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Dabi YT, Ajagbe AO, Degechisa ST. Toll-like receptors in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e839. [PMID: 37102648 PMCID: PMC10116887 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors triggered by pathogen-derived and tissue-damage-related ligands. TLRs were previously believed to only be expressed in immune cells. However, it is now confirmed that they are ubiquitously expressed in cells within the body including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of TLRs is capable of inducing immunologic and inflammatory responses to injury or infection of CNS. This response is self-limiting that usually resolves once the infection has been eradicated or the tissue damage has been repaired. However, the persistence of inflammation-inducing insults or a failure in normal resolution mechanisms may result in overwhelming inflammation which may induce neurodegeneration. This implies that TLRs may play a role in mediating the link between inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. So, new therapeutic approaches that specifically target TLRs may be developed by better understanding TLR expression mechanisms in the CNS and their connections to particular neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review paper discussed the role of TLRs in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Tsegaye Dabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health SciencesWollega UniversityNekemteEthiopia
| | - Abayomi O. Ajagbe
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesNile University of NigeriaAbujaNigeria
| | - Sisay T. Degechisa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health SciencesArba Minch UniversityArba MinchEthiopia
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McMillan N, Kirschen GW, Desai S, Xia E, Tsirka SE, Aguirre A. ADAM10 facilitates rapid neural stem cell cycling and proper positioning within the subventricular zone niche via JAMC/RAP1Gap signaling. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2472-2483. [PMID: 35535899 PMCID: PMC9120697 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.339007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate neural stem cell (NSC) lineage progression and maintain NSCs within different domains of the adult neural stem cell niche, the subventricular zone are not well defined. Quiescent NSCs are arranged at the apical ventricular wall, while mitotically activated NSCs are found in the basal, vascular region of the subventricular zone. Here, we found that ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10) is essential in NSC association with the ventricular wall, and via this adhesion to the apical domain, ADAM10 regulates the switch from quiescent and undifferentiated NSC to an actively proliferative and differentiating cell state. Processing of JAMC (junctional adhesion molecule C) by ADAM10 increases Rap1GAP activity. This molecular machinery promotes NSC transit from the apical to the basal compartment and subsequent lineage progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating the proper positioning of NSCs within the subventricular zone niche and lineage progression of NSCs could provide new targets for drug development to enhance the regenerative properties of neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia McMillan
- Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory W. Kirschen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanket Desai
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Emma Xia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Adan Aguirre
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Squillace S, Salvemini D. Toll-like receptor-mediated neuroinflammation: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:726-739. [PMID: 35753845 PMCID: PMC9378500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with a well-documented role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, TLR activation has also been linked to several brain functions including neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Increasing evidence supports TLR involvement in peripheral and central inflammation underlying normal aging and the pathogenesis of clinical conditions characterized by cognitive decline. These include not only major neurodegenerative diseases but also traumatic brain injuries, surgeries, and alcohol consumption- and chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. We first summarize the physiological roles of TLRs in the nervous system, and then illustrate the emerging involvement of TLRs in cognitive functions, pointing to these receptors as novel enticing pharmacological targets to develop more efficient drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Squillace
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Kang EM, Jia YB, Wang JY, Wang GY, Chen HJ, Chen XY, Ye YQ, Zhang X, Su XH, Wang JY, He XS. Downregulation of microRNA-124-3p promotes subventricular zone neural stem cell activation by enhancing the function of BDNF downstream pathways after traumatic brain injury in adult rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1081-1092. [PMID: 35481944 PMCID: PMC9160452 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims In this study, the effect of intracerebral ventricle injection with a miR‐124‐3p agomir or antagomir on prognosis and on subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells (NSCs) in adult rats with moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) was investigated. Methods Model rats with moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) were established and verified as described previously. The dynamic changes in miR‐124‐3p and the status of NSCs in the SVZ were analyzed. To evaluate the effect of lateral ventricle injection with miR‐124‐3p analogs and inhibitors after TBI, modified neurological severity scores (mNSSs) and rotarod tests were used to assess motor function prognosis. The variation in SVZ NSC marker expression was also explored. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of predicted miR‐124‐3p targets was performed to infer miR‐124‐3p functions, and miR‐124‐3p effects on pivotal predicted targets were further explored. Results Administration of miR‐124 inhibitors enhanced SVZ NSC proliferation and improved the motor function of TBI rats. Functional analysis of miR‐124 targets revealed high correlations between miR‐124 and neurotrophin signaling pathways, especially the TrkB downstream pathway. PI3K, Akt3, and Ras were found to be crucial miR‐124 targets and to be involved in most predicted functional pathways. Interference with miR‐124 expression in the lateral ventricle affected the PI3K/Akt3 and Ras pathways in the SVZ, and miR‐124 inhibitors intensified the potency of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in SVZ NSC proliferation after TBI. Conclusion Disrupting miR‐124 expression through lateral ventricle injection has beneficial effects on neuroregeneration and TBI prognosis. Moreover, the combined use of BDNF and miR‐124 inhibitors might lead to better outcomes in TBI than BDNF treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Ming Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Bin Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-You Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Guan-Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Qin Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, PLA 163rd Hospital (Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Hong Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Yu Wang
- Teaching and Research Support Center, Engineering University of Chinese Armed Police Force, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
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Gao J, Liu J, Yao M, Zhang W, Yang B, Wang G. Panax notoginseng Saponins Stimulates Neurogenesis and Neurological Restoration After Microsphere-Induced Cerebral Embolism in Rats Partially Via mTOR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:889404. [PMID: 35770087 PMCID: PMC9236302 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.889404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
P. Notoginseng Saponins (PNS), the main active component of herbal medicine Panax notoginseng, has been widely used to treat cerebrovascular diseases. It has been acknowledged that PNS exerted protection on nerve injuries induced by ischemic stroke, however, the long-term impacts of PNS on the restoration of neurological defects and neuroregeneration after stroke have not been thoroughly studied and the underlying molecular mechanism of stimulating neurogenesis is difficult to precisely clarify, much more in-depth researches are badly needed. In the present study, cerebral ischemia injury was induced by microsphere embolism (ME) in rats. After 14 days, PNS administration relieved cerebral ischemia injury as evidenced by alleviating neurological deficits and reducing hippocampal pathological damage. What’s more, PNS stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis by promoting cell proliferation, migration and differentiation activity and modulated synaptic plasticity. Increased number of BrdU/Nestin, BrdU/DCX and NeuroD1-positive cells and upregulated synapse-related GAP43, SYP, and PSD95 expression were observed in the hippocampus. We hypothesized that upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and activation of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling after ME could partially underlie the neuroprotective effects of PNS against cerebral ischemia injury. Our findings offer some new viewpoints into the beneficial roles of PNS against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxun Liu,
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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