Tavecchia G, Cartella I, Milani M, Vallerio P, Signorini S, Brambilla P, Casati M, Bombelli M, Grassi G, Giannattasio C. Hyperuricemia prevalence in healthy subjects and its relationship with cardiovascular target organ damage. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:178-185. [PMID: 32994122 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Heterogeneous results have been obtained in the relationship between Uric Acid (UA) and Target Organ Damage (TOD). In the present study we sought to assess the prevalence of hyperuricemia in healthy subjects as well as the role of UA in determining TOD. We evaluated vascular, cardiac and renal TODs in the whole population as well as sub-grouped by gender. METHODS AND RESULTS As many as 379 blood donors participated at the present analysis. TOD was evaluated as Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI) and carotid Intima-Media Thickness (IMT). Hyperuricemia was defined with the classic cut-off (>7.0 in men and >6.0 mg/dL in women) but also with a most recently defined one (5.6 mg/dL for both sex). Hyperuricemia was present in 6.3% of the whole population (7.3% males, 2.8% females) considering the classic cut-off, while, with the recently identified one, it was present in 28.2% of the whole population (37.3% males, 4.7% females). Despite all the evaluated TODs significantly correlated with UA, linear multivariate regression analysis showed that none of them, except for GFR, displayed UA as a significant covariate. Similar figures were found also when both correlation and linear regression analyses were repeated in the two genders separately. CONCLUSIONS Hyperuricemia is an important problem also in healthy subjects and its prevalence could further increase if lower cut-off will be used. In this specific population UA is significantly associated with renal impairment while this was not the case for cardiac and vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Maloberti
- Cardiology IV, "A. De Gasperis" Department, ASTT GOM Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Lucia Occhi
- Cardiology IV, "A. De Gasperis" Department, ASTT GOM Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Jinwei Sun
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Casati
- Laboratory Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Italy
| | - Michele Bombelli
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Clinica Medica, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Guido Grassi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Clinica Medica, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Giannattasio
- Cardiology IV, "A. De Gasperis" Department, ASTT GOM Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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