3D-QSAR-Based Pharmacophore Modeling, Virtual Screening, and Molecular Docking Studies for Identification of Tubulin Inhibitors with Potential Anticancer Activity

Synthesis and Evaluation of 3,5-Disubstituted-1,2,4-Oxadiazolyl Benzamides as Potential Anti-Breast Cancer Agents: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Herein, the synthesis, anti-cancer evaluation, and in silico studies of a series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole compounds (8-15) are disclosed. The synthesized molecules were tested in vitro for anti-cancer activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, Ishikawa cell lines and human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell lines. Among the synthesized compounds, 9 and 15 exhibited significant cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 7.82 μM and 6.02 μM, respectively, against MCF-7 cell line, better than that of anti-breast cancer drug, tamoxifen (IC50=11.92 μM), used as control. Significantly, both 9 and 15 exhibited very low toxicity (IC50>20 μM) against normal HEK-293 cells. This suggests them as potentially effective anti-cancer lead molecules. The in vitro anti-cancer data was supported by in silico studies which also identified compounds 9 and 15 as potent inhibitors of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase1 (17β-HSD1) proteins, demonstrating strong interactions and stability The atom-based QSAR model exhibited high accuracy, significant regression, and predictive reliability, aiding in understanding and optimizing biological activity. The drug-likeness study of compounds 9 and 15 indicated favorable pharmacokinetics, with in silico toxicity predictions showing compound 15 to be non-toxic. These findings suggest compounds 9 and 15 as potential lead molecules against breast cancer.

Discovery of novel A2AR antagonist via 3D-QSAR pharmacophore modeling: neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells and haloperidol-induced Parkinsonism in C57 bl/6 mice

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder which is caused by abrupt degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPc) area of the midbrain. Adenosine A2A receptors have become promising therapeutic targets for PD; however, many A2A receptor antagonists face challenges, such as limited accessibility or failure in clinical trials due to poor selectivity and bioavailability. To identify novel A2A receptor antagonists, a 3D-QSAR-pharmacophore modeling approach was employed, involving virtual screening of ZINC, NCI, and MayBridge databases. The virtual hits were filtered via ADMET criteria to select compounds with favorable bioavailability and solubility profiles. From the MayBridge database, a potent monocyclic A2A receptor antagonist, AW00032 (N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-5-methylthiazole-4-yl) thiophene-2-sulfonamide, was identified. AW00032 possessed key pharmacophoric features: two lipophilic hydrogen bond acceptors, one hydrophobic aliphatic/aromatic group, and one aromatic ring. Docking analysis revealed AW00032 had a strong binding affinity for A2A receptors (1.23 nM, ∆G - 10.49 kcal/mol), and its ADMET profile indicated good bioavailability. In 6-OHDA induced SH-SY5Y cells, AW00032 increased dopamine levels and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, demonstrating its potential as an A2A receptor antagonist. AW00032, discovered through 3D-QSAR pharmacophore modeling, also reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and showed depletion in mitochondrial dysfunction in 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells. It exhibited A2A receptor antagonist activity comparable to the standard antagonist ZM241385, partially restoring dopamine and TH levels. Furthermore, AW00032 improved behavioral symptoms in haloperidol-induced C-57 bl/6 mice.

Identification of novel inhibitors of cancer target telomerase using a dual structure-based pharmacophore approach to virtually screen libraries, molecular docking and validation by molecular dynamics simulations

In about 85% of cancer malignancies, replicative immortality caused by increased telomerase activity makes it an attractive target for developing anticancer therapeutics. However, the lack of approved small-molecule inhibitors rooted in the structural ambiguity of telomerase has impeded drug development for decades. In this study, we have exploited the FVYL pocket in the thumb domain, which plays a key role in the enzyme's processivity. Due to the unavailability of a co-crystalized structure of BIBR1532 with the catalytic hTERT thumb domain, we utilized the molecular dynamics method to identify the precise binding site of the inhibitor. Two pharmacophore models were generated and validated for the putative (Site-I) and newly identified (Site-II) binding pockets which were screened virtually through the ChemDiv anticancer library, Otava drug-like green collection to identify novel lead compounds, and Binding database to screen out thumb domain-specific telomerase inhibitors. The top hits obtained were filtered using drug-likeliness parameters followed by redocking using a three-level screening strategy into their binding site. The structural investigation, molecular docking studies, and confirmatory molecular dynamics revealed that the exact binding site of BIBR1532 is away from the reported FVYL pocket with characteristic interactions conserved. Subsequently, the lead compounds with the highest docking scores and significant interactions in the newly discovered extended FVYL pocket were validated using 100 ns MD simulations. Additionally, cross-validated binding free energy calculations were performed using MM-PB(GB)SA methods followed by PCA and FEL characterization. The identified top lead compounds can be validated in vitro and taken forward for anticancer drug development.

A comprehensive survey of drug-target interaction analysis in allopathy and siddha medicine

Effective drug delivery is the cornerstone of modern healthcare, ensuring therapeutic compounds reach their intended targets efficiently. This paper explores the potential of personalized and holistic healthcare, driven by the synergy between traditional and allopathic medicine systems, with a specific focus on the vast reservoir of medicinal compounds found in plants rooted in the historical legacy of traditional medicine. Motivated by the desire to unlock the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and bridge the gap between traditional and allopathic medicine, this survey delves into in-silico computational approaches for studying Drug-Target Interactions (DTI) within the contexts of allopathy and siddha medicine. The contributions of this survey are multifaceted: it offers a comprehensive overview of in-silico methods for DTI analysis in both systems, identifies common challenges in DTI studies, provides insights into future directions to advance DTI analysis, and includes a comparative analysis of DTI in allopathy and siddha medicine. The findings of this survey highlight the pivotal role of in-silico computational approaches in advancing drug research and development in both allopathy and siddha medicine, emphasizing the importance of integrating these methods to drive the future of personalized healthcare.

Discovery of pharmacological agents for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies on 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)

Global burden of breast cancer is expected to cross 26 million new cases by 2030. The term 'triple negative breast cancer' (TNBC) refers to lack of expression of hormone receptors (ER, PR and HER2). 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition promotes breast cancer apoptosis, ferroptosis and inhibits metastases. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation induces cell survival in breast cancer through stimulation of angiogenesis. Therefore, inhibiting NF-B signalling can stop the growth of tumours. In light of these facts, an attempt is made to investigate binding characteristics of LOX inhibitors against 5-LOX (PDB-IDs 3V99 and 6N2W) and NF-κB (PDB-IDs 4KIK and 3DO7) through molecular docking, MM-GBSA calculation, molecular dynamic simulations (MDSs) and drug-likeness analysis. The eight lead molecules A169, A156, A162, A154, A102, A240, A86 and A58 were identified. The higher NF-B inhibiting potential of A169 was discovered through the sequential HTVS, SP docking and XP docking study. The hydrophobic interaction of Leu607, Phe610, Gln557 and Asn554 with 3V99 and Cys99, Glu97 and Arg20 of 4KIK is crucial for the inhibition. The LE, LLE and FQ values of A169 suggest their optimal binding with the target. This study strongly suggests the LOX and NF-κB inhibitory potential of A169, further lead optimisation and biological validation requires for the confirmations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Development of pharmacophore models for AcrB protein and the identification of potential adjuvant candidates for overcoming efflux-mediated colistin resistance

Growing multi-drug resistance (MDR) among ESKAPE pathogens is a huge challenge. Increased resistance to last-resort antibiotics, like colistin, has further aggravated this. Efflux is identified as a major route of colistin resistance. So, finding an FDA-approved efflux inhibitor for potential application as an adjuvant to colistin was the primary objective of this study. E. coli-AcrB pump inhibitors and substrates were used to develop and validate the pharmacophoric model. Drugs confirming this pharmacophore were subjected to molecular docking to identify hits for the AcrB binding pocket. The efflux inhibition potential of the top hit was validated through the in vitro evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in combination with colistin. The checkerboard assay was done to demonstrate synergism, which was further corroborated by the Time-kill assay. Ten common pharmacophore hypotheses were successfully generated using substrate/inhibitors. Following enrichment analysis, AHHNR.100 was identified as the top-ranked hypothesis, and 207 unique compounds were found to conform to this hypothesis. The multi-step docking of these compounds against the AcrB protein revealed argatroban as the top non-antibiotic hit. This significantly inhibited the efflux activity of colistin-resistant clinical isolates K. pneumoniae (n = 1) and M. morganii (n = 2). Further, their combination with colistin enhanced the susceptibility of these isolates, and the effect was found to be synergistic. Accordingly, the time-kill assay of this combination showed 8-log and 2-log reductions against K. pneumoniae and M. morganii, respectively. In conclusion, this study found argatroban as a bacterial efflux inhibitor that can be potentially used to overcome efflux-mediated resistance.

Heteroaromatization of Coumarin Part I: Design, Synthesis, Reactions, Antitumor Activities of Novel Pyridine and Naphthyridine Derivatives

INTRODUCTION

A novel series of chromen-3-yl-pyridine moieties were synthesized. IR, NMR, and MS spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of these novel compounds and study antitumor activity of these compounds. The structure-activity relationship investigation demonstrated that 2,4-diamino- 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carbonitrile (16), naphthyridine- 3-carbonitrile derivatives 17, 18 and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivative 12 were found to be more effective, while compounds 5a,b, 9c, 11, 13 and 14 showed moderate activity for antitumor activities.

OBJECTIVES

The objective was to design a series of new chromen-3-yl-pyridine and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives and study the antitumor of these compounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The condensation reaction of 3-acetyl-2H-chromen-2-one with 3-methoxy benzaldehyde and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid under reflux to give the corresponding chromen-3-yl pyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives.

RESULTS

In this study, the antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds chromen-3-yl-pyridine derivatives has been determined for the broad spectrum of cytotoxic activity toward the investigated three cell lines and 5-Fluorouracil, as reference drugs.

CONCLUSION

A series of new chromen-3-yl-pyridine and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized in this work. All compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity.

Recent Advances of Tubulin Inhibitors Targeting the Colchicine Binding Site for Cancer Therapy

Cancer accounts for numerous deaths each year, and it is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, despite many breakthroughs in the discovery of novel anticancer candidates. Each new year the FDA approves the use of new drugs for cancer treatments. In the last years, the biological targets of anticancer agents have started to be clearer and one of these main targets is tubulin protein; this protein plays an essential role in cell division, as well as in intracellular transportation. The inhibition of microtubule formation by targeting tubulin protein induces cell death by apoptosis. In the last years, numerous novel structures were designed and synthesized to target tubulin, and this can be achieved by inhibiting the polymerization or depolymerization of the microtubules. In this review article, recent novel compounds that have antiproliferation activities against a panel of cancer cell lines that target tubulin are explored in detail. This review article emphasizes the recent developments of tubulin inhibitors, with insights into their antiproliferative and anti-tubulin activities. A full literature review shows that tubulin inhibitors are associated with properties in the inhibition of cancer cell line viability, inducing apoptosis, and good binding interaction with the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Furthermore, some drugs, such as cabazitaxel and fosbretabulin, have been approved by FDA in the last three years as tubulin inhibitors. The design and development of efficient tubulin inhibitors is progressively becoming a credible solution in treating many species of cancers.

Corrigendum to "3D-QSAR-Based Pharmacophore Modeling, Virtual Screening, and Molecular Docking Studies for Identification of Tubulin Inhibitors with Potential Anticancer Activity"

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/6480804.].