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Guerrero-Muñoz J, Medina L, Castillo C, Liempi A, Fernández-Moya A, Araneda S, Ortega Y, Rojas-Pirela M, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. MicroRNA-512-3p mediates Trypanosoma cruzi-induced apoptosis during ex vivo infection of human placental explants. Placenta 2023; 143:117-123. [PMID: 37898020 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Upon infection, Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, crosses the placental barrier and causes congenital Chagas disease. Ex vivo infection of human placental explants (HPEs) with the parasite induces apoptotic cell death. This cellular process involves changes in gene expression, which are partially regulated by miRNAs. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-512-3p, a highly expressed miRNA in the placenta, in parasite-induced apoptosis. METHODS HPE cells were transfected with antagomirs or mimics of miR-512-3p and subsequently challenged with the parasite. The expression levels of miR-512-3p, caspase 3, caspase 8, and Livin were measured using RT-qPCR, and apoptotic cell death was analyzed based on caspase activity and DNA fragmentation assays. RESULTS Targeted inhibition of miR-512-3p effectively prevented parasite-induced expression and enzymatic activity of caspase 3 and caspase 8. However, it did not completely prevent DNA fragmentation, indicating the involvement of other factors in this process. Furthermore, the findings suggest that Livin may be regulated by miR-512-3p. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that miR-512-3p modulates parasite-induced apoptosis in the trophoblast. By understanding the mechanisms involved in this process, we can gain insights into the pathogenesis of congenital Chagas disease and develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Moya
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Araneda
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Patología y Medicina oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yessica Ortega
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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González-Herrera F, Catalán M, Anfossi R, Maya JD, Pedrozo Z, Díaz-Araya G, Vivar R. SGK1 is necessary to FoxO3a negative regulation, oxidative stress and cardiac fibroblast activation induced by TGF-β1. Cell Signal 2023; 109:110778. [PMID: 37343898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) activation is a common response to most pathological conditions affecting the heart, characterized by increased cellular secretory capacity and increased expression of fibrotic markers, such as collagen I and smooth muscle actin type alpha (α-SMA). Fibrotic activation of CFs induces the increase in tissue protein content, with the consequent tissue stiffness, diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure. Therefore, the search for new mechanisms of CFs activation is important to find novel treatments for cardiac diseases characterized by fibrosis. In this regard, TGF-β1, a cytokine with proinflammatory and fibrotic properties, is crucial in the CFs activation and the development of fibrotic diseases, whereas its molecular targets are not completely known. Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1) is a protein involved in various pathophysiological phenomena, especially cardiac and renal diseases that curse with fibrosis. Additionally, SGK1 phosphorylates and regulates the activity and expression of several targets, highlighting FoxO3a for its role in the regulation of oxidative stress and CFs activation induced by TGF-β1. However, the regulation of SGK1 by TGF-β1 and its role in CFs activation have not been studied. In this work, we evaluate the role of SGK1 in CFs isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. The participation of SGK1 in the fibrotic activation of CFs induced by TGF-β1 was analyzed, using an inhibitor or siRNA of SGK1. In addition, the role of SGK1 on the regulation of FoxO3a and oxidative stress induced by TGF-β1 was analyzed. Our results indicate that TGF-β1 increased both the activity and expression of SGK1 in CFs, requiring the activation of MAPKs, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, while inhibition and silencing of SGK1 prevented TGF-β1-induced fibrotic activation of CFs. In addition, SGK1 inhibition prevented FoxO3a inactivation and expression reduction, catalase and SOD2 expression decrease, and the increase of oxidative stress induced by TGF-β1. Taken together, our results position SGK1 as an important regulator of CFs activation driven by TGF-β1, at least in part, through the regulation of FoxO3a and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Physiology and Biophysical Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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González-Herrera F, Anfossi R, Catalán M, Gutiérrez-Figueroa R, Maya JD, Díaz-Araya G, Vivar R. Lipoxin A4 prevents high glucose-induced inflammatory response in cardiac fibroblast through FOXO1 inhibition. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110657. [PMID: 36933776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cells respond to various pathophysiological stimuli, synthesizing inflammatory molecules that allow tissue repair and proper functioning of the heart; however, perpetuation of the inflammatory response can lead to cardiac fibrosis and heart dysfunction. High concentration of glucose (HG) induces an inflammatory and fibrotic response in the heart. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are resident cells of the heart that respond to deleterious stimuli, increasing the synthesis and secretion of both fibrotic and proinflammatory molecules. The molecular mechanisms that regulate inflammation in CFs are unknown, thus, it is important to find new targets that allow improving treatments for HG-induced cardiac dysfunction. NFκB is the master regulator of inflammation, while FoxO1 is a new participant in the inflammatory response, including inflammation induced by HG; however, its role in the inflammatory response of CFs is unknown. The inflammation resolution is essential for an effective tissue repair and recovery of the organ function. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an anti-inflammatory agent with cytoprotective effects, while its cardioprotective effects have not been fully studied. Thus, in this study, we analyze the role of p65/NFκB, and FoxO1 in CFs inflammation induced by HG, evaluating the anti-inflammatory properties of LXA4. Our results demonstrated that HG induces the inflammatory response in CFs, using an in vitro and ex vivo model, while FoxO1 inhibition and silencing prevented HG effects. Additionally, LXA4 inhibited the activation of FoxO1 and p65/NFκB, and inflammation of CFs induced by HG. Therefore, our results suggest that FoxO1 and LXA4 could be novel drug targets for the treatment of HG-induced inflammatory and fibrotic disorders in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renata Gutiérrez-Figueroa
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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González-Herrera F, Clayton NS, Guzmán-Rivera D, Carrillo I, Castillo C, Catalán M, Anfossi R, Quintero-Pertuz H, Quilaqueo ME, Olea-Azar C, Rivera-Meza M, Kemmerling U, Ridley AJ, Vivar R, Maya JD. Statins change the cytokine profile in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected U937 macrophages and murine cardiac tissue through Rho-associated kinases inhibition. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1035589. [PMID: 36713380 PMCID: PMC9874148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is the most severe manifestation of Chagas disease.CCC is characterized by cardiac inflammation and fibrosis caused by a persistent inflammatory response. Following infection, macrophages secrete inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α to control parasitemia. Although this response contains parasite infection, it causes damage to the heart tissue. Thus, the use of immunomodulators is a rational alternative to CCC. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) 1 and 2 are RhoA-activated serine/threonine kinases that regulate the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Both ROCKs have been implicated in the polarization of macrophages towards an M1 (pro-inflammatory) phenotype. Statins are FDA-approved lipid-lowering drugs that reduce RhoA signaling by inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthesis. This work aims to identify the effect of statins on U937 macrophage polarization and cardiac tissue inflammation and its relationship with ROCK activity during T. cruzi infection. Methods PMA-induced, wild-type, GFP-, CA-ROCK1- and CA-ROCK2-expressing U937 macrophages were incubated with atorvastatin, or the inhibitors Y-27632, JSH-23, TAK-242, or C3 exoenzyme incubated with or without T. cruzi trypomastigotes for 30 min to evaluate the activity of ROCK and the M1 and M2 cytokine expression and secretion profiling. Also, ROCK activity was determined in T. cruzi-infected, BALB/c mice hearts. Results In this study, we demonstrate for the first time in macrophages that incubation with T. cruzi leads to ROCK activation via the TLR4 pathway, which triggers NF-κB activation. Inhibition of ROCKs by Y-27632 prevents NF-κB activation and the expression and secretion of M1 markers, as does treatment with atorvastatin. Furthermore, we show that the effect of atorvastatin on the NF-kB pathway and cytokine secretion is mediated by ROCK. Finally, statin treatment decreased ROCK activation and expression, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine production, promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in chronic chagasic mice hearts. Conclusion These results suggest that the statin modulation of the inflammatory response due to ROCK inhibition is a potential pharmacological strategy to prevent cardiac inflammation in CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natasha S. Clayton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Escuela de Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helena Quintero-Pertuz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elena Quilaqueo
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Integrative Biology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Juan Diego Maya, ; Raúl Vivar,
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Juan Diego Maya, ; Raúl Vivar,
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Medina L, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Castillo C, Liempi A, Fernández-Moya A, Araneda S, Ortega Y, Rivas C, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Differential microRNAs expression during ex vivo infection of canine and ovine placental explants with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106651. [PMID: 35964709 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii are two zoonotic parasites that constitute significant human and animal health threats, causing a significant economic burden worldwide. Both parasites can be transmitted congenitally, but transmission rates for T. gondii are high, contrary to what has been observed for T. cruzi. The probability of congenital transmission depends on complex interactions between the pathogen and the host, including the modulation of host cell gene expression by miRNAs. During ex vivo infection of canine and ovine placental explants, we evaluated the expression of 3 miRNAs (miR-30e-3p, miR-3074-5p, and miR-127-3p) previously associated with parasitic and placental diseases and modulated by both parasites. In addition, we identified the possible target genes of the miRNAs by using computational prediction tools and performed GO and KEGG enrichment analyses to identify the biological functions and associated pathologies. The three miRNAs are differentially expressed in the canine and ovine placenta in response to T. cruzi and T. gondii. We conclude that the observed differential expression and associated functions might explain, at least partially, the differences in transmission rates and susceptibility to parasite infection in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Moya
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Araneda
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yessica Ortega
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Cristian Rivas
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Rojas-Pirela M, Andrade-Alviárez D, Medina L, Castillo C, Liempi A, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Ortega Y, Maya JD, Rojas V, Quiñones W, Michels PA, Kemmerling U. MicroRNAs: master regulators in host-parasitic protist interactions. Open Biol 2022; 12:210395. [PMID: 35702995 PMCID: PMC9198802 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs present in a wide diversity of organisms. MiRNAs regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs, inducing translational inhibition or mRNA destabilization and degradation. Thus, miRNAs regulate key biological processes, such as cell death, signal transduction, development, cellular proliferation and differentiation. The dysregulation of miRNAs biogenesis and function is related to the pathogenesis of diseases, including parasite infection. Moreover, during host-parasite interactions, parasites and host miRNAs determine the probability of infection and progression of the disease. The present review is focused on the possible role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of diseases of clinical interest caused by parasitic protists. In addition, the potential role of miRNAs as targets for the design of drugs and diagnostic and prognostic markers of parasitic diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Diego Andrade-Alviárez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Yessica Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Paul A. Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Medina L, Rojas-Pirela M, Araneda S, Maya JD, Parraguez VH, Kemmerling U. Ex vivo infection of canine and ovine placental explants with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii: differential activation of NF kappa B signaling pathways. Acta Trop 2021; 214:105766. [PMID: 33245906 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii, respectively, are important zoonotic diseases affecting humans, companion animals, and livestock, responsible for major health and economic burden. Both parasites can be transmitted vertically in different mammalian species through the placenta. Of note, the transmission rate of T. cruzi is low in dogs, whereas that of T. gondii is high in sheep. The probability of congenital infection depends on complex parasite-host interactions; parasite factors, maternal and fetal immune responses and placental responses all have a role in infection establishment. Since the innate immune response is regulated, at least partially, by NF-κB signaling pathways, our main objective was to determine the effect of ex vivo infection of canine (CPE) and ovine (OPE) placental explants with both parasites, on the activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways and its relation to infection. Here, we show that T. cruzi activates both the NF-κB canonical and non-canonical pathways in CPE and OPE, unlike T. gondii, that activates only the canonical pathway in CPE and has no effect on the non-canonical pathway in both explants. Moreover, the inhibition of either or both NF-κB pathways increases the DNA load of T. cruzi in both explants, modulates, on the other hand, T. gondii infection in a differential fashion. Overall, we conclude that the differential modulation of the NF-κB pathways by both pathogens in placental explants might explain, at least partially, the differences in transmission rates of T. cruzi and T. gondii in different mammalian species.
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Medina L, Castillo C, Liempi A, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Rojas-Pirela M, Maya JD, Prieto H, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii Induce a Differential MicroRNA Profile in Human Placental Explants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595250. [PMID: 33240284 PMCID: PMC7677230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii are two parasites than can be transmitted from mother to child through the placenta. However, congenital transmission rates are low for T. cruzi and high for T. gondii. Infection success or failure depends on complex parasite-host interactions in which parasites can alter host gene expression by modulating non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs. As of yet, there are no reports on altered miRNA expression in placental tissue in response to either parasite. Therefore, we infected human placental explants ex vivo by cultivation with either T. cruzi or T. gondii for 2 h. We then analyzed the miRNA expression profiles of both types of infected tissue by miRNA sequencing and quantitative PCR, sequence-based miRNA target prediction, pathway functional enrichment, and upstream regulator analysis of differentially expressed genes targeted by differentially expressed miRNAs. Both parasites induced specific miRNA profiles. GO analysis revealed that the in silico predicted targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs regulated different cellular processes involved in development and immunity, and most of the identified KEGG pathways were related to chronic diseases and infection. Considering that the differentially expressed miRNAs identified here modulated crucial host cellular targets that participate in determining the success of infection, these miRNAs might explain the differing congenital transmission rates between the two parasites. Molecules of the different pathways that are regulated by miRNAs and modulated during infection, as well as the miRNAs themselves, may be potential targets for the therapeutic control of either congenital Chagas disease or toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Jara JA, Rojas D, Castro-Castillo V, Fuentes-Retamal S, Sandoval-Acuña C, Parra E, Pavani M, Maya JD, Ferreira J, Catalán M. Novel benzoate-lipophilic cations selectively induce cell death in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104814. [PMID: 32112803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a critical health issue worldwide. The high rate of liver and lung metastasis associated with CRC creates a significant barrier to effective and efficient therapy. Tumour cells, including CRC cells, have metabolic alterations, such as high levels of glycolytic activity, increased cell proliferation and invasiveness, and chemo- and radio-resistance. However, the abnormally elevated mitochondrial transmembrane potential of these cells also provides an opportunity to develop drugs that selectively target the mitochondrial functions of tumour cells. METHODS In this work, we used a new batch of benzoic acid esters with cytotoxic activities attached to the triphenylphosphonium group as a vehicle to target tumour mitochondria and improve their activity. We evaluated the cytotoxicity, selectivity, and mechanism of action of these derivatives, including the effects on energy stress-induced apoptosis and metabolic behaviour in the human CRC cell lines HCT-15 and COLO-205. RESULTS The benzoic acid derivatives selectively targeted the tumour cells with high potency and efficacy. The derivatives induced the uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation system, decreased the transmembrane potential, and reduced ATP levels while increasing AMPK activation, thereby triggering tumour cell apoptosis in both tumour cell lines tested. CONCLUSION The benzoic acid derivatives studied here are promising candidates for assessing in vivo models of CRC, despite the diverse metabolic characteristics of these tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Jara
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Rojas
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente Castro-Castillo
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Sandoval-Acuña
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Parra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tarapacá, Av. General Velásquez 1775, Arica 1000007, Chile
| | - Mario Pavani
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Medina L, Galanti N, Maya JD, Parraguez VH, Kemmerling U. Comparative ex vivo infection with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii of human, canine and ovine placenta: Analysis of tissue damage and infection efficiency. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102065. [PMID: 32001348 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, and Toxoplasma gondii, which is responsible for Toxoplasmosis, are two parasites that cause significant protozoan zoonoses and consequently important economic losses in human, companion animals and livestock. For the congenital transmission to occur, both parasites must cross the barrier present in the mammalian placenta, which differs between species. Particularly, hemochorial, endotheliochorial and epitheliochorial placental barriers are present, respectively, in human, dog and sheep. The type of placental barrier has been associated with the probability of transmission of pathogens. In this study, we used experimental placental ex vivo infection models of T. cruzi and T. gondii in the above-mentioned mammals in order to study tissue alterations and to compare infection efficiency. Here, we infected placental term explants from human, dog and sheep and analyzed tissue damage by standard histological and histochemical methods. Comparative infection efficiency was determined by quantitative PCR. Both parasites are able to infect the different placental explants; however, more T. gondii parasites were detected, and T. gondii causes a more severe tissue damage in human and canine explants than T. cruzi. The histopathological changes observed in ovine placenta explants were similar in presence of both parasites. We conclude that the infection efficiency of T. gondii is higher, compared to T. cruzi, during the ex vivo infection of human, canine and ovine placental explants. In addition, the ex vivo infection of mammalian placental explants constitutes an interesting experimental approach to study part of the infection mechanisms as well as host responses during congenital infection of both parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Hugo Parraguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Campos-Estrada C, González-Herrera F, Greif G, Carillo I, Guzmán-Rivera D, Liempi A, Robello C, Kemmerling U, Castillo C, Maya JD. Notch receptor expression in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with benznidazole or simvastatin revealed by microarray analysis. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1112-1123. [PMID: 31943572 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Current therapy involves benznidazole. Benznidazole and other drugs can modify gene expression patterns, improving the response to the inflammatory influx induced by T. cruzi and decreasing the endothelial activation or immune cell recruitment, among other effects. Here, we performed a microarray analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with benznidazole and the anti-inflammatory drugs acetylsalicylic acid or simvastatin and infected with T. cruzi. Parasitic infection produces differential expression of a set of genes in HUVECs treated with benznidazole alone or a combination with simvastatin or acetylsalicylic acid. The differentially expressed genes were involved in inflammation, adhesion, cardiac function, and remodeling. Notch1 and high mobility group B1 were genes of interest in this analysis due to their importance in placental development, cardiac development, and inflammation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmation of these two genes indicated that both are upregulated in the presence of benznidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso, 2360102, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380453, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Molecular Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute and Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avenida General Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ileana Carillo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380453, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380453, Chile
| | - Carlos Robello
- Molecular Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute and Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avenida General Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380453, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380453, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380453, Chile
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12
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Medina L, Rojas M, Maya JD, Parraguez VH, Kemmerling U. Ex vivo infection of human placental explants with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii: Differential activation of NF kappa B signaling pathways. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105153. [PMID: 31469971 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) are the causative agents of Chagas disease and Toxoplasmosis. T. cruzi and T. gondii present, respectively, low and high congenital transmission rates and induce a distinctive cytokine/chemokine profile in ex vivo infected human placental explants (HPE). Since the innate immune response is regulated, at least partially, by NF-κB signaling pathways, our main objective was to determine the effect of ex vivo infection with both parasites on the activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways and its relation to parasite infection. T. cruzi activates both, the canonical and non-canonical pathways of NF-κB, unlike T. gondii, which has no effect on the canonical pathway and inhibits the non-canonical pathway. The inhibition of both pathways of NF-κB increases the DNA load of T. cruzi and T. gondii in HPE. Therefore, the differential modulation of NF-κB signal transduction pathways by both parasites might explain, at least partially, the low and high congenital transmission rates of T. cruzi and T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maura Rojas
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor H Parraguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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13
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Rodríguez Arce E, Putzu E, Lapier M, Maya JD, Olea Azar C, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, Medeiros A, Sardi F, Comini M, Risi G, Salinas G, Correia I, Pessoa JC, Otero L, Gambino D. New heterobimetallic ferrocenyl derivatives are promising antitrypanosomal agents. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7644-7658. [PMID: 31049548 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the search for a more effective chemotherapy for the treatment of Chagas' disease and human African trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei parasites, respectively, the use of organometallic compounds may be a promising strategy. In this work, eight new heterobimetallic compounds are described including four 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones as bioactive ligands (HL1-HL4) and dppf = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene as an organometallic co-ligand. Complexes of the formula [MII(L)(dppf)](PF6) with M = Pd or Pt were synthesized and fully characterized in the solid state and in solution, including the determination of the molecular structure of four of them by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Most compounds showed activity in the low micromolar or submicromolar range against both parasites, with the platinum compounds being more active than the palladium analogues. Activity was significantly increased by generation of the M-dppf compounds (3-24 fold increase with respect to free ligands HL for T. cruzi and up to 99 fold increase with respect to HL for T. brucei). The inclusion of the organometallic co-ligand also led to lower toxicity in mammalian cells and higher selectivity towards both parasites when compared to the free HL compounds. The complexes interact with DNA and affect the redox metabolism of the parasites. Furthermore, the most active and selective compound of the new series showed no in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Rodríguez Arce
- Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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14
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Leal D, Mansilla A, Matsuhiro B, Moncada-Basualto M, Lapier M, Maya JD, Olea-Azar C, De Borggraeve WM. Chemical structure and biological properties of sulfated fucan from the sequential extraction of subAntarctic Lessonia sp (Phaeophyceae). Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:304-313. [PMID: 30143133 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This work is related to the structural characterization of the sulfated polysaccharide from Lessonia sp and the study of its antioxidant and antiparasitic properties. Sequential extraction afforded D-mannitol as the only low MW sugar alcohol. Extraction with 2% CaCl2 afforded in 3.0% yield, a sulfated fucan (SF). Its major fraction (48.5% yield), isolated by ion-exchange chromatography corresponds to a linear polymer of α-l-fucopyranosil residues linked 1→3, sulfated at the O-4 and partially at O-2 positions. By alkaline extraction, sodium alginate (10.3% yield) was obtained. The antioxidant capacity of SF by ESR showed high elimination index (IC50, mg/mL) of hydroxyl (0.27), alkoxy (10.05), and peroxyl (82.88) radicals in relation to commercial mannitol. SF showed activity against the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi parasite (250 μg/mL) and low cytotoxicity in murine cells (367 μg/mL). The elimination capacity of radicals in aqueous medium of SF would allow its potential biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leal
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. L. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A Mansilla
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas, Universidad de Magallanes, Av. Bulnes 1465, Punta Arenas, and Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Chile
| | - B Matsuhiro
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. L. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Moncada-Basualto
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. L. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad de Chile, Av. Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Lapier
- Departamento de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1107, Santiago, Chile
| | - J D Maya
- Departamento de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1107, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Olea-Azar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad de Chile, Av. Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - W M De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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15
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Moncada-Basualto M, Lapier M, Maya JD, Matsuhiro B, Olea-Azar C, Delogu GL, Uriarte E, Santana L, Matose MJ. Evaluation of Trypanocidal and Antioxidant Activities of a Selected Series of 3-amidocoumarins. Med Chem 2018; 14:573-584. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180419113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Moncada-Basualto
- Laboratory of Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty Matsuhiro
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 3363, Estacion Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Laboratory of Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giovanna L. Delogu
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lourdes Santana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Joao Matose
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Díaz-Viraqué F, Chiribao ML, Trochine A, González-Herrera F, Castillo C, Liempi A, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, Robello C. Old Yellow Enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi Exhibits In Vivo Prostaglandin F 2α Synthase Activity and Has a Key Role in Parasite Infection and Drug Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2018; 9:456. [PMID: 29563916 PMCID: PMC5845897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that trypanosomatids, unicellular organisms of the order Kinetoplastida, are capable of synthesizing prostaglandins raised questions about the role of these molecules during parasitic infections. Multiple studies indicate that prostaglandins could be related to the infection processes and pathogenesis in trypanosomatids. This work aimed to unveil the role of the prostaglandin F2α synthase TcOYE in the establishment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the causative agent of Chagas disease. This chronic disease affects several million people in Latin America causing high morbidity and mortality. Here, we propose a prokaryotic evolutionary origin for TcOYE, and then we used in vitro and in vivo experiments to show that T. cruzi prostaglandin F2α synthase plays an important role in modulating the infection process. TcOYE overexpressing parasites were less able to complete the infective cycle in cell culture infections and increased cardiac tissue parasitic load in infected mice. Additionally, parasites overexpressing the enzyme increased PGF2α synthesis from arachidonic acid. Finally, an increase in benznidazole and nifurtimox susceptibility in TcOYE overexpressing parasites showed its participation in activating the currently anti-chagasic drugs, which added to its observed ability to confer resistance to hydrogen peroxide, highlights the relevance of this enzyme in multiple events including host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Laura Chiribao
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Trochine
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad De Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad De Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad De Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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17
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Rojas DA, Urbina F, Moreira-Ramos S, Castillo C, Kemmerling U, Lapier M, Maya JD, Solari A, Maldonado E. Endogenous overexpression of an active phosphorylated form of DNA polymerase β under oxidative stress in Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006220. [PMID: 29432450 PMCID: PMC5825160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is exposed during its life to exogenous and endogenous oxidative stress, leading to damage of several macromolecules such as DNA. There are many DNA repair pathways in the nucleus and mitochondria (kinetoplast), where specific protein complexes detect and eliminate damage to DNA. One group of these proteins is the DNA polymerases. In particular, Tc DNA polymerase β participates in kinetoplast DNA replication and repair. However, the mechanisms which control its expression under oxidative stress are still unknown. Here we describe the effect of oxidative stress on the expression and function of Tc DNA polymerase β To this end parasite cells (epimastigotes and trypomastigotes) were exposed to peroxide during short periods of time. Tc DNA polymerase β which was associated physically with kinetoplast DNA, showed increased protein levels in response to peroxide damage in both parasite forms analyzed. Two forms of DNA polymerase β were identified and overexpressed after peroxide treatment. One of them was phosphorylated and active in DNA synthesis after renaturation on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel. This phosphorylated form showed 3-4-fold increase in both parasite forms. Our findings indicate that these increments in protein levels are not under transcriptional control because the level of Tc DNA polymerase β mRNA is maintained or slightly decreased during the exposure to oxidative stress. We propose a mechanism where a DNA repair pathway activates a cascade leading to the increment of expression and phosphorylation of Tc DNA polymerase β in response to oxidative damage, which is discussed in the context of what is known in other trypanosomes which lack transcriptional control. Exposure of Trypanosome cruzi to oxidative stress leads to damage of several macromolecules such as DNA. DNA polymerases play a very important role in DNA repair after oxidative damage. One of them is Tc DNA polymerase β. In this work, two form of this DNA polymerase were identified and overexpressed in T. cruzi cells after hydrogen peroxide treatment been one of them a phosphorylated and highly active form. The increment of Tc DNA polymerase β was not correlated with changes in mRNA levels, indicating absence of transcriptional control. We propose a mechanism where hydrogen peroxide treatment activates a pathway leading to expression and phosphorylation of Tc DNA polymerase β in response to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Rojas
- Microbiology and Micology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Moreira-Ramos
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Solari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edio Maldonado
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Castillo C, Muñoz L, Carrillo I, Liempi A, Medina L, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates local innate immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi in ex vivo infected human placental chorionic villi explants. Placenta 2017; 60:40-46. [PMID: 29208238 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that must cross the placental barrier during transmission. The trophoblast constitutes the first tissue in contact with the maternal-blood circulating parasite. Importantly, the congenital transmission rates are low, suggesting the presence of local placental defense mechanisms. On the other hand, the placenta is considered an immune regulatory organ since it acts as a modulator of fetal and maternal immune responses. We have previously proposed that local placental factors, such as the epithelial turnover of the trophoblast and the innate immune response initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), might prevent parasite infection and congenital transmission. Here, we studied in an ex vivo infected human placental chorionic villi explant HPCVE model, the relationship between TLR-2 activation in response to T. cruzi trypomastigotes, the secreted profile of cytokines, the integrity of the placental barrier and the expression of trophoblast turnover markers. RESULTS TLR-2 inhibition increases the parasite induced histopathological damage, prevents secretion of IL-6 and IL-10, decreases expression of PCNA (proliferation marker) and of β-hCG (differentiation marker) while increasing caspase 3 activity (cell death marker). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TLR-2 is not only involved in the local secretion of cytokines but also regulates, at least partially, the trophoblast turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Castillo-Parra S, Oyarzo Torres S, Espinoza Barrios M, Rojas-Serey AM, Maya JD, Sabaj Diez V, Aliaga Castillo V, Castillo Niño M, Romero Romero L, Foster J, Hawes Barrios G. The implementation of multiple interprofessional integrated modules by health sciences faculty in Chile. J Interprof Care 2017; 31:777-780. [PMID: 28922024 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2017.1345872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple interprofessional integrated modules (MIIM) 1 and 2 are two required, cross-curricular courses developed by a team of health professions faculty, as well as experts in education, within the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile. MIIM 1 focused on virtual cases requiring team decision-making in real time. MIIM 2 focused on a team-based community project. The evaluation of MIIM included student, teacher, and coordinator perspectives. To explore the perceptions of this interprofessional experience quantitative data in the form of standardised course evaluations regarding teaching methodology, interpersonal relations and the course organisation and logistics were gathered. In addition, qualitative perceptions were collected from student focus groups and meetings with tutors and coordinators. Between 2010 and 2014, 881 students enrolled in MIIM. Their evaluation scores rated interpersonal relations most highly, followed by organisation and logistics, and then teaching methodology. A key result was the learning related to interprofessional team work by the teaching coordinators, as well as the participating faculty. The strengths of this experience included student integration and construction of new knowledge, skill development in making decisions, and collective self-learning. Challenges included additional time management and tutors' role. This work requires valuation of an alternative way of learning, which is critical for the performance of future health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Castillo-Parra
- a Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Sandra Oyarzo Torres
- b Departamento de Educación en Ciencias de la Salud y Departamento de Promoción de la Salud de la Mujer y Recién Nacido, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mónica Espinoza Barrios
- b Departamento de Educación en Ciencias de la Salud y Departamento de Promoción de la Salud de la Mujer y Recién Nacido, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ana María Rojas-Serey
- c Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- d Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Valeria Sabaj Diez
- d Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | | | - Manuel Castillo Niño
- e Departamento de Educación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Luis Romero Romero
- f Departamento de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jennifer Foster
- g Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Carrillo I, Medina L, Veas R, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Ex vivo infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi in human, dog and sheep placental explants induces tissue damage. Placenta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Castillo C, Muñoz L, Carrillo I, Liempi A, Gallardo C, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii induces different Toll-like receptor expression and cytokine/chemokine profiles. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28328108 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii present, respectively, low and high congenital transmission rates. The placenta as an immune regulatory organ expresses TLRs, leading to the secretion of cytokines. Both parasites are recognized by TLR-2, TLR-4, and TLR-9. Here, we studied if the parasites induce differences in TLR protein expression, cytokine profiles, and whether receptor inhibition is related to parasite infection. METHOD OF STUDY Placental tissue explants were infected ex vivo with each parasite, TLRs protein expression, cytokine profile and parasite infection were determined by Western blotting, ELISA and qPCR. RESULTS Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii infection is related to TLR-2 and TLR-4/TLR-9, respectively. Trypanosoma cruzi elicits an increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 cytokine secretion whereas T. gondii only increases the secretion of IL-8. CONCLUSION The susceptibility of the placenta to each parasite is mediated partially by the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gallardo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Droguett D, Carrillo I, Castillo C, Gómez F, Negrete M, Liempi A, Muñoz L, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi induces cellular proliferation in the trophoblastic cell line BeWo. Exp Parasitol 2016; 173:9-17. [PMID: 27939813 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is partially responsible for the progressive globalization of Chagas disease. During congenital transmission the parasite must cross the placental barrier where the trophoblast, a continuous renewing epithelium, is the first tissue in contact with the parasite. The trophoblast turnover implies cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic cell death. The epithelial turnover is considered part of innate immunity. We previously demonstrated that T. cruzi induces cellular differentiation and apoptosis in this tissue. Here we demonstrate that T. cruzi induces cellular proliferation in a trophoblastic cell line. We analyzed the cellular proliferation in BeWo cells by determining DNA synthesis by BrdU incorporation assays, mitotic index, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, as well as quantification of nucleolus organizer regions by histochemistry and expression of the proliferation markers PCNA and Ki67 by Western blotting and/or immunofluorescence. Additionally, we determined the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway activation by the parasite by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Droguett
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Fresia Gómez
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Miguel Negrete
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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Robledo-O'Ryan N, Matos MJ, Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Santana L, Uriarte E, Moncada-Basualto M, Mura F, Lapier M, Maya JD, Olea-Azar C. Synthesis, antioxidant and antichagasic properties of a selected series of hydroxy-3-arylcoumarins. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:621-632. [PMID: 27908757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in several parasitic diseases such as Chagas. Agents able to selectively modulate biochemical processes involved in the disease represent promising multifunctional agents for the delay or abolishment of the progression of this pathology. In the current work, differently substituted hydroxy-3-arylcoumarins are described, exerting both antioxidant and trypanocidal activity. Among the compounds synthesized, compound 8 showed the most interesting profile, presenting a moderate scavenging ability for peroxyl radicals (ORAC-FL=2.23) and a high degree of selectivity towards epimastigotes stage of the parasite T. cruzi (IC50=1.31μM), higher than Nifurtimox (drug currently used for treatment of Chagas disease). Interestingly, the current study revealed that small structural changes in the hydroxy-3-arylcoumarin core allow modulating both activities, suggesting that this scaffold has desirable properties for the development of promising classes of antichagasic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Robledo-O'Ryan
- Free Radical and Antioxidants Laboratory, Inorganic and Analytical Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria João Matos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Saleta Vazquez-Rodriguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lourdes Santana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mauricio Moncada-Basualto
- Free Radical and Antioxidants Laboratory, Inorganic and Analytical Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Mura
- Free Radical and Antioxidants Laboratory, Inorganic and Analytical Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Clinical, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Clinical, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Free Radical and Antioxidants Laboratory, Inorganic and Analytical Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Castillo C, Muñoz L, Carrillo I, Droguett D, Liempi A, Astudillo J, Maya JD, Galanti N, Kemmerling U. Trophoblast turnover in human placental chorionic villi explants induced by Trypanosoma cruzi is mediated by toll like receptor-2 activation. Placenta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Carrillo I, Castillo C, Droguett D, Muñoz L, Liempi A, Maya JD, Galanti N, Kemmerling U. Caspase 8 inhibition increases the infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in the human trophoblast cell line (BeWo). Placenta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Muñoz L, Castillo C, Carrillo I, Salinas A, Liempi A, Droguett D, Maya JD, Galanti N, Kemmerling U. The ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii is mediated by different toll-like receptors. Placenta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Carrillo I, Droguett D, Castillo C, Liempi A, Muñoz L, Maya JD, Galanti N, Kemmerling U. Caspase-8 activity is part of the BeWo trophoblast cell defense mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Exp Parasitol 2016; 168:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Carrillo I, Muñoz L, Droguett D, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. A local innate immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi in the human placenta: The epithelial turnover of the trophoblast. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:123-129. [PMID: 27554274 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is partially responsible for the progressive globalization of Chagas disease despite of its low transmission rate. The probability of congenital transmission depends on complex interactions between the parasite, the maternal and fetus/newborn immune responses and placental factors, being the latter the least studied one. During transplacental transmission, the parasite must cross the placental barrier where the trophoblast, a continuous renewing epithelium, is the first tissue to have contact with the parasite. Importantly, the epithelial turnover is considered part of the innate immune system since pathogens, prior to cell invasion, must attach to the surface of cells. The trophoblast turnover involves cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic cell death, all of them are induced by the parasite. In the present review, we analyze the current evidence about the trophoblast epithelial turnover as a local placental innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Daniel Droguett
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Guíñez RF, Matos MJ, Olea-Azar C, Maya JD, Uriarte E, Santana L. Facing Chagas' disease: trypanocidal properties of new coumarin-chalcone scaffolds. Med Chem 2016:MC-EPUB-MC-EPUB-72945. [PMID: 26740208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of finding new chemical entities based on coumarin and chalcone scaffolds, new hybrid compounds 2-5 were designed and synthesized. The trypanocidal activity of these compounds was tested against the epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote stages of the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite. Cytotoxicity assays were also performed in RAW 264.7 and VERO cells. Compound 5 presented the highest trypanocidal activity of the series, with trypanocidal values higher than nifurtimox for the trypomastigote and epimastigote stages., but presenting cytotoxic effects in the mammalian cells. A SAR study suggested that methoxy substitution at positions 2 and 5 in the designed scaffold seemed to be a key feature for the trypanocidal activity. Therefore, the coumarin-chalcone scaffold can be taken into account for further lead optimization and design new and more effective trypanocidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleta Vazquez-Rodriguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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30
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Figueroa-Guiñez R, Matos MJ, Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Santana L, Uriarte E, Borges F, Olea-Azar C, Maya JD. Interest of antioxidant agents in parasitic diseases. The case study of coumarins. Curr Top Med Chem 2015; 15:850-6. [PMID: 25697564 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150220113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tropical parasitic diseases, especially those produced by protozoan parasites, are a major public health problem in many countries, and their impact in the health burden is significant. Oxidative processes proved to be related to these diseases, being the antioxidant agents promising therapeutic solutions for them. Therefore, this review provides an overview of published manuscripts regarding both activities. In particular, the interest of the coumarin derivatives as antioxidant agents with application in parasitic diseases is discussed in this manuscript. The recent findings in this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica y Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Departamento de Farmacologia Molecular y Clinica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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31
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Duaso J, Droguett D, Sandoval A, Barahona K, Hernández A, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi induces trophoblast differentiation: a potential local antiparasitic mechanism of the human placenta? Placenta 2014; 35:1035-42. [PMID: 25315217 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is responsible for one-third of new Chagas disease cases each year. During congenital transmission, the parasite breaks down the placental barrier formed by the trophoblast, basal laminae and villous stroma. The observation that only 5% of infected mothers transmit the parasite to the fetus implies that the placenta may impair parasite transmission. The trophoblast undergoes continuous epithelial turnover, which is considered part of innate immunity. Therefore, we propose that T. cruzi induces differentiation in the trophoblast as part of a local antiparasitic mechanism of the placenta. METHODS We analyzed β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and syncytin protein expression in HPCVE and BeWo cells using immunofluorescence and western blotting. Additionally, β-hCG secretion into the culture medium was measured by ELISA. We assessed the differentiation of trophoblastic cells in BeWo cells using the two-color fusion assay and by determining desmoplakin re-distribution. RESULTS T. cruzi trypomastigotes induce β-hCG secretion and protein expression as well as syncytin protein expression in HPCVE and BeWo cells. Additionally, the parasite induces the trophoblast fusion of BeWo cells. DISCUSSION T. cruzi induces differentiation of the trophoblast, which may contribute to increase the trophoblast turnover. The turnover could be a component of local antiparasitic mechanisms in the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Duaso
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Droguett
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - A Sandoval
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Barahona
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Hernández
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - U Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Jimenez V, Kemmerling U, Paredes R, Maya JD, Sosa MA, Galanti N. Natural sesquiterpene lactones induce programmed cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi: a new therapeutic target? Phytomedicine 2014; 21:1411-8. [PMID: 25022207 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and is recognized by the WHO as one of the world's 17 neglected tropical diseases. Only two drugs (Benznidazol, Bz and Nifurtimox, Nx) are currently accepted for treatment, however they cause severe adverse effects and their efficacy is still controversial. It is then important to explore for new drugs. PURPOSE Programmed cell death (PCD) in parasites offers interesting new therapeutic targets. The aim of this work was to evaluate the induction of PCD in T. cruzi by two natural sesquiterpene lactones (STLs), dehydroleucodine (DhL) and helenalin (Hln) as compared with the two conventional drugs, Bz and Nx. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hln and DhL were isolated from aerial parts of Gaillardia megapotamica and Artemisia douglassiana Besser, respectively. Purity of compounds (greater than 95%) was confirmed by (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance, melting point analysis, and optical rotation. Induction of PCD in T. cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes by DhL, Hln, Bz and Nx was assayed by phosphatidylserine exposure at the parasite surface and by detection of DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL assay. Trypanocidal activity of natural and synthetic compounds was assayed by measuring parasite viability using the MTT method. RESULTS The two natural STLs, DhL and Hln, induce programmed cell death in both, the replicative epimastigote form and the infective trypomastigote form of T. cruzi. Interestingly, the two conventional antichagasic drugs (Bz and Nx) do not induce programmed cell death. A combination of DhL and either Bz or Nx showed an increased effect of natural compounds and synthetic drugs on the decrease of parasite viability. CONCLUSION DhL and Hln induce programmed cell death in T. cruzi replicative epimastigote and infective trypomastigote forms, which is a different mechanism of action than the conventional drugs to kill the parasite. Therefore DhL and Hln may offer an interesting option for the treatment of Chagas disease, alone or in combination with conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jimenez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - U Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Paredes
- Laboratorio de Salud de Ecosistemas, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - J D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - M A Sosa
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - N Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Cipriani M, Toloza J, Bradford L, Putzu E, Vieites M, Curbelo E, Tomaz AI, Garat B, Guerrero J, Gancheff JS, Maya JD, Olea Azar C, Gambino D, Otero L. Effect of the Metal Ion on the antiT. cruziActivity and Mechanism of Action of 5-Nitrofuryl-Containing Thiosemicarbazone Metal Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liempi A, Droguett D, Castillo C, Sandoval A, Figueroa P, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Congenital infection of protozoa: Histopathological and histochemical analysis of human chorionic villi explants infected ex vivo with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. Placenta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sarniguet C, Toloza J, Cipriani M, Lapier M, Vieites M, Toledano-Magaña Y, García-Ramos JC, Ruiz-Azuara L, Moreno V, Maya JD, Azar CO, Gambino D, Otero L. Water-soluble ruthenium complexes bearing activity against protozoan parasites. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:379-92. [PMID: 24740394 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic illnesses are major causes of human disease and misery worldwide. Among them, both amebiasis and Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasites, Entamoeba histolytica and Trypanosoma cruzi, are responsible for thousands of annual deaths. The lack of safe and effective chemotherapy and/or the appearance of current drug resistance make the development of novel pharmacological tools for their treatment relevant. In this sense, within the framework of the medicinal inorganic chemistry, metal-based drugs appear to be a good alternative to find a pharmacological answer to parasitic diseases. In this work, novel ruthenium complexes [RuCl2(HL)(HPTA)2]Cl2 with HL=bioactive 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones and PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane have been synthesized and fully characterized. PTA was included as co-ligand in order to modulate complexes aqueous solubility. In fact, obtained complexes were water soluble. Their activity against T. cruzi and E. histolytica was evaluated in vitro. [RuCl2(HL4)(HPTA)2]Cl2 complex, with HL4=N-phenyl-5-nitrofuryl-thiosemicarbazone, was the most active compound against both parasites. In particular, it showed an excellent activity against E. histolytica (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)=5.2 μM), even higher than that of the reference drug metronidazole. In addition, this complex turns out to be selective for E. histolytica (selectivity index (SI)>38). The potential mechanism of antiparasitic action of the obtained ruthenium complexes could involve oxidative stress for both parasites. Additionally, complexes could interact with DNA as second potential target by an intercalative-like mode. Obtained results could be considered a contribution in the search for metal compounds that could be active against multiple parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sarniguet
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, DEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, C. C. 1157, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Rojo G, Castillo C, Duaso J, Liempi A, Droguett D, Galanti N, Maya JD, López-Muñoz R, Kemmerling U. Toxic and therapeutic effects of Nifurtimox and Benznidazol on Trypanosoma cruzi ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants. Acta Trop 2014; 132:112-8. [PMID: 24462796 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nifurtimox (Nfx) and Benznidazole (Bnz) are the only available drugs in use for the treatment of Chagas disease. These drugs are recommended but not fully validated in evidence-based medicine and reports about the differential toxicity of both drugs are controversial. Here, we evaluated the toxic and therapeutic effects of Nfx and Bnz on human placental chorionic villi explants (HPCVE) during ex vivo infection of Trypanosoma cruzi, performing histopathological, histochemical, immunohistochemical as well as immunofluorescence analysis of the tissue. Additionally, we determined the effect of both drugs on parasite load by real time PCR. Bnz prevents the parasite induced tissue damage in ex vivo infected HPCVE compared to Nfx, which is toxic per se. The presence of T. cruzi antigens and DNA in infected explants suggests that these drugs do not impair parasite invasion into the HPCVE. Additionally, our results confirm reports suggesting that Bnz is less toxic than Nfx and support the need for the development of more effective and better-tolerated drugs.
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Jara JA, Castro-Castillo V, Saavedra-Olavarría J, Peredo L, Pavanni M, Jaña F, Letelier ME, Parra E, Becker MI, Morello A, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, Ferreira J. Antiproliferative and uncoupling effects of delocalized, lipophilic, cationic gallic acid derivatives on cancer cell lines. Validation in vivo in singenic mice. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2440-54. [PMID: 24568614 DOI: 10.1021/jm500174v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells principally exhibit increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) and altered metabolic pathways. The therapeutic targeting and delivery of anticancer drugs to the mitochondria might improve treatment efficacy. Gallic acid exhibits a variety of biological activities, and its ester derivatives can induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Four alkyl gallate triphenylphosphonium lipophilic cations were synthesized, each differing in the size of the linker chain at the cationic moiety. These derivatives were selectively cytotoxic toward tumor cells. The better compound (TPP(+)C10) contained 10 carbon atoms within the linker chain and exhibited an IC50 value of approximately 0.4-1.6 μM for tumor cells and a selectivity index of approximately 17-fold for tumor compared with normal cells. Consequently, its antiproliferative effect was also assessed in vivo. The oxygen consumption rate and NAD(P)H oxidation levels increased in the tumor cell lines (uncoupling effect), resulting in a ΔΨ(m) decrease and a consequent decrease in intracellular ATP levels. Moreover, TPP(+)C10 significantly inhibited the growth of TA3/Ha tumors in mice. According to these results, the antineoplastic activity and safety of TPP(+)C10 warrant further comprehensive evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Jara
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Castillo C, Liempi A, Droguett D, Duaso J, Cerda M, Härtel S, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi induces differentiation of the trophoblast. Placenta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Droguett D, Liempi A, Castillo C, Duaso J, Cerda M, Härtel S, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi induces cellular proliferation in the trophoblastic cell line BeWo. Placenta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Lapier M, Duaso J, Kemmerling U, Galanti N, Leiva M, Ferreira J, López-Muñoz R, Maya JD. Benznidazole prevents endothelial damage in an experimental model of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2013; 127:6-13. [PMID: 23529066 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of benznidazole on endothelial activation in a murine model of Chagas disease. METHODS A low (30mg/kg/day) and a high (100mg/kg/day) dose of benznidazole were administered to mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi during the early phases of the infection. The effects of the treatments were assessed at 24 and 90 days postinfection by evaluating the parasitaemia, mortality, histopathological changes and expression of ICAM in the cardiac tissue. The blood levels of thromboxane A2, soluble ICAM and E-selectin were also measured. T. cruzi clearance was assessed by the detection of parasite DNA in the heart tissue of infected mice. RESULTS Benznidazole decreased the cardiac damage induced by the parasite, and amastigote nests disappeared at 90 days postinfection. Both doses cleared the parasite from the cardiac tissue at 24 and 90 days postinfection. In addition, benznidazole decreased the thromboxane levels and normalized the plasma sICAM and sE-selectin levels by 90 days postinfection. CONCLUSIONS Early administration of benznidazole at a dose as low as 30mg/kg eradicates T. cruzi from cardiac tissue. Additionally, benznidazole prevents cardiac damage and modulates endothelial activation as part of its antichagasic activity.
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Demoro B, Rossi M, Caruso F, Liebowitz D, Olea-Azar C, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, Guiset H, Moreno V, Pizzo C, Mahler G, Otero L, Gambino D. Potential mechanism of the anti-trypanosomal activity of organoruthenium complexes with bioactive thiosemicarbazones. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:371-81. [PMID: 23564472 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new metal-based drugs against diseases produced by trypanosomatid parasites, four organoruthenium(II) compounds [Ru2(p-cymene)2(L)2]X2, where L are bioactive 5-nitrofuryl-containing thiosemicarbazones and X = Cl or PF6, had been previously obtained. These compounds had shown activity on Trypanosoma brucei, the etiological agent of African trypanosomiasis. Because of genomic similarities between trypanosomatides, these ruthenium compounds were evaluated, in the current work, on Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Two of them showed significant in vitro growth inhibition activity against the infective trypomastigote form of T. cruzi (Dm28c clone, IC50 = 11.69 and 59.42 μM for [Ru2(p-cymene)2(L4)2]Cl2 and [Ru2(p-cymene)2(L1)2]Cl2, respectively, where HL4 = 5-nitrofuryl-N-phenylthiosemicarbazone and HL1 = 5-nitrofurylthiosemicarbazone), showing fairly good selectivities toward trypanosomes with respect to mammalian cells (J774 murine macrophages). Moreover, [Ru2(p-cymene)2(L2)2]Cl2, where HL2 = 5-nitrofuryl-N-methylthiosemicarbazone, was synthesized in order to evaluate the effect of improved solubility on biological behavior. This new chloride salt showed higher activity against T. cruzi than that of the previously synthesized hexafluorophosphate one (Dm28c clone, IC50 = 14.30 μM for the former and 231.3 μM for the latter). In addition, the mode of antitrypanosomal action of the organoruthenium compounds was investigated. The complexes were not only able to generate toxic free radicals through bioreduction but they also interacted with two further potential parasite targets: DNA and cruzipain, a cysteine protease which plays a fundamental role in the biological cycle of these parasites. The results suggest a "multi-target" mechanism of trypanosomicidal action for the obtained complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Demoro
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Lapier M, Duaso J, Kemmerling U, Galanti N, Ferreira J, Morello A, López-Muñoz R, Maya JD. Protection of vascular endothelium by aspirin in a murine model of chronic Chagas' disease. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2731-9. [PMID: 23681190 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Chagas' disease affects 10-30 % of patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and it mainly manifests as cardiomyopathy. Important pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the cardiac lesions include activation of the endothelium and induced microvascular alterations. These processes involve the production of endothelial adhesion molecules and thromboxane A2, which are involved in inflammatory cell recruitment and platelet aggregation, respectively. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as aspirin decrease thromboxane production and alter the course of Chagas' disease, both in the acute and chronic phases. We studied the effects of the administration of low and high doses of aspirin during the early phase of T. cruzi infection, following microvascular damage in the context of a chronic murine model of Chagas' disease. The effects of both schedules were assessed at 24 and 90 days postinfection by evaluating parasitemia, mortality, and cardiac histopathological changes as well as the expression of ICAM, VCAM, and E-selectin in cardiac tissue. Thromboxane A2, soluble ICAM, and E-selectin blood levels were also measured. While aspirin did not affect parasitemia or mortality in the infected mice, it decreased both cardiac inflammatory infiltrates and thromboxane levels. Additionally, at 90 days postinfection, aspirin normalized sICAM and sE-selectin levels. Considering the improved endothelial function induced by aspirin, we propose the possibility of including this drug in clinical therapy to treat chronic Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
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Urra FA, Martínez-Cifuentes M, Pavani M, Lapier M, Jaña-Prado F, Parra E, Maya JD, Pessoa-Mahana H, Ferreira J, Araya-Maturana R. An ortho-carbonyl substituted hydroquinone derivative is an anticancer agent that acts by inhibiting mitochondrial bioenergetics and by inducing G₂/M-phase arrest in mammary adenocarcinoma TA3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 267:218-27. [PMID: 23333614 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells present a known metabolic reprogramming, which makes them more susceptible for a selective cellular death by modifying its mitochondrial bioenergetics. Anticancer action of the antioxidant 9,10-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dihydroanthracen-1(4H)-one (HQ) on mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3, and its multiresistant variant TA3-MTXR, were evaluated. HQ decreased the viability of both tumor cells, affecting slightly mammary epithelial cells. This hydroquinone blocked the electron flow through the NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), leading to ADP-stimulated oxygen consumption inhibition, transmembrane potential dissipation and cellular ATP level decrease, without increasing ROS production. Duroquinol, an electron donor at CoQ level, reversed the decrease of cell viability induced by HQ. Additionally, HQ selectively induced G₂/M-phase arrest. Taken together, our results suggest that the bioenergetic dysfunction provoked by HQ is implicated in its anticancer action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A Urra
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Casilla 233, Santiago-1, Chile.
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Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Figueroa-Guíñez R, Matos MJ, Santana L, Uriarte E, Lapier M, Maya JD, Olea-Azar C. Synthesis of coumarin–chalcone hybrids and evaluation of their antioxidant and trypanocidal properties. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Castillo C, Villarroel A, Duaso J, Galanti N, Cabrera G, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Phospholipase C gamma and ERK1/2 Mitogen Activated Kinase Pathways are differentially modulated by Trypanosoma cruzi during tissue invasion in human placenta. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:12-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Castillo C, López-Muñoz R, Duaso J, Galanti N, Jaña F, Ferreira J, Cabrera G, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in ex vivo Trypanosoma cruzi infection of human placental chorionic villi. Placenta 2012; 33:991-7. [PMID: 23107342 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas' disease is caused by the haemophlagelated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). During congenital transmission the parasite breaks down the placental barrier. In the present study we analyzed the participation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during T. cruzi ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants. METHODS Chorionic villi from healthy woman placentas were incubated in the presence or absence of 10⁵ or 10⁶ T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Y strain) with or without the MMPs inhibitor doxycycline. Effective infection was tested measuring parasite DNA by real time PCR (qPCR). MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry and their activities were measured by zymography. The effect of MMPs on ECM structure was analyzed histochemically. RESULTS T. cruzi induces the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in chorionic villi. Inhibition of the MMPs prevents the tissue damage induced by T. cruzi and partially decreases the ex vivo infection of the chorionic villi. CONCLUSION MMPs are partially responsible for the ECM changes observed in human chorionic villi during T. cruzi infection and participate in tissue invasion. On the other hand, MMPs may be part of a local placental antiparasitic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Region Metropolitana, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
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Pérez-Cruz F, Serra S, Delogu G, Lapier M, Maya JD, Olea-Azar C, Santana L, Uriarte E. Antitrypanosomal and antioxidant properties of 4-hydroxycoumarins derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5569-73. [PMID: 22832320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present communication we prepared a series of six 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives, isosters of quercetin, recognized as an antioxidant natural compound, with the aim of evaluating the antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, and the antioxidant properties. We have used the 4-hydroxycoumarin moiety (compound 1) as the molecular template for the synthesis of compounds 2-7. These derivates have shown moderate trypanocidal activity. However they have been proved to be good antioxidants. In particular compound 7 is the most active antioxidant and it is, therefore, a potential candidate for a successful employment in conditions characterized by free radicals overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pérez-Cruz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analitica, Laboratorio de radicales libres y antioxidantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
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Ramírez G, Valck C, Aguilar L, Kemmerling U, López-Muñoz R, Cabrera G, Morello A, Ferreira J, Maya JD, Galanti N, Ferreira A. Roles of Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin in parasite-host interactions and in tumor growth. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:133-40. [PMID: 22673211 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Latin America, there are about 10-12 million people infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, one of the most important neglected tropical parasitism. Identification of molecular targets, specific for the aggressor or host cells or both, may be useful in the development of pharmacological and/or immunological therapeutic tools. Classic efforts in Chagas' disease explore those strategies. Although the immune system frequently controls parasite aggressions, sterile immunity is seldom achieved and chronic interactions are thus established. However, laboratory-modified immunologic probes aimed at selected parasite targets, may be more effective than their unmodified counterparts. Calreticulin (CRT) from vertebrates is a calcium binding protein, present mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it directs the conformation of proteins and controls calcium levels. We have isolated, gene-cloned, expressed and characterized T. cruzi calreticulin (TcCRT). Upon infection, the parasite can translocate this molecule from the ER to the surface, where it inhibits both the classical and lectin complement pathways. Moreover, by virtue of its capacity to bind and inactivate first complement component C1, it promotes parasite infectivity. These two related properties reside in the central domain of this molecule. A different domain, amino terminal, binds to endothelial cells, thus inhibiting their angiogenic capacity. Since tumor growth depends, to a large extent on angiogenesis, their growth is also inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Duaso J, Yanez E, Castillo C, Galanti N, Cabrera G, Corral G, Maya JD, Zulantay I, Apt W, Kemmerling U. Reorganization of extracellular matrix in placentas from women with asymptomatic chagas disease: mechanism of parasite invasion or local placental defense? J Trop Med 2011; 2012:758357. [PMID: 22007243 PMCID: PMC3189612 DOI: 10.1155/2012/758357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, produced by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is one of the most frequent endemic diseases in Latin America. In spite the fact that in the past few years T. cruzi congenital transmission has become of epidemiological importance, studies about this mechanism of infection are scarce. In order to explore some morphological aspects of this infection in the placenta, we analyzed placentas from T. cruzi-infected mothers by immunohistochemical and histochemical methods. Infection in mothers, newborns, and placentas was confirmed by PCR and by immunofluorescence in the placenta. T. cruzi-infected placentas present destruction of the syncytiotrophoblast and villous stroma, selective disorganization of the basal lamina, and disorganization of collagen I in villous stroma. Our results suggest that the parasite induces reorganization of this tissue component and in this way may regulate both inflammatory and immune responses in the host. Changes in the ECM of placental tissues, together with the immunological status of mother and fetus, and parasite load may determine the probability of congenital transmission of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Duaso
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Erika Yanez
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gabriela Corral
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital de Illapel, Independencia, IV Región, 0512 Illapel, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Inés Zulantay
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Werner Apt
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, 1027 Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, VII Región, 3460000 Talca, Chile
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Aravena CM, Olea AC, Cerecetto H, González M, Maya JD, Rodríguez-Becerra J. Potent 5-nitrofuran derivatives inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi growth: electrochemical, spectroscopic and biological studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 79:312-319. [PMID: 21470905 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance techniques were used in the investigation of several potential antiprotozoal containing thiosemicarbazone and carbamate nitrofurans. In the electrochemical behaviour, a self-protonation process involving the nitro group was observed. The reactivity of the nitro anion radical for these derivatives with glutathione, a biological relevant thiol, was also studied in means of cyclic voltammetry. These studies demonstrated that glutathione could react with radical species from 5-nitrofuryl system. Furthermore, from the voltammetric results, some parameters of biological significance as E(7)(1) (indicative of the biological nitro anion radical formation), and [Formula: see text] (thermodynamic indicator the of oxygen redox cycling) have been calculated. We also evaluated the stability of the nitro anion radical in terms of the dimerization constant (k(d)). The nitrofuran-free radicals from cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance. A clear dependence between both the thiosemicarbazone or carbamate substructure and the length of the linker, furyl- or furylpropenyl-spacer, and the delocalization of the unpaired electron was observed. Through of biological assays we obtained important parameters that account for the selective anti-trypanosomal activity of these derivatives. The trypomastigote viability study showed that all derivatives are as active as in the epimastigote form of the parasite in a doses dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maria Aravena
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Famacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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