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Burgess V, Maya JD. Statin and aspirin use in parasitic infections as a potential therapeutic strategy: A narrative review. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:278-288. [PMID: 37019801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections, including zoonoses, constitute a threat to human health due to the spread of resistant pathogens. These diseases generate an inflammatory response controlled by a resolving mechanism involving specialized membrane lipid-derived molecules called lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins. The production of some of these molecules can be triggered by aspirin or statins. Thus, it is proposed that modulation of the host response could be a useful therapeutic strategy, contributing to the management of resistance to antiparasitic agents or preventing drift to chronic, host-damaging courses. Therefore, the present work presents the state of the art on the use of statins or aspirin for the experimental management of parasitic infections such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis or malaria. The methodology used was a narrative review covering original articles from the last seven years, 38 of which met the inclusion criteria. Based on the publications consulted, modulation of the resolution of inflammation using statins may be feasible as an adjuvant in the therapy of parasitic diseases. However, there was no strong experimental evidence on the use of aspirin; therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate its role inflammation resolution process in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Burgess
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Campos-Estrada C, Urarte E, Denegri M, Villalón L, González-Herrera F, Kemmerling U, Maya JD. Effect of statins on inflammation and cardiac function in patients with chronic Chagas disease: A protocol for pathophysiological studies in a multicenter, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept phase II trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280335. [PMID: 36638112 PMCID: PMC9838836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac complications, including heart failure and arrhythmias, are the leading causes of disability and death in Chagas disease (CD). CD, caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, afflicts 7 million people in Latin America, and its incidence is increasing in non-endemic countries due to migration. The cardiac involvement is explained by parasite-dependent, immune-mediated myocardial injury, microvascular abnormalities, and ischemia. Current treatment of early CD includes the administration of nifurtimox and benznidazole. However, their efficacy is low in the chronic phase and may induce severe adverse events, forcing therapy to halt. Therefore, finding innovative approaches to treat this life-threatening tropical disease is of utmost importance. Thus, improving the efficacy of the current antichagasic drugs by modifying the inflammatory response would render the current treatment more effective. It has been reported that, in mice, simvastatin decreases cardiac inflammation and endothelial activation, and improves cardiac function, effects that require clinical confirmation. OBJECTIVE The study aims to analyze whether two doses of Atorvastatin, administered after CD treatment is completed, are safe and more efficacious than the antiparasitic drugs alone in reducing general inflammation and improving endothelial and cardiac functions in a proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled phase II trial. METHODS 300 subjects will be recruited from four Chilean hospitals with an active Program for the Control of Chagas Disease. 40 or 80 mg/day of atorvastatin or placebo will be administered after completion of the antichagasic therapy. The patients will be followed up for 12 months. Efficacy will be determined by measuring changes in plasma levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, soluble cell adhesion molecules, BNP, and cTnT. Also, the resting 12-lead ECG and a 2D-echocardiogram will be obtained to evaluate cardiac function. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04984616.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edurne Urarte
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Occidente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisol Denegri
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Occidente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Litzi Villalón
- Servicio de Salud Viña del Mar-Quillota, Hospital Gustavo Fricke, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (JDM); (UK)
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (JDM); (UK)
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Quintero-Pertuz H, Veas-Albornoz R, Carrillo I, González-Herrera F, Lapier M, Carbonó-Delahoz E, Del Olmo E, Feliciano AS, Kemmerling U, Olea-Azar C, Delporte C, Maya JD. Trypanocidal effect of alcoholic extract of Castanedia santamartensis (Asteraceae) leaves is based on altered mitochondrial function. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112761. [PMID: 35240521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The deficit of effective treatments for Chagas disease has led to searching for new substances with therapeutic potential. Natural products possess a wide variety of chemical structural motifs and are thus a valuable source of diverse lead compounds for the development of new drugs. Castanedia santamartensis is endemic to Colombia, and local indigenous communities often use it to treat skin sores from leishmaniasis; however, its mechanism of action against the infective form of Trypanosoma cruzi has not been determined. Thus, we performed chemical and biological studies of two alcoholic leaf extracts of C. santamartensis to identify their active fractions and relate them to a trypanocidal effect and evaluate their mechanism of action. Alcoholic extracts were obtained through cold maceration at room temperature and fractionated using classical column chromatography. Both ethanolic and methanolic extracts displayed activity against T. cruzi. Chemical studies revealed that kaurenoic acid was the major component of one fraction of the methanolic extract and two fractions of the ethanolic extract of C. santamartensis leaves. Moreover, caryophyllene oxide, kaurenol, taraxasterol acetate, pentadecanone, and methyl and ethyl esters of palmitate, as well as a group of phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, quercitrin, and cryptochlorogenic acid were identified in the most active fractions. Kaurenoic acid and the most active fractions CS400 and CS402 collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential in trypomastigotes, demonstrating for the first time the likely mechanism against T. cruzi, probably due to interactions with other components of the fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Quintero-Pertuz
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Ruben Veas-Albornoz
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Eduino Carbonó-Delahoz
- Herbario UTMC, Carrera 32 No. 22-08 Santa Marta D.T.C.H, Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Área de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arturo San Feliciano
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Área de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, UNIVALI, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Carla Delporte
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile.
| | - Juan D Maya
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Chile; Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Carrillo I, Rabelo RAN, Barbosa C, Rates M, Fuentes-Retamal S, González-Herrera F, Guzmán-Rivera D, Quintero H, Kemmerling U, Castillo C, Machado FS, Díaz-Araya G, Maya JD. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 reduces parasitic cardiac load by decreasing inflammation in a murine model of early chronic Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009978. [PMID: 34784372 PMCID: PMC8631674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in Latin America and is widely distributed worldwide because of migration. In 30% of cases, after years of infection and in the absence of treatment, the disease progresses from an acute asymptomatic phase to a chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy, leading to heart failure and death. An inadequate balance in the inflammatory response is involved in the progression of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Current therapeutic strategies cannot prevent or reverse the heart damage caused by the parasite. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a pro-resolving mediator of inflammation that acts through N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). AT-RvD1 participates in the modification of cytokine production, inhibition of leukocyte recruitment and efferocytosis, macrophage switching to a nonphlogistic phenotype, and the promotion of healing, thus restoring organ function. In the present study, AT-RvD1 is proposed as a potential therapeutic agent to regulate the pro-inflammatory state during the early chronic phase of Chagas disease. Methodology/Principal findings C57BL/6 wild-type and FPR2 knock-out mice chronically infected with T. cruzi were treated for 20 days with 5 μg/kg/day AT-RvD1, 30 mg/kg/day benznidazole, or the combination of 5 μg/kg/day AT-RvD1 and 5 mg/kg/day benznidazole. At the end of treatment, changes in immune response, cardiac tissue damage, and parasite load were evaluated. The administration of AT-RvD1 in the early chronic phase of T. cruzi infection regulated the inflammatory response both at the systemic level and in the cardiac tissue, and it reduced cellular infiltrates, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and the parasite load in the heart tissue. Conclusions/Significance AT-RvD1 was shown to be an attractive therapeutic due to its regulatory effect on the inflammatory response at the cardiac level and its ability to reduce the parasite load during early chronic T. cruzi infection, thereby preventing the chronic cardiac damage induced by the parasite. Chagas disease is prevalent in Latin America and is widely distributed worldwide due to migration. In 30% of patients, if the parasite is left untreated, the disease may progress from an acute symptomless phase to chronic myocardial inflammation, which can cause heart failure and death, years after the infection. Imbalances in the inflammatory response are related to this progression. Current treatments cannot prevent or reverse the cardiac damage inflicted by the parasite. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1, also named AT-RvD1, can modify cellular and humoral inflammatory responses leading to the resolution of inflammation, thus promoting healing and restoring organ function. In this study, AT-RvD1, in an N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2)-dependent manner, was shown to regulate local and systemic inflammation and decrease cellular infiltration in the heart tissue of mice chronically infected with the parasite and reduce cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in the early stages of the chronic phase of the disease. Importantly, AT-RvD1 was able to decrease parasite load in the infected hearts. Thus, this research indicates that At-RvD1 treatment is a potential therapeutic strategy that offers an improvement on current drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rayane Aparecida Nonato Rabelo
- Programa em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical/ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - César Barbosa
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rates
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helena Quintero
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiana S. Machado
- Programa em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical/ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Departamento de Farmacología Química y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GD-A); (JDM)
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GD-A); (JDM)
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López-Lira C, Tapia RA, Herrera A, Lapier M, Maya JD, Soto-Delgado J, Oliver AG, Graham Lappin A, Uriarte E. New benzimidazolequinones as trypanosomicidal agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104823. [PMID: 33798844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the design and synthesis of new 2-phenyl(pyridinyl)benzimidazolequinones and their 5-phenoxy derivatives as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents are described. The compounds were evaluated in vitro against the epimastigotes and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. The replacing of a benzene moiety in the naphthoquinone system by an imidazole enhanced the trypanosomicidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Three of the tested compounds (11a-c) showed potent trypanosomicidal activity and compound 11a, with IC50 of 0.65 μM on the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi, proved to be 15 times more active than nifurtimox. Additionally, molecular docking studies indicate that the quinone derivatives 11a-c could have a multitarget profile interacting preferentially with trypanothione reductase and Old Yellow Enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia López-Lira
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Tapia
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile.
| | - Alejandra Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jorge Soto-Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile.
| | - Allen G Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - A Graham Lappin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Barriga-González G, Olivares-Petit C, Toro PM, Klahn AH, Olea-Azar C, Maya JD, Huentupil Y, Arancibia R. ELECTROCHEMICAL, ESR, THEORETICAL STUDIES AND in vitro ANTI-T. cruzi ACTIVITY OF 2-ORGANOMETALLIC-5-NITRO-BENZIMIDAZOLES. J Chil Chem Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-97072020000104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Leal D, Mansilla A, Matsuhiro B, Moncada-Basualto M, Lapier M, Maya JD, Olea-Azar C, De Borggraeve WM. Chemical structure and biological properties of sulfated fucan from the sequential extraction of subAntarctic Lessonia sp (Phaeophyceae). Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:304-313. [PMID: 30143133 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This work is related to the structural characterization of the sulfated polysaccharide from Lessonia sp and the study of its antioxidant and antiparasitic properties. Sequential extraction afforded D-mannitol as the only low MW sugar alcohol. Extraction with 2% CaCl2 afforded in 3.0% yield, a sulfated fucan (SF). Its major fraction (48.5% yield), isolated by ion-exchange chromatography corresponds to a linear polymer of α-l-fucopyranosil residues linked 1→3, sulfated at the O-4 and partially at O-2 positions. By alkaline extraction, sodium alginate (10.3% yield) was obtained. The antioxidant capacity of SF by ESR showed high elimination index (IC50, mg/mL) of hydroxyl (0.27), alkoxy (10.05), and peroxyl (82.88) radicals in relation to commercial mannitol. SF showed activity against the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi parasite (250 μg/mL) and low cytotoxicity in murine cells (367 μg/mL). The elimination capacity of radicals in aqueous medium of SF would allow its potential biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leal
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. L. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A Mansilla
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas, Universidad de Magallanes, Av. Bulnes 1465, Punta Arenas, and Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Chile
| | - B Matsuhiro
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. L. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Moncada-Basualto
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. L. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad de Chile, Av. Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Lapier
- Departamento de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1107, Santiago, Chile
| | - J D Maya
- Departamento de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1107, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Olea-Azar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad de Chile, Av. Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - W M De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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López-Muñoz RA, Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Abarca-Sanhueza P, Urrutia-Llancaqueo L, Peña-Espinoza M, Maya JD. Inflammatory and Pro-resolving Lipids in Trypanosomatid Infections: A Key to Understanding Parasite Control. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1961. [PMID: 30186271 PMCID: PMC6113562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp.) are protozoan parasites that cause neglected diseases affecting millions of people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the process of infection, trypanosomatids evade and survive the immune system attack, which can lead to a chronic inflammatory state that induces cumulative damage, often killing the host in the long term. The immune mediators involved in this process are not entirely understood. Most of the research on the immunologic control of protozoan infections has been focused on acute inflammation. Nevertheless, when this process is not terminated adequately, permanent damage to the inflamed tissue may ensue. Recently, a second process, called resolution of inflammation, has been proposed to be a pivotal process in the control of parasite burden and establishment of chronic infection. Resolution of inflammation is an active process that promotes the normal function of injured or infected tissues. Several mediators are involved in this process, including eicosanoid-derived lipids, cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, and other proteins such as Annexin-V. For example, during T. cruzi infection, pro-resolving lipids such as 15-epi-lipoxin-A4 and Resolvin D1 have been associated with a decrease in the inflammatory changes observed in experimental chronic heart disease, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and increasing host survival. Furthermore, Resolvin D1 modulates the immune response in cells of patients with Chagas disease. In Leishmania spp. infections, pro-resolving mediators such as Annexin-V, lipoxins, and Resolvin D1 are related to the modulation of cutaneous manifestation of the disease. However, these mediators seem to have different roles in visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. Finally, although T. brucei infections are less well studied in terms of their relationship with inflammation, it has been found that arachidonic acid-derived lipids act as key regulators of the host immune response and parasite burden. Also, cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β may be related to increased infection. Knowledge about the inflammation resolution process is necessary to understand the host–parasite interplay, but it also offers an interesting opportunity to improve the current therapies, aiming to reduce the detrimental state induced by chronic protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Abarca-Sanhueza
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Urrutia-Llancaqueo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Peredo-Silva L, Fuentes-Retamal S, Sandoval-Acuña C, Pavani M, Maya JD, Castro-Castillo V, Madrid-Rojas M, Rebolledo S, Kemmerling U, Parra E, Ferreira J. Derivatives of alkyl gallate triphenylphosphonium exhibit antitumor activity in a syngeneic murine model of mammary adenocarcinoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28647477 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that alkyl gallates coupled to triphenylphosphine have a selective and efficient antiproliferative effect by inducing mitochondrial uncoupling in vitro due to the increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential of tumor cells. Therefore, in this work, the in vivo antitumor activities of alkyl gallate triphenylphosphonium derivatives (TPP+C8, TPP+C10 and TPP+C12) were evaluated in a syngeneic murine model of breast cancer. We found that TPP+C10 increased the cytosolic ADP/ATP ratio and significantly increased the AMP levels in a concentration-dependent manner in TA3/Ha murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Interestingly, TPP+C10 induced a decrease in the levels of cellular proliferation markers and promoted caspase-3 activation in tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, TPP+C10 inhibited tumor growth in the syngeneic mouse model. Importantly, 30days of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the combination of TPP+C10 (10mg/kg/48h) and the antibiotic doxycycline (10mg/kg/24h) completely eliminated the subcutaneous tumor burden in mice (n=6), without any relapses at 60days post-treatment. This enhancement of the individual activities of TPP+C10 and doxycycline is due to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by TPP+C10 and the inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis by doxycycline, as demonstrated by loss of mitochondrial mass and overexpression of PGC1-α as an adaptive response. Moreover, i.p. administration of TPP+C10 (10mg/kg/24h) to healthy mice did not produce toxicity or damage in organs important for drug metabolism and excretion, as indicated by hematological, biochemical and histological assessments. These findings suggest that the combination of TPP+C10 with doxycycline is a valuable candidate therapy for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Peredo-Silva
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Cristian Sandoval-Acuña
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 25250, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Pavani
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Vicente Castro-Castillo
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Matías Madrid-Rojas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences, Av. José Pedro Alessandri 774, Santiago 7760197, Chile
| | - Solange Rebolledo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences, Av. José Pedro Alessandri 774, Santiago 7760197, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Program of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Eduardo Parra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tarapacá, Av. General Velásquez 1775, Arica 1000007, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
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Seguel V, Castro L, Reigada C, Cortes L, Díaz MV, Miranda MR, Pereira CA, Lapier M, Campos-Estrada C, Morello A, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, López-Muñoz R. Pentamidine antagonizes the benznidazole's effect in vitro, and lacks of synergy in vivo: Implications about the polyamine transport as an anti-Trypanosoma cruzi target. Exp Parasitol 2016; 171:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Vazquez-Rodriguez S, F. Guíñez R, J. Matos M, Olea-Azar C, D. Maya J, Uriarte E, Santana L. Facing Chagas' Disease: Trypanocidal Properties of New Coumarinchalcone Scaffolds. Med Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406412666160107111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cortes LA, Castro L, Pesce B, Maya JD, Ferreira J, Castro-Castillo V, Parra E, Jara JA, López-Muñoz R. Novel Gallate Triphenylphosphonium Derivatives with Potent Antichagasic Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136852. [PMID: 26317199 PMCID: PMC4552745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world, affecting nearly 15 million people, primarily in Latin America. Only two drugs are used for the treatment of this disease, nifurtimox and benznidazole. These drugs have limited efficacy and frequently induce adverse effects, limiting their usefulness. Consequently, new drugs must be found. In this study, we demonstrated the in vitro trypanocidal effects of a series of four gallic acid derivatives characterized by a gallate group linked to a triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) moiety (a delocalized cation) via a hydrocarbon chain of 8, 10, 11, or 12 atoms (TPP+-C8, TPP+-C10, TPP+-C11, and TPP+-C12, respectively). We analyzed parasite viability in isolated parasites (by MTT reduction and flow cytometry) and infected mammalian cells using T. cruzi Y strain trypomastigotes. Among the four derivatives, TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 were the most potent in both models, with EC50 values (in isolated parasites) of 1.0 ± 0.6 and 1.0 ± 0.7 μM, respectively, and were significantly more potent than nifurtimox (EC50 = 4.1 ± 0.6 μM). At 1 μM, TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 induced markers of cell death, such as phosphatidylserine exposure and propidium iodide permeabilization. In addition, at 1 μM, TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 significantly decreased the number of intracellular amastigotes (TPP+-C10: 24.3%, TPP+-C12: 19.0% of control measurements, as measured by DAPI staining) and the parasite’s DNA load (C10: 10%, C12: 13% of control measurements, as measured by qPCR). Based on the previous mode of action described for these compounds in cancer cells, we explored their mitochondrial effects in isolated trypomastigotes. TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 were the most potent compounds, significantly altering mitochondrial membrane potential at 1 μM (measured by JC-1 fluorescence) and inducing mitochondrial transition pore opening at 5 μM. Taken together, these results indicate that the TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 derivatives of gallic acid are promising trypanocidal agents with mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel A. Cortes
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Castro
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Pesce
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente Castro-Castillo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Parra
- Laboratory of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Tarapacá, Iquique, Chile
| | - José A. Jara
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacogenética, ICOD, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (RLM), (JAJ)
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail: (RLM), (JAJ)
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Campos-Estrada C, Liempi A, González-Herrera F, Lapier M, Kemmerling U, Pesce B, Ferreira J, López-Muñoz R, Maya JD. Simvastatin and Benznidazole-Mediated Prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Endothelial Activation: Role of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 in the Action of Simvastatin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003770. [PMID: 25978361 PMCID: PMC4433340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas Disease that is endemic in Latin American, afflicting more than ten million people approximately. This disease has two phases, acute and chronic. The acute phase is often asymptomatic, but with time it progresses to the chronic phase, affecting the heart and gastrointestinal tract and can be lethal. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy involves an inflammatory vasculopathy. Endothelial activation during Chagas disease entails the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through a mechanism involving NF-κB activation. Currently, specific trypanocidal therapy remains on benznidazole, although new triazole derivatives are promising. A novel strategy is proposed that aims at some pathophysiological processes to facilitate current antiparasitic therapy, decreasing treatment length or doses and slowing disease progress. Simvastatin has anti-inflammatory actions, including improvement of endothelial function, by inducing a novel pro-resolving lipid, the 5-lypoxygenase derivative 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4), which belongs to aspirin-triggered lipoxins. Herein, we propose modifying endothelial activation with simvastatin or benznidazole and evaluate the pathways involved, including induction of 15-epi-LXA4. The effect of 5 μM simvastatin or 20 μM benznidazole upon endothelial activation was assessed in EA.hy926 or HUVEC cells, by E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. 15-epi-LXA4 production and the relationship of both drugs with the NFκB pathway, as measured by IKK-IKB phosphorylation and nuclear migration of p65 protein was also assayed. Both drugs were administered to cell cultures 16 hours before the infection with T. cruzi parasites. Indeed, 5 μM simvastatin as well as 20 μM benznidazole prevented the increase in E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in T. cruzi-infected endothelial cells by decreasing the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, Simvastatin and benznidazole prevent endothelial activation induced by T. cruzi infection, and the effect of simvastatin is mediated by the inhibition of the NFκB pathway by inducing 15-epi-LXA4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Pesce
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Duaso J, Droguett D, Sandoval A, Barahona K, Hernández A, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi induces trophoblast differentiation: a potential local antiparasitic mechanism of the human placenta? Placenta 2014; 35:1035-42. [PMID: 25315217 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is responsible for one-third of new Chagas disease cases each year. During congenital transmission, the parasite breaks down the placental barrier formed by the trophoblast, basal laminae and villous stroma. The observation that only 5% of infected mothers transmit the parasite to the fetus implies that the placenta may impair parasite transmission. The trophoblast undergoes continuous epithelial turnover, which is considered part of innate immunity. Therefore, we propose that T. cruzi induces differentiation in the trophoblast as part of a local antiparasitic mechanism of the placenta. METHODS We analyzed β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and syncytin protein expression in HPCVE and BeWo cells using immunofluorescence and western blotting. Additionally, β-hCG secretion into the culture medium was measured by ELISA. We assessed the differentiation of trophoblastic cells in BeWo cells using the two-color fusion assay and by determining desmoplakin re-distribution. RESULTS T. cruzi trypomastigotes induce β-hCG secretion and protein expression as well as syncytin protein expression in HPCVE and BeWo cells. Additionally, the parasite induces the trophoblast fusion of BeWo cells. DISCUSSION T. cruzi induces differentiation of the trophoblast, which may contribute to increase the trophoblast turnover. The turnover could be a component of local antiparasitic mechanisms in the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Duaso
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Droguett
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - A Sandoval
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Barahona
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Hernández
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - U Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Jimenez V, Kemmerling U, Paredes R, Maya JD, Sosa MA, Galanti N. Natural sesquiterpene lactones induce programmed cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi: a new therapeutic target? Phytomedicine 2014; 21:1411-8. [PMID: 25022207 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and is recognized by the WHO as one of the world's 17 neglected tropical diseases. Only two drugs (Benznidazol, Bz and Nifurtimox, Nx) are currently accepted for treatment, however they cause severe adverse effects and their efficacy is still controversial. It is then important to explore for new drugs. PURPOSE Programmed cell death (PCD) in parasites offers interesting new therapeutic targets. The aim of this work was to evaluate the induction of PCD in T. cruzi by two natural sesquiterpene lactones (STLs), dehydroleucodine (DhL) and helenalin (Hln) as compared with the two conventional drugs, Bz and Nx. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hln and DhL were isolated from aerial parts of Gaillardia megapotamica and Artemisia douglassiana Besser, respectively. Purity of compounds (greater than 95%) was confirmed by (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance, melting point analysis, and optical rotation. Induction of PCD in T. cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes by DhL, Hln, Bz and Nx was assayed by phosphatidylserine exposure at the parasite surface and by detection of DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL assay. Trypanocidal activity of natural and synthetic compounds was assayed by measuring parasite viability using the MTT method. RESULTS The two natural STLs, DhL and Hln, induce programmed cell death in both, the replicative epimastigote form and the infective trypomastigote form of T. cruzi. Interestingly, the two conventional antichagasic drugs (Bz and Nx) do not induce programmed cell death. A combination of DhL and either Bz or Nx showed an increased effect of natural compounds and synthetic drugs on the decrease of parasite viability. CONCLUSION DhL and Hln induce programmed cell death in T. cruzi replicative epimastigote and infective trypomastigote forms, which is a different mechanism of action than the conventional drugs to kill the parasite. Therefore DhL and Hln may offer an interesting option for the treatment of Chagas disease, alone or in combination with conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jimenez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - U Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Paredes
- Laboratorio de Salud de Ecosistemas, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - J D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - M A Sosa
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - N Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Muñoz OM, Maya JD, Ferreira J, Christen P, Martin JS, López-Muñoz R, Morello A, Kemmerling U. Medicinal Plants of Chile: Evaluation of their Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2013-5-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The extracts of several plants of Central Chile exhibited anti-Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes activity. Most active extracts were those obtained from Podanthus ovatifolius, Berberis microphylla, Kageneckia oblonga, and Drimys winteri. The active extract of Drimys winteri (IC50 51.2 μg/mL) was purifi ed and three drimane sesquiterpenes were obtained: polygodial, drimenol, and isodrimenin. Isodrimenin and drimenol were found to be active against the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi with IC50 values of 27.9 and 25.1 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando M. Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Fax: 56-2 2713888
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philippe Christen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - José San Martin
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Morello
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Díaz MV, Miranda MR, Campos-Estrada C, Reigada C, Maya JD, Pereira CA, López-Muñoz R. Pentamidine exerts in vitro and in vivo anti Trypanosoma cruzi activity and inhibits the polyamine transport in Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2014; 134:1-9. [PMID: 24560964 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pentamidine is an antiprotozoal and fungicide drug used in the treatment of leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. Despite its extensive use as antiparasitic drug, little evidence exists about the effect of pentamidine in Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Recent studies have shown that pentamidine blocks a polyamine transporter present in Leishmania major; consequently, its might also block these transporters in T. cruzi. Considering that T. cruzi lacks the ability to synthesize putrescine de novo, the inhibition of polyamine transport can bring a new therapeutic target against the parasite. In this work, we show that pentamidine decreases, not only the viability of T. cruzi trypomastigotes, but also the parasite burden of infected cells. In T. cruzi-infected mice pentamidine decreases the inflammation and parasite burden in hearts from infected mice. The treatment also decreases parasitemia, resulting in an increased survival rate. In addition, pentamidine strongly inhibits the putrescine and spermidine transport in T. cruzi epimastigotes and amastigotes. Thus, this study points to reevaluate the utility of pentamidine and introduce evidence of a potential new action mechanism. In the quest of new therapeutic strategies against Chagas disease, the extensive use of pentamidine in human has led to a well-known clinical profile, which could be an advantage over newly synthesized molecules that require more comprehensive trials prior to their clinical use.
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Arancibia R, Hugo Klahn A, Buono-Core GE, Contreras D, Barriga G, Olea-Azar C, Lapier M, Maya JD, Ibañez A, Garland MT. Organometallic Schiff bases derived from 5-nitrothiophene and 5-nitrofurane: Synthesis, crystallographic, electrochemical, ESR and antiTrypanosoma cruzi studies. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Muñoz OM, Maya JD, Ferreira J, Christen P, San Martin J, López-Muñoz R, Morello A, Kemmerling U. Medicinal plants of Chile: evaluation of their anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Z NATURFORSCH C 2013; 68:198-202. [PMID: 23923616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracts of several plants of Central Chile exhibited anti-Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes activity. Most active extracts were those obtained from Podanthus ovatifolius, Berberis microphylla, Kageneckia oblonga, and Drimys winteri. The active extract of Drimys winteri (IC50 51.2 microg/mL) was purified and three drimane sesquiterpenes were obtained: polygodial, drimenol, and isodrimenin. Isodrimenin and drimenol were found to be active against the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi with IC50 values of 27.9 and 25.1 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando M Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Henriquez N, Faúndez M, Torres G, Castillo C, Escanilla S, Kemmerling U, Morello A, López-Muñoz RA, Maya JD. Protective role of acetylsalicylic acid in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: evidence of a 15-epi-lipoxin A₄-mediated effect. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2173. [PMID: 23638194 PMCID: PMC3630130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, produced by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects more than 8 million people, producing approximately 10,000 deaths each year in Latin America. Migration of people from endemic regions to developed countries has expanded the risk of infection, transforming this disease into a globally emerging problem. PGE₂ and other eicosanoids contribute to cardiac functional deficits after infection with T. cruzi. Thus, the inhibition of host cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme emerges as a potential therapeutic target. In vivo studies about the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) upon T. cruzi infection are controversial, and always report the effect of ASA at a single dose. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of ASA at different doses in an in vivo model of infection and correlate it with the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. ASA decreased mortality, parasitemia, and heart damage in T. cruzi (Dm28c) infected mice, at the low doses of 25 and 50 mg/Kg. However, this effect disappeared when the high ASA doses of 75 and 100 mg/Kg were used. We explored whether this observation was related to the metabolic shift toward the production of 5-lipoxygenase derivatives, and although we did not observe an increase in LTB4 production in infected RAW cells and mice infected, we did find an increase in 15-epi-LXA₄ (an ASA-triggered lipoxin). We also found high levels of 15-epi-LXA₄ in T. cruzi infected mice treated with the low doses of ASA, while the high ASA doses decreased 15-epi-LXA₄ levels. Importantly, 15-epi-LXA₄ prevented parasitemia, mortality, and cardiac changes in vivo and restored the protective role in the treatment with a high dose of ASA. This is the first report showing the production of ASA-triggered lipoxins in T. cruzi infected mice, which demonstrates the role of this lipid as an anti-inflammatory molecule in the acute phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Henriquez
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Faúndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria Torres
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Escanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Morello
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. López-Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (RALM); (JDM)
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (RALM); (JDM)
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Muñoz OM, Maya JD, Ferreira J, Christen P, Martin JS, López-Muñoz R, Morello A, Kemmerling U. Medicinal Plants of Chile: Evaluation of their Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity. Z NATURFORSCH C 2013. [DOI: 10.5560/znc.2013.68c0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Castillo C, López-Muñoz R, Duaso J, Galanti N, Jaña F, Ferreira J, Cabrera G, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in ex vivo Trypanosoma cruzi infection of human placental chorionic villi. Placenta 2012; 33:991-7. [PMID: 23107342 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas' disease is caused by the haemophlagelated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). During congenital transmission the parasite breaks down the placental barrier. In the present study we analyzed the participation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during T. cruzi ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants. METHODS Chorionic villi from healthy woman placentas were incubated in the presence or absence of 10⁵ or 10⁶ T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Y strain) with or without the MMPs inhibitor doxycycline. Effective infection was tested measuring parasite DNA by real time PCR (qPCR). MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry and their activities were measured by zymography. The effect of MMPs on ECM structure was analyzed histochemically. RESULTS T. cruzi induces the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in chorionic villi. Inhibition of the MMPs prevents the tissue damage induced by T. cruzi and partially decreases the ex vivo infection of the chorionic villi. CONCLUSION MMPs are partially responsible for the ECM changes observed in human chorionic villi during T. cruzi infection and participate in tissue invasion. On the other hand, MMPs may be part of a local placental antiparasitic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Region Metropolitana, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
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Díaz-Urrutia CA, Olea-Azar CA, Zapata GA, Lapier M, Mura F, Aguilera-Venegas B, Arán VJ, López-Múñoz RA, Maya JD. Biological and chemical study of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues with important antiparasitic activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 95:670-678. [PMID: 22584127 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues compounds (NID) with potential antiparasitic effects were studied using voltamperometric and spectroscopic techniques. Nitroanion radicals generated by cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and their spectral lines were explained and analyzed using simulated spectra. In addition, we examined the interaction between radical species generated from nitroindazole derivatives and glutathione (GSH). Biological assays such as activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxicity against macrophages were carried out. Finally, spin trapping and molecular modeling studies were also done in order to elucidate the potentials action mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Díaz-Urrutia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
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Genes C, Baquero E, Echeverri F, Maya JD, Triana O. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Trypanosoma cruzi: the role of Serratia marcescens prodigiosin in the alternative treatment of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:66. [PMID: 21548954 PMCID: PMC3118961 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a health threat for many people, mostly those living in Latin America. One of the most important problems in treatment is the limitation of existing drugs. Prodigiosin, produced by Serratia marcescens (Rhodnius prolixus endosymbiont), belongs to the red-pigmented bacterial prodiginine family, which displays numerous biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and anticancer properties. Here we describe its effects on Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondria belonging to Tc I and Tc II. RESULTS Parasites exposed to prodigiosin altered the mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation could not have a normal course, probably by inhibition of complex III. Prodigiosin did not produce cytotoxic effects in lymphocytes and Vero cells and has better effects than benznidazole. Our data suggest that the action of prodigiosin on the parasites is mediated by mitochondrial structural and functional disruptions that could lead the parasites to an apoptotic-like cell death process. CONCLUSIONS Here, we propose a potentially useful trypanocidal agent derived from knowledge of an important aspect of the natural life cycle of the parasite: the vector-parasite interaction. Our results indicate that prodigiosin could be a good candidate for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Genes
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas BCEI-SIU, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Pabón A, Deharo E, Zuluaga L, Maya JD, Saez J, Blair S. Plasmodium falciparum: Effect of Solanum nudum steroids on thiol contents and β-hematin formation in parasitized erythrocytes. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gerpe A, Aguirre G, Boiani L, Cerecetto H, González M, Olea-Azar C, Rigol C, Maya JD, Morello A, Piro OE, Arán VJ, Azqueta A, de Ceráin AL, Monge A, Rojas MA, Yaluff G. Indazole N-oxide derivatives as antiprotozoal agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation and mechanism of action studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3467-80. [PMID: 16483783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of indazole N-oxide derivatives have been synthesized and their antichagasic and leishmanocidal properties studied. 3-Cyano-2-(4-iodophenyl)-2H-indazole N1-oxide exhibited interesting antichagasic activity on the two parasitic strains and the two parasitic stages evaluated. Furthermore, besides its trypanocidal activity, 3-cyano-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-indazole N1-oxide showed leishmanocidal activity in the three parasitic strains evaluated. To gain insight into the mechanism of action, electrochemical behaviour, ESR experiment, inhibition of parasitic respiration and QSAR were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gerpe
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Maya JD, Morello A, Repetto Y, Rodríguez A, Puebla P, Caballero E, Medarde M, Núñez-Vergara LJ, Squella JA, Ortiz ME, Fuentealba J, San Feliciano A. Trypanosoma cruzi: inhibition of parasite growth and respiration by oxazolo(thiazolo)pyridine derivatives and its relationship to redox potential and lipophilicity. Exp Parasitol 2001; 99:1-6. [PMID: 11708828 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2001.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease constitutes a therapeutic challenge because presently available drugs have wide toxicity to the host and are generally ineffective in the chronic stages of the disease. A series of oxazolo(thiazolo)pyridene derivatives were studied on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote growth and oxygen consumption and their electrochemical (redox) potentials and lipophilicity. The derivatives produced different degrees of parasite growth and respiration inhibition on CL Brener, LQ, and Tulahuen strains of T. cruzi epimastigotes. Respiratory chain inhibition appears to be a determinant of the trypanosomicidal activity of these compounds, since a significant correlation between respiration and culture growth inhibition was found. A similar correlation was found, within the different structural subfamilies, between toxic effects and the ability of the compounds to be oxidized in aqueous media. The inhibition of respiration and of parasite growth in culture increases with the lipophilicity of the substituents on the oxazolopyridine nucleus. No difference in the action of these derivatives was found among the different parasite strains. It is concluded that these compounds may have a potential usefulness in the treatment of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Maya
- Program of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7, Chile
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Maya JD, Morello A, Repetto Y, Tellez R, Rodriguez A, Zelada U, Puebla P, Caballero E, Medarde M, Núñez-Vergara LJ, Squella JA, Bontá M, Bollo S, San Feliciano A. Effects of 3-chloro-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives on Trypanosome cruzi epimastigotes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2000; 125:103-9. [PMID: 11790334 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(99)00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-chloro-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives produced different degrees of inhibition of parasite growth and respiration on clone Brener, LQ and Tulahuen strains of Trypanosome cruzi epimastigotes. Respiratory chain inhibition appears to be a posible determinant of the trypanosomicidal activity of this compounds. No difference in the action of these derivatives was found among the different parasite strains. For comparative purposes, the inhibitory effects of felodipine and nicardipine are also reported. A good correlation between toxic effects and the easiness of oxidation of the dihydripyridine ring was found. The presence of a fused ring on the dihydropyridine moiety significantly diminished the inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Maya
- Program of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, PO Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
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Maya JD, Repetto Y, Agosín M, Ojeda JM, Tellez R, Gaule C, Morello A. Effects of nifurtimox and benznidazole upon glutathione and trypanothione content in epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 86:101-6. [PMID: 9178272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Maya
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud (CES), Medellin, Colombia
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Repetto Y, Opazo E, Maya JD, Agosin M, Morello A. Glutathione and trypanothione in several strains of Trypanosoma cruzi: effect of drugs. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 115:281-5. [PMID: 8939007 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(96)00112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), trypanothione (T(SH)2) and glutathionyl spermidine (GSH-SP) concentrations were determined in the Tulahuén and LQ strains and the DM 28c clone of Trypanosoma cruzi. The concentrations of GSH, T(SH)2 and GSH-SP, expressed as nmol of GSH per g of parasite fresh weight, were 60.1, 397.8 and 103.9, respectively, for the Tulahuén strain. For the DM 28c clone, the values were 113.9, 677.9 and 164.1, respectively, and for the LQ strain they were 199.1, 1100.5 and 55.3, respectively. When the parasites were treated with 10 microM nifurtimox or 50 microM benznidazole for 2 h, the concentrations of all three reduced thiols decreased strongly. The total amount of T(SH)2 decreased by more than 50%. Treatment of the parasites with 5 mM buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, for 6 h diminished the concentrations of the reduced thiols by between 27% and 53% with respect to the controls. Cyclohexylamine, an inhibitor of spermidine synthesis, decreased the concentrations of T(SH)2 and GSH-SP but not that of GSH. It is possible to conclude from this study that trypanothione is the most important thiol involved in the detoxication of nifurtimox and benznidazole in T. cruzi and that electrophilic reduced metabolites of both drugs are most probably conjugated with GSH, T(SH)2 and GSH-SP, thus decreasing their concentrations. GSH biosynthesis is an important drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Repetto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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