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Liz Belli Cassa Domingues E, Gonçalves-Santos E, Santana Caldas I, Vilela Gonçalves R, Caetano-da-Silva JE, Cardoso Santos E, Mól Pelinsari S, Figueiredo Diniz L, Dias Novaes R. Identification of host antioxidant effectors as thioridazine targets: Impact on cardiomyocytes infection and Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167264. [PMID: 38806073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazines inhibit antioxidant enzymes in trypanosomatids. However, potential interferences with host cell antioxidant defenses are central concerns in using these drugs to treat Trypanosoma cruzi-induced infectious myocarditis. Thus, the interaction of thioridazine (TDZ) with T. cruzi and cardiomyocytes antioxidant enzymes, and its impact on cardiomyocytes and cardiac infection was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cardiomyocytes and trypomastigotes in culture, and mice treated with TDZ and benznidazole (Bz, reference antiparasitic drug) were submitted to microstructural, biochemical and molecular analyses. TDZ was more cytotoxic and less selective against T. cruzi than Bz in vitro. TDZ-pretreated cardiomyocytes developed increased infection rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid and protein oxidation; similar catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced glutathione's (peroxidase - GPx, S-transferase - GST, and reductase - GR) activity than infected untreated cells. TDZ attenuated trypanothione reductase activity in T. cruzi, and protein antioxidant capacity in cardiomyocytes, making these cells more susceptible to H2O2-based oxidative challenge. In vivo, TDZ potentiated heart parasitism, total ROS production, myocarditis, lipid and protein oxidation; as well as reduced GPx, GR, and GST activities compared to untreated mice. Benznidazole decreased heart parasitism, total ROS production, heart inflammation, lipid and protein oxidation in T. cruzi-infected mice. Our findings indicate that TDZ simultaneously interact with enzymatic antioxidant targets in cardiomyocytes and T. cruzi, potentiating the infection by inducing antioxidant fragility and increasing cardiomyocytes and heart susceptibility to parasitism, inflammation and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Liz Belli Cassa Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Edson Caetano-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária Cardoso Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvania Mól Pelinsari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Figueiredo Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Caetano-da-Silva JE, Gonçalves-Santos E, Domingues ELBC, Caldas IS, Lima GDA, Diniz LF, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. The mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol modulates inflammatory and oxidative responses in Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis in mice. Cardiovasc Pathol 2024:107653. [PMID: 38740356 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
By uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) attenuates reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis, which are known to aggravate infectious myocarditis in Chagas disease. Thus, the impact of DNP-based chemotherapy on Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis was investigated. C56BL/6 mice uninfected and infected untreated and treated daily with 100 mg/kg benznidazole (Bz, reference drug), 5 and 10 mg/kg DNP by gavage for 11 days after confirmation of T. cruzi infection were investigated. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, the animals were euthanized and the heart was collected for microstructural, immunological and biochemical analyses. T. cruzi inoculation induced systemic inflammation (e.g., cytokines and anti-T. cruzi IgG upregulation), cardiac infection (T. cruzi DNA), oxidative stress, inflammatory infiltrate and microstructural myocardial damage in untreated mice. DNP treatment aggravated heart infection and microstructural damage, which were markedly attenuated by Bz. DNP (10 mg/kg) was also effective in attenuating ROS (total ROS, H2O2 and O2-), nitric oxide (NO), lipid (malondialdehyde - MDA) and protein (protein carbonyl - PCn) oxidation, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-10, and MCP-1/CCL2, anti-T. cruzi IgG, cardiac troponin I levels, as well as inflammatory infiltrate and cardiac damage in T. cruzi-infected mice. Our findings indicate that DNP aggravated heart infection and microstructural cardiomyocytes damage in infected mice. These responses were related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of DNP, which favors infection by weakening the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory protective mechanisms of the infected host. Conversely, Bz-induced cardioprotective effects combined effective anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic responses, which protect against heart infection, oxidative stress and microstructural damage in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Edson Caetano-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil;.
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisa L B C Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil;; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Graziela D A Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil;; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia F Diniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil;; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil;; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil;; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil;; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ribeiro Franco PI, do Carmo Neto JR, Guerra RO, Ferreira da Silva PE, Braga YLL, Nunes Celes MR, de Menezes LB, Miguel MP, Machado JR. Melatonin: A look at protozoal and helminths. Biochimie 2024; 219:96-109. [PMID: 37541568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic neurohormone found in different animal, plant, and microorganism species. It is a product resulting from tryptophan metabolism in the pineal gland and is widely known for its ability to synchronize the circadian rhythm to antitumor functions in different types of cancers. The molecular mechanisms responsible for its immunomodulatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective effects involve binding to high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors and interactions with intracellular targets that modulate signal transduction pathways. In vitro and in vivo studies have reported the therapeutic potential of melatonin in different infectious and parasitic diseases. In this review, the protective and pathophysiological roles of melatonin in fighting protozoan and helminth infections and the possible mechanisms involved against these stressors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Igor Ribeiro Franco
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rhanoica Oliveira Guerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Escola de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Elias Ferreira da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mara Rúbia Nunes Celes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Liliana Borges de Menezes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Setor de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marina Pacheco Miguel
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Setor de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Nogueira SS, Souza MA, Santos EC, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. Oxidative stress, cardiomyocytes senescence and contractile dysfunction in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2023:106950. [PMID: 37211152 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between redox imbalance and cardiovascular senescence in infectious myocarditis is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether cardiomyocytes parasitism, oxidative stress and contractile dysfunction can be correlated to senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity in Trypanosoma cruzi-infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Uninfected, T. cruzi-infected untreated and benznidazole (BZN)-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes and rats were investigated. Parasitological, prooxidant, antioxidant, microstructural, and senescence-associated markers were quantified in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS T. cruzi infection triggered intense cardiomyocytes parasitism in vitro and in vivo, which was accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) upregulation, lipids, proteins and DNA oxidation in cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue. Oxidative stress was parallel to microstructural cell damage (e.g., increased cardiac toponin I levels) and contractile dysfunction in cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo, whose severity accompanied a premature cellular senescence-like phenotype revealed by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity and DNA oxidation (8-OHdG). Cellular parasitism (e.g., infection rate and parasite load), myocarditis and T. cruzi-induced prooxidant responses were attenuated by early BZN administration to interrupt the progression of T. cruzi infection, protecting against SA-β-gal-based premature cellular senescence, microstructural damage and contractile deterioration in cardiomyocytes from T. cruzi-infected animals. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that cell parasitism, redox imbalance and contractile dysfunction were correlated to SA-β-Gal-based cardiomyocytes premature senescence in acute T. cruzi infection. Therefore, in addition to controlling parasitism, inflammation and oxidative stress; inhibiting cardiomyocytes premature senescence should be further investigated as an additional target of specific Chagas disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Santana Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas Gerais, Pouso Alegre, 37560-250, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Augusto Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária Cardoso Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil, 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Galli GM, Strapazzon JV, Marchiori MS, Molosse VL, Deolindo GL, Fracasso M, Copetti PM, Morsch VM, Baldissera MD, Mendes RE, Boiago MM, da Silva AS. Addition of a Blend Based on Zinc Chloride and Lignans of Magnolia in the Diet of Broilers to Substitute for a Conventional Antibiotic: Effects on Intestinal Health, Meat Quality, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233249. [PMID: 36496770 PMCID: PMC9740953 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether adding a blend based on zinc chloride and lignans from magnolia to the diet of broilers could replace conventional performance enhancers. For this study, 360 chickens were divided into four groups, with six repetitions per group (n = 15), as follows: CN, without promoter; GPC, control, 50 mg/kg of enramycin growth promoter; T-50, additive blend at a dose of 50 g/ton; and T-100, additive blend at a dose of 100 g/ton. Chickens fed with the additive blend at 50 g/ton showed a production efficiency index equal to that in the GPC group (p < 0.05). At 42 days, the lowest total bacterial count (TBC) was found in the T-100 group, followed by that in the GPC group (p < 0.001). For E. coli, the lowest count was observed in the T-100 group, followed by that in the CP and T-50 groups (p < 0.001). Higher villus/crypt ratios were observed in birds belonging to the T-100 and T-50 groups than in the GPC and NC groups (p < 0.001). Greater water retention was found in the T-50 group than in NC and T-100 groups (p < 0.048). The lowest water loss during cooking was also noted in the T-50 group (p < 0.033). We concluded that adding the antimicrobial blend, primarily at 50 g/ton, maintains the efficiency of the index of production and improves the intestinal health and meat quality of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Galli
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - João V. Strapazzon
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Maiara S. Marchiori
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Vitor L. Molosse
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L. Deolindo
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Mateus Fracasso
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, n 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscila M. Copetti
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, n 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera M. Morsch
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, n 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus D. Baldissera
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, n 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E. Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Rodovia SC 283—km 17, Concordia 89703-720, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcel M. Boiago
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S. da Silva
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beloni Trombeta Zanini, n 680-E, Santo Antonio 89815-630, SC, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-49-20499560
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In Vitro Mechanism of Action of Acanthospermum hispidum in Trypanosoma brucei. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:1645653. [PMID: 36304140 PMCID: PMC9596247 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1645653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease with significant health and economic concerns in sub-Saharan Africa. In the absence of vaccines for African trypanosomiasis, there is a consideration for alternative sources of chemotherapy. Acanthospermum hispidum DC (A. hispidum) is a herbal species of the Asteraceae family that is endowed with rich phytochemicals with unknown mechanisms of antitrypanosomal effects. This study aimed to investigate the cellular mechanisms of antitrypanosomal and antioxidant activities of A. hispidum against Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), a causative protozoan species of African trypanosomiasis. Fractions were prepared from the whole plant of A. hispidum through solvent partitioning by employing solvents of varying polarities (hexane, HEX; dichloromethane, DCM; ethyl acetate, EA; aqueous, AQ). The in vitro efficacies and mechanisms of antitrypanosomal activities of A. hispidum were investigated using a panel of cell biological approaches. GC-MS analysis was used to identify the major compounds with a possible contribution to the trypanocidal effects of A. hispidum. A. hispidum fractions displayed significant antitrypanosomal activities in terms of half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) and selectivity indices (SI) (AH-HEX, EC50 = 2.4 μg/mL, SI = 35.1; AH-DCM, EC50 = 2.2 μg/mL, SI = 38.3; AH-EA, EC50 = 1.0 μg/mL, SI = 92.8; AH-AQ, EC50 = 2.0 μg/mL, SI = 43.8). Fluorescence microscopic analysis showed that at their EC50 values, the fractions of A. hispidum altered the cell morphology as well as the organization of the mitochondria, nucleus, and kinetoplast in T. brucei. At their maximum tested concentrations, the prepared fractions exhibited antioxidant absorbance intensities comparable to the reference antioxidant, Trolox, in contrast to the oxidant intensity of an animal antitrypanosomal drug, diminazene (Trolox, 0.11 A; diminazene, 0.65 A; AH-HEX, 0.20 A, AH-DCM, 0.20 A, AH-EA, 0.13 A, AH-AQ, 0.22 A). GC-MS analysis of the various fractions identified major compounds assignable to the group of alkaloids and esters or amides of aliphatic acids. The results provide useful pharmacological insights into the chemotherapeutic potential of A. hispidum toward drug discovery for African trypanosomiasis.
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Choudhuri S, Garg NJ. Platelets, Macrophages, and Thromboinflammation in Chagas Disease. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5689-5706. [PMID: 36217453 PMCID: PMC9547606 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s380896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a major health problem in the Americas and an emerging health problem in Europe and other nonendemic countries. Several studies have documented persistence of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and oxidative and inflammatory stress are major pathogenic factor. Mural and cardiac thrombi, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy are major clinical features of CD. During T. cruzi infection, parasite-released factors induce endothelial dysfunction along with platelet (PLT) and immune-cell activation. PLTs have a fundamental role in maintaining hemostasis and preventing bleeding after vascular injury. Excessive activation of PLTs and coagulation cascade can result in thrombosis and thromboembolic events, which are recognized to occur in seropositive individuals in early stages of CD when clinically symptomatic heart disease is not apparent. Several host and parasite factors have been identified to signal hypercoagulability and increase the risk of ischemic stroke in early phases of CD. Further, PLT interaction with immune cells and their role in host defense against pathogens and inflammatory processes have only recently been recognized and evolving. In the context of parasitic diseases, PLTs function in directly responding to T. cruzi infection, and PLT interactions with immune cells in shaping the proinflammatory or immunoregulatory function of monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils remains elusive. How T. cruzi infection alters systemic microenvironment conditions to influence PLT and immune-cell interactions is not understood. In this review, we discuss the current literature, and extrapolate the mechanistic situations to explain how PLT and innate immune cell (especially monocytes and macrophages) interactions might be sustaining hypercoagulability and thromboinflammation in chronic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nisha J Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Rodriguez ME, Tekiel V, Campo VA. In vitro evaluation of Resveratrol as a potential pre-exposure prophylactic drug against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:54-64. [PMID: 36099853 PMCID: PMC9474288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease or American trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, is an endemic disease in Latin America, which has spread worldwide in the past years. The drugs presently used for treatment have shown limited efficacy due to the appearance of resistant parasites and severe side effects. Some of the most recent studies on anti-parasitic drugs have been focused on protein acetylation, a reversible reaction modulated by Acetyl Transferases (KATs) and Deacetylases (KDACs). We have previously reported the anti-parasite activity of resveratrol (RSV), an activator of KDACs type III (or sirtuins), and showed that this drug can reduce the growth of T. cruzi epimastigotes and the infectivity of trypomastigotes. Since RSV is now widely used in humans due to its beneficial effects as an antioxidant, it has become an attractive candidate as a repurposing drug. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of this drug to protect three different types of host cells from parasite infection. RSV treatment before parasite infection reduced the percentage of infected cells by 50-70% depending on the cell type. Although the mammalian cell lines tested showed different sensitivity to RSV, apoptosis was not significantly affected, showing that RSV was able to protect cells from infection without the activation of this process. Since autophagy has been described as a key process in parasite invasion, we also monitored this process on host cells pretreated with RSV. The results showed that, at the concentrations and incubation times tested, autophagy was not induced in any of the cell types evaluated. Our results show a partial protective effect of RSV in vitro, which justifies extending studies to an in vivo model to elucidate the mechanism by which this effect occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanina A. Campo
- Corresponding author. IIB: Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Quintero-Pertuz H, Veas-Albornoz R, Carrillo I, González-Herrera F, Lapier M, Carbonó-Delahoz E, Del Olmo E, Feliciano AS, Kemmerling U, Olea-Azar C, Delporte C, Maya JD. Trypanocidal effect of alcoholic extract of Castanedia santamartensis (Asteraceae) leaves is based on altered mitochondrial function. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112761. [PMID: 35240521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The deficit of effective treatments for Chagas disease has led to searching for new substances with therapeutic potential. Natural products possess a wide variety of chemical structural motifs and are thus a valuable source of diverse lead compounds for the development of new drugs. Castanedia santamartensis is endemic to Colombia, and local indigenous communities often use it to treat skin sores from leishmaniasis; however, its mechanism of action against the infective form of Trypanosoma cruzi has not been determined. Thus, we performed chemical and biological studies of two alcoholic leaf extracts of C. santamartensis to identify their active fractions and relate them to a trypanocidal effect and evaluate their mechanism of action. Alcoholic extracts were obtained through cold maceration at room temperature and fractionated using classical column chromatography. Both ethanolic and methanolic extracts displayed activity against T. cruzi. Chemical studies revealed that kaurenoic acid was the major component of one fraction of the methanolic extract and two fractions of the ethanolic extract of C. santamartensis leaves. Moreover, caryophyllene oxide, kaurenol, taraxasterol acetate, pentadecanone, and methyl and ethyl esters of palmitate, as well as a group of phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, quercitrin, and cryptochlorogenic acid were identified in the most active fractions. Kaurenoic acid and the most active fractions CS400 and CS402 collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential in trypomastigotes, demonstrating for the first time the likely mechanism against T. cruzi, probably due to interactions with other components of the fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Quintero-Pertuz
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Ruben Veas-Albornoz
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Eduino Carbonó-Delahoz
- Herbario UTMC, Carrera 32 No. 22-08 Santa Marta D.T.C.H, Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Área de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arturo San Feliciano
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Área de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, UNIVALI, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Carla Delporte
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile.
| | - Juan D Maya
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile; Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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The Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammatory Process in Chagas Disease: Role of Exosomes and Contributing Genetic Factors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:4993452. [PMID: 34976301 PMCID: PMC8718323 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4993452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the flagellated protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi that affects several million people mainly in Latin American countries. Chagas disease has two phases, which are acute and chronic, both separated by an indeterminate time period in which the infected individual is relatively asymptomatic. The acute phase extends for 40-60 days with atypical and mild symptoms; however, about 30% of the infected patients will develop a symptomatic chronic phase, which is characterized by either cardiac, digestive, neurological, or endocrine problems. Cardiomyopathy is the most important and severe result of Chagas disease, which leads to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Most deaths are due to heart failure (70%) and sudden death (30%) resulting from cardiomyopathy. During the chronic phase, T. cruzi-infected macrophages respond with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and production of superoxide and nitric oxide by the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzymes, respectively. During the chronic phase, myocardial changes are produced as a result of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and cell death. The cellular inflammatory response is mainly the result of activation of the NF-κB-dependent pathway, which activates gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, leading to progressive tissue damage. The persisting production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the result of mitochondrial dysfunction in the cardiomyocytes. In this review, we will discuss inflammation and oxidative damage which is produced in the heart during the chronic phase of Chagas disease and recent evidence on the role of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines during the acute phase and the origin of macrophages/monocytes during the chronic phase of Chagas disease. We will also discuss the contributing factors and mechanisms leading to the chronic inflammation of the cardiac tissue during the chronic phase of the disease as well as the innate and adaptive host immune response. The contribution of genetic factors to the progression of the chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy of chronic Chagas disease is also discussed. The secreted extracellular vesicles (exosomes) produced for both T. cruzi and infected host cells can play key roles in the host immune response, and those roles are described. Lastly, we describe potential treatments to attenuate the chronic inflammation of the cardiac tissue, designed to improve heart function in chagasic patients.
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1748-1752. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Nunes JPS, Andrieux P, Brochet P, Almeida RR, Kitano E, Honda AK, Iwai LK, Andrade-Silva D, Goudenège D, Alcântara Silva KD, Vieira RDS, Levy D, Bydlowski SP, Gallardo F, Torres M, Bocchi EA, Mano M, Santos RHB, Bacal F, Pomerantzeff P, Laurindo FRM, Teixeira PC, Nakaya HI, Kalil J, Procaccio V, Chevillard C, Cunha-Neto E. Co-Exposure of Cardiomyocytes to IFN-γ and TNF-α Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Nitro-Oxidative Stress: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Chronic Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:755862. [PMID: 34867992 PMCID: PMC8632642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) and can lead to arrhythmia, heart failure and death. Chagas disease affects 8 million people worldwide, and chronic production of the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α by T cells together with mitochondrial dysfunction are important players for the poor prognosis of the disease. Mitochondria occupy 40% of the cardiomyocytes volume and produce 95% of cellular ATP that sustain the life-long cycles of heart contraction. As IFN-γ and TNF-α have been described to affect mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that IFN-γ and TNF-α are involved in the myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction observed in CCC patients. In this study, we quantified markers of mitochondrial dysfunction and nitro-oxidative stress in CCC heart tissue and in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated AC-16 human cardiomyocytes. We found that CCC myocardium displayed increased levels of nitro-oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial DNA as compared with myocardial tissue from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). IFN-γ/TNF-α treatment of AC-16 cardiomyocytes induced increased nitro-oxidative stress and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). We found that the STAT1/NF-κB/NOS2 axis is involved in the IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced decrease of ΔΨm in AC-16 cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, treatment with mitochondria-sparing agonists of AMPK, NRF2 and SIRT1 rescues ΔΨm in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated cells. Proteomic and gene expression analyses revealed that IFN-γ/TNF-α-treated cells corroborate mitochondrial dysfunction, transmembrane potential of mitochondria, altered fatty acid metabolism and cardiac necrosis/cell death. Functional assays conducted on Seahorse respirometer showed that cytokine-stimulated cells display decreased glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production, dependency of fatty acid oxidation as well as increased proton leak and non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Together, our results suggest that IFN-γ and TNF-α cause direct damage to cardiomyocytes’ mitochondria by promoting oxidative and nitrosative stress and impairing energy production pathways. We hypothesize that treatment with agonists of AMPK, NRF2 and SIRT1 might be an approach to ameliorate the progression of Chagas disease cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil.,INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Andrieux
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Brochet
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Kitano
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Kenji Honda
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leo Kei Iwai
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Goudenège
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Karla Deysiree Alcântara Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Souza Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Levy
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paulo Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Gallardo
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Torres
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Edimar Alcides Bocchi
- Heart Failure Team, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Mano
- Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Fernando Bacal
- Division of Surgery, Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pomerantzeff
- Division of Surgery, Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- Translational Research Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Chevillard
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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Dofuor AK, Ademolue TS, Amisigo CM, Kyeremeh K, Gwira TM. Chemical Derivatization and Characterization of Novel Antitrypanosomals for African Trypanosomiasis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154488. [PMID: 34361641 PMCID: PMC8347361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel antitrypanosomals and the investigation into their mode of action remain crucial due to the toxicity and resistance of commercially available antitrypanosomal drugs. In this study, two novel antitrypanosomals, tortodofuordioxamide (compound 2) and tortodofuorpyramide (compound 3), were chemically derived from the natural N-alkylamide tortozanthoxylamide (compound 1) through structural modification. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed through spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis, and their in vitro efficacy and possible mechanisms of action were, subsequently, investigated in Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), one of the causative species of African trypanosomiasis (AT). The novel compounds 2 and 3 displayed significant antitrypanosomal potencies in terms of half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) and selectivity indices (SI) (compound 1, EC50 = 7.3 μM, SI = 29.5; compound 2, EC50 = 3.2 μM, SI = 91.3; compound 3, EC50 = 4.5 μM, SI = 69.9). Microscopic analysis indicated that at the EC50 values, the compounds resulted in the coiling and clumping of parasite subpopulations without significantly affecting the normal ratio of nuclei to kinetoplasts. In contrast to the animal antitrypanosomal drug diminazene, compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibited antioxidant absorbance properties comparable to the standard antioxidant Trolox (Trolox, 0.11 A; diminazene, 0.50 A; compound 1, 0.10 A; compound 2, 0.09 A; compound 3, 0.11 A). The analysis of growth kinetics suggested that the compounds exhibited a relatively gradual but consistent growth inhibition of T. brucei at different concentrations. The results suggest that further pharmacological optimization of compounds 2 and 3 may facilitate their development into novel AT chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana; (A.K.D.); (T.S.A.); (C.M.A.)
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Temitayo Samson Ademolue
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana; (A.K.D.); (T.S.A.); (C.M.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Cynthia Mmalebna Amisigo
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana; (A.K.D.); (T.S.A.); (C.M.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Kyeremeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana;
| | - Theresa Manful Gwira
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana; (A.K.D.); (T.S.A.); (C.M.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
- Correspondence:
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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Urbina F, Solari A. The Use of Antioxidants as Potential Co-Adjuvants to Treat Chronic Chagas Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071022. [PMID: 34202043 PMCID: PMC8300663 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the flagellated protozoa Trypanosome cruzi. This illness affects to almost 8–12 million people worldwide, however, is endemic to Latin American countries. It is mainly vectorially transmitted by insects of the Triatominae family, although other transmission routes also exist. T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes at the chronic stage of the disease display severe mitochondrial dysfunction and high ROS production, leading to chronic myocardial inflammation and heart failure. Under cellular stress, cells usually can launch mitochondrial biogenesis in order to restore energy loss. Key players to begin mitochondrial biogenesis are the PGC-1 (PPARγ coactivator 1) family of transcriptional coactivators, which are activated in response to several stimuli, either by deacetylation or dephosphorylation, and in turn can serve as coactivators for the NRF (nuclear respiratory factor) family of transcription factors. The NRF family of transcriptional activators, namely NRF1 and NRF2, can activate gene expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) components, mitochondrial transcriptional factor (Tfam) and nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins, leading to mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, NRF2 can activate gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in response to antioxidants, oxidants, electrophile compounds, pharmaceutical and dietary compounds in a mechanism dependent on KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1). Since a definitive cure to treat Chagas disease has not been found yet; the use of antioxidants a co-adjuvant therapy has been proposed in an effort to improve mitochondrial functions, biogenesis, and the antioxidant defenses response. Those antioxidants could activate different pathways to begin mitochondrial biogenesis and/or cytoprotective antioxidant defenses. In this review we discuss the main mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis and the NRF2-KEAP1 activation pathway. We also reviewed the antioxidants used as co-adjuvant therapy to treat experimental Chagas disease and their action mechanisms and finish with the discussion of antioxidant therapy used in Chagas disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Diego A. Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
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Lizardo K, Ayyappan JP, Oswal N, Weiss LM, Scherer PE, Nagajyothi JF. Fat tissue regulates the pathogenesis and severity of cardiomyopathy in murine chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008964. [PMID: 33826636 PMCID: PMC8055007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) caused by a parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is a life-threatening disease in Latin America, for which there is no effective drug or vaccine. The pathogenesis of CCC is complex and multifactorial. Previously, we demonstrated T. cruzi infected mice lose a significant amount of fat tissue which correlates with progression of CCC. Based on this an investigation was undertaken during both acute and chronic T. cruzi infection utilizing the FAT-ATTAC murine model (that allows modulation of fat mass) to understand the consequences of the loss of adipocytes in the regulation of cardiac parasite load, parasite persistence, inflammation, mitochondrial stress, ER stress, survival, CCC progression and CCC severity. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 5x104 and 103 trypomastigotes to generate acute and chronic Chagas models, respectively. Ablation of adipocytes was carried out in uninfected and infected mice by treatment with AP21087 for 10 days starting at 15DPI (acute infection) and at 65DPI (indeterminate infection). During acute infection, cardiac ultrasound imaging, histological, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that fat ablation increased cardiac parasite load, cardiac pathology and right ventricular dilation and decreased survival. During chronic indeterminate infection ablation of fat cells increased cardiac pathology and caused bi-ventricular dilation. These data demonstrate that dysfunctional adipose tissue not only affects cardiac metabolism but also the inflammatory status, morphology and physiology of the myocardium and increases the risk of progression and severity of CCC in murine Chagas disease. An estimated eight million individuals worldwide are chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD). Of these infected individuals, 30% will develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CD endemic regions for which there is currently no effective drug or vaccine. The molecular mechanisms underlying CCC pathogenesis, progression and severity are complex, multi-factorial and not completely understood. Earlier, it was demonstrated that T. cruzi persists in adipose tissue, alters adipocyte physiology, and causes loss of body fat mass in T. cruzi infected mice with CCC. In this study, the authors examined the role of visceral fat pad (adipose tissue) in regulating the pathogenic signalling in the development and progression of CCC using a fat mass modulatable transgenic mouse CD model. Loss of fat cells increased cardiac lipid load and deregulated cardiac lipid metabolism leading to mitochondrial oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress and severe CCC. In addition, loss of fat cells increased cardiac parasite load during acute infection and altered immune signalling in the hearts of infected mice during chronic infection. These discoveries underscore the importance of adipose tissue in the development of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Neelam Oswal
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- The Touchstone Diabetes Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Morales S, Miralles V, Solari A. Dual and Opposite Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Chagas Disease: Beneficial on the Pathogen and Harmful on the Host. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8867701. [PMID: 33376582 PMCID: PMC7746463 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8867701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease, which affects an estimate of 6-7 million people worldwide. Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which is a eukaryotic flagellate unicellular organism. At the primary infection sites, these parasites are phagocytized by macrophages, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to the infection with T. cruzi. The ROS produce damage to the host tissues; however, macrophage-produced ROS is also used as a signal for T. cruzi proliferation. At the later stages of infection, mitochondrial ROS is produced by the infected cardiomyocytes that contribute to the oxidative damage, which persists at the chronic stage of the disease. The oxidative damage leads to a functional impairment of the heart. In this review article, we will discuss the mechanisms by which T. cruzi is able to deal with the oxidative stress and how this helps the parasite growth at the acute phase of infection and how the oxidative stress affects the cardiomyopathy at the chronic stage of the Chagas disease. We will describe the mechanisms used by the parasite to deal with ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) through the trypanothione and the mechanisms used to repair the damaged DNA. Also, a description of the events produced by ROS at the acute and chronic stages of the disease is presented. Lastly, we discuss the benefits of ROS for T. cruzi growth and proliferation and the possible mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. Hypothesis is put forward to explain the molecular mechanisms by which ROS triggers parasite growth and proliferation and how ROS is able to produce a long persisting damage on cardiomyocytes even in the absence of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego A. Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Morales
- Programa Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente Miralles
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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