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Martín-Montes Á, Aguilera-Venegas B, Mª Morales-Martín R, Martín-Escolano R, Zamora-Ledesma S, Marín C, Arán VJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro assessment of 3-alkoxy-5-nitroindazole-derived ethylamines and related compounds as potential antileishmanial drugs. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103274. [PMID: 31539744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread neglected tropical disease complex that is responsible of one million new cases per year. Current treatments are outdated and pose many problems that new drugs need to overcome. With the goal of developing new, safe, and affordable drugs, we have studied the in vitro activity of 12 different 5-nitroindazole derivatives that showed previous activity against different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in a previous work. T. cruzi belongs to the same family as Leishmania spp., and treatments for the disease it produces also needs renewal. Among the derivatives tested, compounds 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, and 12 showed low J774.2 macrophage toxicity, while their effect against both intracellular and extracellular forms of the studied parasites was higher than the ones found for the reference drug Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime®). In addition, their Fe-SOD inhibitory effect, the infection rates, metabolite alteration, and mitochondrial membrane potential of the parasites treated with the selected drugs were studied in order to gain insights into the action mechanism, and the results of these tests were more promising than those found with glucantime, as the leishmanicidal effect of these new drug candidates was higher. The promising results are encouraging to test these derivatives in more complex studies, such as in vivo studies and other experiments that could find out the exact mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Benjamín Aguilera-Venegas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Box 233, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rosa Mª Morales-Martín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Zamora-Ledesma
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Martín-Escolano R, Aguilera-Venegas B, Marín C, Martín-Montes Á, Martín-Escolano J, Medina-Carmona E, Arán VJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. Synthesis and Biological in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of 2-(5-Nitroindazol-1-yl)ethylamines and Related Compounds as Potential Therapeutic Alternatives for Chagas Disease. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2104-2118. [PMID: 30098232 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a potentially life-threatening illness that affects 5-8 million people in Latin America, and more than 10 million people worldwide. It is characterized by an acute phase, which is partly resolved by the immune system, but then develops as a chronic disease without an effective treatment. There is an urgent need for new antiprotozoal agents, as the current standard therapeutic options based on benznidazole and nifurtimox are characterized by limited efficacy, toxicity, and frequent failures in treatment. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to identify some new low-cost 5-nitroindazoles as a potential antichagasic therapeutic alternative. Compound 16 (3-benzyloxy-5-nitro-1-vinyl-1H-indazole) showed improved efficiency and lower toxicity than benznidazole in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and its trypanocidal activity seems to be related to its effect at the mitochondrial level. Therefore, compound 16 is a promising candidate for the development of a new anti-Chagas agent, and further preclinical evaluation should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Benjamín Aguilera-Venegas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Box 233, Santiago, 8380492, Chile
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Barriga-González G, Olea-Azar C, Zuñiga-López MC, Folch-Cano C, Aguilera-Venegas B, Porcal W, González M, Cerecetto H. Spin trapping: an essential tool for the study of diseases caused by oxidative stress. Curr Top Med Chem 2015; 15:484-95. [PMID: 25658802 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150206155108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR), called also electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) together with the spin trapping technique, has allowed us to study and understand how free radicals are involved in various pathologies. In this review, the importance of spin trapping technique in the study of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension and parasitic diseases is discussed. In addition, advances in the use of this technique as therapeutic agents and other interesting applications as the immuno-spin trapping technique are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Avenida Republica 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
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Papadopoulou MV, Bloomer WD, Lepesheva GI, Rosenzweig HS, Kaiser M, Aguilera-Venegas B, Wilkinson SR, Chatelain E, Ioset JR. Novel 3-nitrotriazole-based amides and carbinols as bifunctional antichagasic agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1307-19. [PMID: 25580906 DOI: 10.1021/jm5015742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-based amides with a linear, rigid core and 3-nitrotriazole-based fluconazole analogues were synthesized as dual functioning antitrypanosomal agents. Such compounds are excellent substrates for type I nitroreductase (NTR) located in the mitochondrion of trypanosomatids and, at the same time, act as inhibitors of the sterol 14α-demethylase (T. cruzi CYP51) enzyme. Because combination treatments against parasites are often superior to monotherapy, we believe that this emerging class of bifunctional compounds may introduce a new generation of antitrypanosomal drugs. In the present work, the synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of such compounds is discussed.
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Maya J, Salas C, Aguilera-Venegas B, Diaz M, Lopez-Munoz R. Key Proteins in the Polyamine-Trypanothione Pathway as Drug Targets Against Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:1757-71. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867320666131119122145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Barriga-González G, Aguilera-Venegas B, Folch-Cano C, Pérez-Cruz F, Olea-Azar C. Electron Spin Resonance as a Powerful Tool for Studying Antioxidants and Radicals. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:4731-43. [DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pérez-Cruz F, Aguilera-Venegas B, Lapier M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Uriarte Villares E, Olea-Azar C. Host-guest interaction between new nitrooxoisoaporphine and β-cyclodextrins: synthesis, electrochemical, electron spin resonance and molecular modeling studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 102:226-234. [PMID: 23220661 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new nitrooxoisoaporphine derivative was synthetized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance. Its aqueous solubility was improved by complexes formation with β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin. In order to assess the inclusion degree reached by nitrooxoisoaporphine in cyclodextris cavity, the stability constants of formation of the complexes were determined by phase-solubility measurements obtaining in all cases a type-A(L) diagram. Moreover, electrochemical studies were carried out, where the observed change in the EPC value indicated a lower feasibility of the nitro group reduction. Additionally, a detailed spatial configuration is proposed for inclusion of derivate within the cyclodextrins cavity by 2D NMR techniques. Finally, these results are further interpreted by means of molecular modeling studies. Thus, theoretical results are in complete agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pérez-Cruz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
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Díaz-Urrutia CA, Olea-Azar CA, Zapata GA, Lapier M, Mura F, Aguilera-Venegas B, Arán VJ, López-Múñoz RA, Maya JD. Biological and chemical study of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues with important antiparasitic activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 95:670-678. [PMID: 22584127 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues compounds (NID) with potential antiparasitic effects were studied using voltamperometric and spectroscopic techniques. Nitroanion radicals generated by cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and their spectral lines were explained and analyzed using simulated spectra. In addition, we examined the interaction between radical species generated from nitroindazole derivatives and glutathione (GSH). Biological assays such as activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxicity against macrophages were carried out. Finally, spin trapping and molecular modeling studies were also done in order to elucidate the potentials action mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Díaz-Urrutia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
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Aguilera-Venegas B, Olea-Azar C, Norambuena E, Arán VJ, Mendizábal F, Lapier M, Maya JD, Kemmerling U, López-Muñoz R. ESR, electrochemical, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of 4-substituted and 1,4-disubstituted 7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 78:1004-1012. [PMID: 21239218 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical and ESR studies were carried out in this work with the aim of characterizing the reduction mechanisms of 4-substituted and 1,4-disubstituted 7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones by means of cyclic voltammetry in DMSO as aprotic solvent. Two reduction mechanisms were found for these compounds: the first, for compounds bearing a labile hydrogen by following a self-protonation mechanism (ECE steps), and the second, for compounds without labile hydrogen, based on a purely electrochemical reduction mechanism (typical of nitroheterocycles). The electrochemical results were corroborated using ESR spectroscopy allowing us to propose the hyperfine splitting pattern of the nitro-radical, which was later corroborated by the ESR simulation spectra. All these compounds were assayed as growth inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi: first, on the non-proliferative (and infective) form of the parasite (trypomastigote stage), and then, the ones that displayed activity, were assayed on the non-infective form (epimastigote stage). Thus, we found four new compounds highly active against T. cruzi. Finally, molecular modeling studies suggest the inhibition of the trypanothione reductase like one of the possible mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Aguilera-Venegas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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