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Tian R, Tian J, Zuo X, Ren S, Zhang H, Liu H, Wang Z, Cui Y, Niu R, Zhang F. RACK1 facilitates breast cancer progression by competitively inhibiting the binding of β-catenin to PSMD2 and enhancing the stability of β-catenin. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:685. [PMID: 37848434 PMCID: PMC10582012 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a key scaffolding protein with multifunctional and multifaceted properties. By mediating protein-protein interactions, RACK1 integrates multiple intracellular signals involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. Dysregulation of RACK1 has been implicated in the initiation and progression of many tumors. However, the exact function of RACK1 in cancer cellular processes, especially in proliferation, remains controversial. Here, we show that RACK1 is required for breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. This effect of RACK1 is associated with its ability to enhance β-catenin stability and activate the canonical WNT signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. We identified PSMD2, a key component of the proteasome, as a novel binding partner for RACK1 and β-catenin. Interestingly, although there is no interaction between RACK1 and β-catenin, RACK1 binds PSMD2 competitively with β-catenin. Moreover, RACK1 prevents ubiquitinated β-catenin from binding to PSMD2, thereby protecting β-catenin from proteasomal degradation. Collectively, our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which RACK1 increases β-catenin stability and promotes breast cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Tian
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jianfei Tian
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zuo
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Sixin Ren
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - He Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanfen Cui
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Zamora I, Freeman MR, Encío IJ, Rotinen M. Targeting Key Players of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13673. [PMID: 37761978 PMCID: PMC10531052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a highly aggressive subtype of prostate cancer (PC) that commonly emerges through a transdifferentiation process from prostate adenocarcinoma and evades conventional therapies. Extensive molecular research has revealed factors that drive lineage plasticity, uncovering novel therapeutic targets to be explored. A diverse array of targeting agents is currently under evaluation in pre-clinical and clinical studies with promising results in suppressing or reversing the neuroendocrine phenotype and inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. This new knowledge has the potential to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches that may enhance the clinical management and prognosis of this lethal disease. In the present review, we discuss molecular players involved in the neuroendocrine phenotype, and we explore therapeutic strategies that are currently under investigation for NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Zamora
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ignacio J. Encío
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarre Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mirja Rotinen
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarre Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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3
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Si J, Guo R, Xiu B, Chi W, Zhang Q, Hou J, Su Y, Chen J, Xue J, Shao ZM, Wu J, Chi Y. Stabilization of CCDC102B by Loss of RACK1 Through the CMA Pathway Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis via Activation of the NF-κB Pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:927358. [PMID: 35957886 PMCID: PMC9359432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.927358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women, and the pathological status of axillary lymph nodes is an important predictor of prognosis. However, the mechanism involved in this early stage of metastasis remains largely unknown. Methods Microarray analysis was used to carry out differential genomics analyses between matched pairs of metastatic sentinel lymph node tissues and breast primary tumors. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was used for in vivo screening by transplanting a loss-of-function cell pool into immunocompromised mice. MAGeCK was used to analyze the screening results. Survival analysis was performed via the Kaplan–Meier method. Cell proliferation, wound healing, migration and invasion assays were performed to confirm the phenotype. A tail vein model and subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model were used for the in vivo study. The relationship between coiled-coil domain containing 102B (CCDC102B) and receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) was examined using coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, nuclear protein extraction and immunofluorescence assays. The primary biological functions and pathways related to CCDC102B were enriched by RNA sequencing. Results We identified CCDC102B through screening and found that it was significantly upregulated in metastatic lesions in lymph nodes compared to matched primary tumors. Increased expression of CCDC102B promoted breast cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, high expression of CCDC102B was correlated with poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients. We further identified that CCDC102B was stabilized by the loss of RACK1, a protein negatively correlated with breast cancer metastasis. Mechanistically, we found that RACK1 promoted CCDC102B lysosomal degradation by mediating chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). The aggressive behavior of CCDC102B in breast cancer cells could be reversed by the expression of RACK1. Moreover, CCDC102B was correlated with the significant enrichment of NF-κB pathway components. Overexpressing CCDC102B led to less interaction between RACK1 and IKKa. Thus, CCDC102B positively regulates the NF−κB pathway by interacting with RACK1. Conclusion Taken together, our findings uncover a novel role of CCDC102B in breast cancer metastasis. CCDC102B serves as a potential metastasis promoter by regulating the activation of the NF-κB pathway and can be degraded by RACK1 via CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Si
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Department of Breast Disease, The First Hospital of Jiaxing and The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Bingqiu Xiu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiru Chi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjing Hou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Su
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyan Xue
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yayun Chi, ; Jiong Wu,
| | - Yayun Chi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yayun Chi, ; Jiong Wu,
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Ma L, Tian Y, Qian T, Li W, Liu C, Chu B, Kong Q, Cai R, Bai P, Ma L, Deng Y, Tian R, Wu C, Sun Y. Kindlin-2 promotes Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of androgen receptor and contributes to breast cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:482. [PMID: 35595729 PMCID: PMC9122951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays important roles in breast cancer progression. We show here that Kindlin-2, a focal adhesion protein, is critically involved in the promotion of AR signaling and breast cancer progression. Kindlin-2 physically associates with AR and Src through its two neighboring domains, namely F1 and F0 domains, resulting in formation of a Kindlin-2-AR-Src supramolecular complex and consequently facilitating Src-mediated AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation and signaling. Depletion of Kindlin-2 was sufficient to suppress Src-mediated AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation and signaling, resulting in diminished breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Re-expression of wild-type Kindlin-2, but not AR-binding-defective or Src-binding-defective mutant forms of Kindlin-2, in Kindlin-2-deficient cells restored AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation, signaling, breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, re-introduction of phosphor-mimic mutant AR-Y534D, but not wild-type AR reversed Kindlin-2 deficiency-induced inhibition of AR signaling and breast cancer progression. Finally, using a genetic knockout strategy, we show that ablation of Kindlin-2 from mammary tumors in mouse significantly reduced AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation, breast tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest a critical role of Kindlin-2 in promoting breast cancer progression and shed light on the molecular mechanism through which it functions in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yeteng Tian
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Tao Qian
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Wenjun Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Chengmin Liu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Bizhu Chu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Qian Kong
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Renwei Cai
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Panzhu Bai
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Lisha Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yi Deng
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Ruijun Tian
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Ying Sun
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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Thiebaut C, Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Trédan O, Poulard C, Le Romancer M. Non-genomic signaling of steroid receptors in cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111453. [PMID: 34520815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family, which are ligand-activated transcription factors. SRs regulate many physiological functions including development and reproduction, though they can also be involved in several pathologies, especially cancer. Highly controlled cellular responses to steroids involve transcriptional regulation (genomic activity) combined with direct activation of signaling cascades (non-genomic activity). Non-genomic signaling has been extensively studied in cancer, mainly in breast cancer for ER and PR, and prostate cancer for AR. Even though most of the studies have been conducted in cells, some of them have been confirmed in vivo, highlighting the relevance of this pathway in cancer. This review provides an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on non-genomic signaling with a focus on breast and prostate cancers and its clinical relevance. A thorough understanding of ER, PR, AR and GR non-genomic pathways may open new perspectives for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Thiebaut
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Service de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69495, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Olivier Trédan
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Medical Oncology Department, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France.
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Inhibition of Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through higher RACK1 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24740-24752. [PMID: 34837888 PMCID: PMC8660612 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fam114A1 is a gene closely related to the development of nerve cells, melanocytes, and nerve cells that originate from the neural crest of the embryonic ectoderm. Recent studies showed that Fam114A1 has a role in the occurrence of ankylosing myelitis spondylitis and autoimmune enteritis; still, its cellular function remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Fam114A1 on the biological activity of melanocytes. We found that the expression of Fam114A1 in vitiligo melanocytes (MCV-L, MCV-N, PI3V) was higher than that in normal melanocytes, and the biological function of melanocytes was significantly affected when the Fam114A1 gene was silenced. Inhibition of Fam114A1 increased proliferation, migration, and melanin synthesis proteins, decreased apoptosis, while its overexpression reversed this process. Mechanistically, we discovered that RACK1 is a target protein of Fam114A1 and that RACK1 can be negatively regulated by Fam114A1. Further study showed that Fam114A1 inhibition could not protect melanocytes from apoptosis once the expression of RACK1 protein was silenced. In summary, Fam114A1 is an effective regulatory protein for regulating the function of melanocytes. Inhibition Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through increasing RACK1.
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7
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Aydın EB, Aydın M, Sezgintürk MK. A label-free immunosensor for sensitive detection of RACK 1 cancer biomarker based on conjugated polymer modified ITO electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113517. [PMID: 32784093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new flexible biosensor based on conjugated polymer functionalized indium tin oxide (ITO) sheet was fabricated for Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK 1) determination. Poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (P(Thi-Ac)) was used as an immobilization matrix for construction of RACK 1 immunosensor. This polymer had a great number of carboxyl groups on its end site and these carboxyl ends provided anchoring points to the anti-RACK 1 antibodies. Anti-RACK 1 antibodies were covalently attached on the ITO electrode and recognized the RACK 1 antigens. Electrochemical characterizations were made by employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Additionally, single frequency impedance method (SFI) was applied to follow the specific biointeraction between antibody and antigen. As a result of specific biointeraction, the designed immunosensor exhibited a wide linear detection range between 0.01 pg/mL and 2 pg/mL RACK 1 with a detection limit of 3.1 fg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses were employed for electrode surface morphology investigation. The designed RACK 1 biosensor had good repeatability (5.73 %, RSD), excellent reproducibility (2.5 %, RSD), long storage-stability and reusable property. In addition, the fabricated RACK 1 biosensor was applied to determine RACK 1 concentration in human serums and the recovery was ranging from 98.79%-100.22%. This work illustrated a new tool to construct a sensitive and low-cost disposable biosensor for applications in clinical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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8
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Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Di Domizio A, Limonta P. Natural Compounds in Prostate Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020460. [PMID: 32085497 PMCID: PMC7072821 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents a major cause of cancer mortality among men in developed countries. Patients with recurrent disease initially respond to androgen-deprivation therapy, but the tumor eventually progresses into castration-resistant PCa; in this condition, tumor cells acquire the ability to escape cell death and develop resistance to current therapies. Thus, new therapeutic approaches for PCa management are urgently needed. In this setting, natural products have been extensively studied for their anti-PCa activities, such as tumor growth suppression, cell death induction, and inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis. Additionally, numerous studies have shown that phytochemicals can specifically target the androgen receptor (AR) signaling, as well as the PCa stem cells (PCSCs). Interestingly, many clinical trials have been conducted to test the efficacy of nutraceuticals in human subjects, and they have partially confirmed the promising results obtained in vitro and in preclinical models. This article summarizes the anti-cancer mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of different natural compounds in the context of PCa prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Alessandro Di Domizio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
- SPILLOproject, 20037 Paderno Dugnano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250318213
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9
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Interaction between androgen receptor and coregulator SLIRP is regulated by Ack1 tyrosine kinase and androgen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18637. [PMID: 31819114 PMCID: PMC6901447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the androgen receptor (AR) may play a critical role in castration resistant prostate cancer. After ligand binding, AR is recruited to the androgen responsive element (ARE) sequences on the DNA where AR interaction with coactivators and corepressors modulates transcription. We demonstrated that phosphorylation of AR at Tyr-267 by Ack1/TNK2 tyrosine kinase results in nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and androgen-dependent gene transcription in a low androgen environment. In order to dissect downstream mechanisms, we searched for proteins whose interaction with AR was regulated by Ack1. SLIRP (SRA stem-loop interacting RNA binding protein) was identified as a candidate protein. Interaction between AR and SLIRP was disrupted by Ack1 kinase activity as well as androgen or heregulin treatment. The noncoding RNA, SRA, was required for AR-SLIRP interaction. SLIRP was bound to ARE’s of AR target genes in the absence of androgen. Treatment with androgen or heregulin led to dissociation of SLIRP from the ARE. Whole transcriptome analysis of SLIRP knockdown in androgen responsive LNCaP cells showed that SLIRP affects a significant subset of androgen-regulated genes. Our data suggest that Ack1 kinase and androgen regulate interaction between AR and SLIRP and that SLIRP functions as a coregulator of AR with properties of a corepressor in a context-dependent manner.
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10
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Dorff TB, Quinn DI, Pinski JK, Goldkorn A, Sadeghi S, Tsao-Wei D, Groshen S, Kuhn P, Gross ME. Randomized Phase II Trial of Abiraterone Alone or With Dasatinib in Men With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC). Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:241-247.e1. [PMID: 31227432 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling via the Src pathway is thought to be a mediator of resistance to androgen targeted therapy in prostate cancer. We studied whether adding the Src inhibitor dasatinib to abiraterone would delay progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), without prior chemotherapy. Abiraterone was prescribed at 1000 mg daily with prednisone 5 mg twice daily in both arms, and dasatinib 100 mg daily was added for Arm B. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The interim analysis was planned after 48 subjects, but the study was terminated early. PFS was evaluated using a 1-sided log rank test. The Fisher exact test was used for other categorical data analyses. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were identified with the Epic platform. RESULTS With 26 men randomized and a median follow up of 41.8 months, the median PFS was 15.7 months (95% confidence interval, 8.2-49.0+ months) for Arm B and 9.0 months (95% confidence interval, 4.4-30.7 months) for Arm A (P = .15). Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors responses were seen in 5 (36%) of 14 patients, including 2 complete responses (CRs) on Arm B, and 2 (17%) of 12 responses without CR on Arm A (P = .39). Grade ≥ 3 toxicities more common in Arm B included hypertension, pleural effusion/dyspnea, and gastrointestinal effects. CTCs were detected at baseline in 10 of 19 evaluable patients (median, 2.7/mL blood [range 0.41-59.7]). At week 4, CTCs increased in 1 (10%) of 10 patients on Arm A and 4 (44%) of 9 patients on Arm B. CONCLUSION Dasatinib did not significantly prolong PFS in combination with abiraterone, although power was limited owing to the incomplete study cohort. Treatment with the combination was associated with robust objective responses, including Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors CRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya B Dorff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Developmental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA.
| | - David I Quinn
- Division of Medical Oncology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jacek K Pinski
- Division of Medical Oncology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amir Goldkorn
- Division of Medical Oncology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sarmad Sadeghi
- Division of Medical Oncology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Denice Tsao-Wei
- Department of Prevention and Biostatistics, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Groshen
- Department of Prevention and Biostatistics, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mitchell E Gross
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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11
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Xiao T, Zhu W, Huang W, Lu SS, Li XH, Xiao ZQ, Yi H. RACK1 promotes tumorigenicity of colon cancer by inducing cell autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1148. [PMID: 30451832 PMCID: PMC6242835 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RACK1 is upregulated in the various types of human cancers, and considered to play a role in the development and progression of human cancer. However, the role and mechanism of RACK in the colon cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we detected RACK1 expression in 63 normal colonic mucosa, 60 colonic inflammatory polyps, 60 colonic adenomas, 180 colon adenocarcinomas, and 40 lymph node metastases by immunohistochemistry, and observed that RACK1 expression was progressively elevated in the carcinogenic process of human colonic epithelium, and RACK1 expressional levels were positively correlated with the malignant degree and lymph node metastasis of colon cancers, and negatively correlated with the patient survival. With a combination of loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we observed that RACK1 promoted colon cancer cell proliferation, inhibited colon cancer cell apoptosis, and enhanced the anchorage-independent and xenograft growth of colon cancer cells. Moreover, we found that RACK1-induced autophagy of colon cancer cells; RACK1-induced autophagy promoted colon cancer cell proliferation and inhibited colon cancer cell apoptosis. Our data suggest that RACK1 acts as an oncogene in colon cancer, and RACK1-induced autophagy promotes proliferation and survival of colon cancer, highlighting the therapeutic potential of autophagy inhibitor in the colon cancer with high RACK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Shan-Shan Lu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xin-Hui Li
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Hong Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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12
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Ghotbaddini M, Moultrie V, Powell JB. Constitutive Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer Progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:11-16. [PMID: 31328183 PMCID: PMC6641558 DOI: 10.29245/2578-2967/2018/5.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Research on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has largely focused on its activation by various environmental toxins. Consequently, only limited inferences have been made regarding its constitutive activity in the absence of an exogenous ligands. Evidence has shown that AhR is constitutively active in advanced prostate cancer cell lines which model castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC cells can thrive in an androgen depleted environment. However, AR signaling still plays a major role. Although several mechanisms have been suggested for the sustained AR signaling, much is still unknown. Recent studies suggest that crosstalk between constitutive AhR and Src kinase may sustained AR signaling in CRPC. AhR forms a protein complex with Src and plays a role in regulating Src activity. Several groups have reported that tyrosine phosphorylation of AR protein by Src leads to AR activation, thereby promoting the development of CRPC. This review evaluates reports that implicate constitutive AhR as a key regulator of AR signaling in CRPC by utilizing Src as a signaling intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghotbaddini
- Clark Atlanta University- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development 223 James P Brawley Drive Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vivian Moultrie
- Clark Atlanta University- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development 223 James P Brawley Drive Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joann B Powell
- Clark Atlanta University- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development 223 James P Brawley Drive Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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13
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Spatial maps of prostate cancer transcriptomes reveal an unexplored landscape of heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2419. [PMID: 29925878 PMCID: PMC6010471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-tumor heterogeneity is one of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment today. Here we investigate tissue-wide gene expression heterogeneity throughout a multifocal prostate cancer using the spatial transcriptomics (ST) technology. Utilizing a novel approach for deconvolution, we analyze the transcriptomes of nearly 6750 tissue regions and extract distinct expression profiles for the different tissue components, such as stroma, normal and PIN glands, immune cells and cancer. We distinguish healthy and diseased areas and thereby provide insight into gene expression changes during the progression of prostate cancer. Compared to pathologist annotations, we delineate the extent of cancer foci more accurately, interestingly without link to histological changes. We identify gene expression gradients in stroma adjacent to tumor regions that allow for re-stratification of the tumor microenvironment. The establishment of these profiles is the first step towards an unbiased view of prostate cancer and can serve as a dictionary for future studies. Heterogeneity within tumors presents a challenge to cancer treatment. Here, the authors investigate transcriptional heterogeneity in prostate cancer, examining expression profiles of different tissue components and highlighting expression gradients in the tumor microenvironment.
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14
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Törer H, Aydın EB, Sezgintürk MK. A label-free electrochemical biosensor for direct detection of RACK 1 by using disposable, low-cost and reproducible ITO based electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:65-72. [PMID: 29776548 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we designed an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for RACK 1 detection using 11-cyanoundecyltrimethoxysilane (11-CUTMS) as a immobilization matrix to immobilize biorecognition element. The used silane agent (11-CUTMS) provides a favorable platform for efficient loading of anti-RACK 1 antibody. The effective loading of the biorecognition element on the 11-CUTMS matrix was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. The electrochemical characterization of the immunosensor was performed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Moreover, biorecognition interaction between anti-RACK1 antibodies and RACK1 antigens was monitored by using single frequency technique (SFI). The operating conditions, calibration curves obtained during optimization of experiments and reproducibility of the proposed impedimetric RACK1 biosensor are also investigated and discussed. The electrochemical immunosensor illustrated a sensitive response to RACK 1 antigen with detection limit of 10.8 fg/mL and in the linear range of 0.036-2.278 pg/mL (R2 = 0.999). Owing to high specificity, good reproducibility, long stability and reusability, the fabricated immunosensor will provide a sensitive, selective approach to RACK 1 detection. Furthermore, the practical applicability in human serum samples were investigated with a satisfactory result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Törer
- Namık Kemal University, Faculty or Arts and Sciences, Chemistry Department, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Elif Burcu Aydın
- Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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15
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Wang X, Zou Z, Deng Z, Liang D, Zhou X, Sun R, Lan K. Male hormones activate EphA2 to facilitate Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection: Implications for gender disparity in Kaposi's sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006580. [PMID: 28957431 PMCID: PMC5619820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing consensus that males are more vulnerable than females to infection by several pathogens. However, the underlying mechanism needs further investigation. Here, it was showed that knockdown of androgen receptor (AR) expression or pre-treatment with 5α-dihydrotestosterone, the AR agonist, led to a considerably dysregulated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. In endothelial cells, membrane-localized AR promoted the endocytosis and nuclear trafficking of KSHV. The AR interacted with ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2) and increased its phosphorylation at residue Ser897, which was specifically upregulated upon KSHV infection. This phosphorylation resulted from the AR-mediated recruitment of Src, which resulted in the activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1), which directly phosphorylates EphA2 at Ser897. Finally, the EphA2-mediated entry of KSHV was abolished in a Ser897Asn EphA2 mutant. Taken together, membrane-localized AR was identified as a KSHV entry factor that cooperatively activates Src/RSK1/EphA2 signaling, which subsequently promotes KSHV infection of both endothelial and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhe Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhaohui Deng
- Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Deguang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Simultaneous inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Src abolishes androgen receptor signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179844. [PMID: 28671964 PMCID: PMC5495210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered c-Src activity has been strongly implicated in the development, growth, progression, and metastasis of human cancers including prostate cancer. Src is known to regulate several biological functions of tumor cells, including proliferation. There are several Src inhibitors under evaluation for clinical effectiveness but have shown little activity in monotherapy trials of solid tumors. Combination studies are being explored by in vitro analysis and in clinical trials. Here we investigate the effect of simultaneous inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Src on androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer cells. AhR has also been reported to interact with the Src signaling pathway during prostate development. c-Src protein kinase is associated with the AhR complex in the cytosol and upon ligand binding to AhR, c-Src is activated and released from the complex. AhR has also been shown to regulate AR signaling which remains functionally important in the development and progression of prostate cancer. We provide evidence that co-inhibition of AhR and Src abolish AR activity. Evaluation of total protein and cellular fractions revealed decreased pAR expression and AR nuclear localization. Assays utilizing an androgen responsive element (ARE) and qRT-PCR analysis of AR genes revealed decreased AR promoter activity and transcriptional activity in the presence of both AhR and Src inhibitors. Furthermore, co-inhibition of AhR and Src reduced the growth of prostate cancer cells compared to individual treatments. Several studies have revealed that AhR and Src individually inhibit cellular proliferation. However, this study is the first to suggest simultaneous inhibition of AhR and Src to inhibit AR signaling and prostate cancer cell growth.
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17
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Kuppusamy M, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Beloate LN, Plonczynski M, Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Fejes-Toth G, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Interaction of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor With RACK1 and Its Role in Aldosterone Signaling. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2367-2375. [PMID: 28472300 PMCID: PMC5505217 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the steroid-thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors with diverse functions including the biological actions of aldosterone. Identification of the various transcriptional coregulators of MR is essential for understanding the complexity of MR signaling pathways under physiological and pathological conditions. We used a yeast two-hybrid system to find proteins that interact with a full-length MR and found, among other proteins, that MR interacted specifically with receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a scaffolding protein. Overexpression of RACK1 using a tetracycline-inducible lentivirus in mouse cortical collecting duct M1 cells stably expressing the rat MR and a Gaussia luciferase gene reporter under a hormone-response element promoter resulted in enhanced agonist-dependent MR transactivation. Knockdown of RACK1 protein expression by short hairpin RNAs led to a significant reduction in MR activation of the reporter gene and the endogenous genes Ctla2α and Psca. We also demonstrated that RACK1 regulation of MR action is mediated through phosphorylation by the PKC-β signaling pathway. MR and RACK1 were coimmunoprecipitated using an MR antibody in male Sprague-Dawley brain tissue and M1-rMR cells, and colocalization in M1-rMR cells and male rat brains was confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The scaffolding protein RACK1 is associated with MR under basal and agonist-stimulated conditions and facilitates agonist-stimulated MR actions through PKC-β. These findings indicate that RACK1 is a newly described coactivator of MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Endocrine Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Elise P. Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Lauren N. Beloate
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Maria Plonczynski
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | | | - Geza Fejes-Toth
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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18
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Bolger GB. The RNA-binding protein SERBP1 interacts selectively with the signaling protein RACK1. Cell Signal 2017; 35:256-263. [PMID: 28267599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The RACK1 protein interacts with numerous proteins involved in signal transduction, the cytoskeleton, and mRNA splicing and translation. We used the 2-hybrid system to identify additional proteins interacting with RACK1 and isolated the RNA-binding protein SERBP1. SERPB1 shares amino acid sequence homology with HABP4 (also known as Ki-1/57), a component of the RNA spicing machinery that has been shown previously to interact with RACK1. Several different isoforms of SERBP1, generated by alternative mRNA splicing, interacted with RACK1 with indistinguishable interaction strength, as determined by a 2-hybrid beta-galactosidase assay. Analysis of deletion constructs of SERBP1 showed that the C-terminal third of the SERBP1 protein, which contains one of its two substrate sites for protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), is necessary and sufficient for it to interact with RACK1. Analysis of single amino acid substitutions in RACK1, identified in a reverse 2-hybrid screen, showed very substantial overlap with those implicated in the interaction of RACK1 with the cAMP-selective phosphodiesterase PDE4D5. These data are consistent with SERBP1 interacting selectively with RACK1, mediated by an extensive interaction surface on both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme B Bolger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA.
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19
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Ramalingam S, Ramamurthy VP, Njar VCO. Dissecting major signaling pathways in prostate cancer development and progression: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:16-27. [PMID: 27481707 PMCID: PMC7371258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy and leading cause of cancer mortality in men. At the initial stages, prostate cancer is dependent upon androgens for their growth and hence effectively combated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, most patients eventually recur with an androgen deprivation-resistant phenotype, referred to as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), a more aggressive form for which there is no effective therapy presently available. The current review is an attempt to cover and establish an understanding of some major signaling pathways implicated in prostate cancer development and castration-resistance, besides addressing therapeutic strategies that targets the key signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilmurugan Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vidya P Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.
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20
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Li H, Xie N, Chen R, Verreault M, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Barbier O, Dong X. UGT2B17 Expedites Progression of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancers by Promoting Ligand-Independent AR Signaling. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6701-6711. [PMID: 27659047 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is characterized by a shift in androgen receptor (AR) signaling from androgen-dependent to androgen (ligand)-independent. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) is a key enzyme that maintains androgen homeostasis by catabolizing AR agonists into inactive forms. Although enhanced UGT2B17 expression by antiandrogens has been reported in androgen-dependent prostate cancer, its roles in regulating AR signaling transformation and CRPC progression remain unknown. In this study, we show that higher UGT2B17 protein expression in prostate tumors is associated with higher Gleason score, metastasis, and CRPC progression. UGT2B17 expression and activity were higher in androgen-independent compared to androgen-dependent cell lines. UGT2B17 stimulated cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and xenograft progression to CRPC after prolonged androgen deprivation. Gene microarray analysis indicated that UGT2B17 suppressed androgen-dependent AR transcriptional activity and enhanced of ligand-independent transcriptional activity at genes associated with cell mitosis. These UGT2B17 actions were mainly mediated by activation of the c-Src kinase. In CRPC tumors, UGT2B17 expression was associated positively with c-Src activation. These results indicate that UGT2B17 expedites CRPC progression by enhancing ligand-independent AR signaling to activate cell mitosis in cancer cells. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6701-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolong Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mélanie Verreault
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre, and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre, and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Ju X, Jiao X, Ertel A, Casimiro MC, Di Sante G, Deng S, Li Z, Di Rocco A, Zhan T, Hawkins A, Stoyanova T, Andò S, Fatatis A, Lisanti MP, Gomella LG, Languino LR, Pestell RG. v-Src Oncogene Induces Trop2 Proteolytic Activation via Cyclin D1. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6723-6734. [PMID: 27634768 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of castration-resistant prostate cancer demonstrated the enrichment of Src tyrosine kinase activity in approximately 90% of patients. Src is known to induce cyclin D1, and a cyclin D1-regulated gene expression module predicts poor outcome in human prostate cancer. The tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2/Trop2/M1S1) is enriched in the prostate, promoting prostate stem cell self-renewal upon proteolytic activation via a γ-secretase cleavage complex (PS1, PS2) and TACE (ADAM17), which releases the Trop2 intracellular domain (Trop2 ICD). Herein, v-Src transformation of primary murine prostate epithelial cells increased the proportion of prostate cancer stem cells as characterized by gene expression, epitope characteristics, and prostatosphere formation. Cyclin D1 was induced by v-Src, and Src kinase induction of Trop2 ICD nuclear accumulation required cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 induced abundance of the Trop2 proteolytic cleavage activation components (PS2, TACE) and restrained expression of the inhibitory component of the Trop2 proteolytic complex (Numb). Patients with prostate cancer with increased nuclear Trop2 ICD and cyclin D1, and reduced Numb, had reduced recurrence-free survival probability (HR = 4.35). Cyclin D1, therefore, serves as a transducer of v-Src-mediated induction of Trop2 ICD by enhancing abundance of the Trop2 proteolytic activation complex. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6723-34. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ju
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathew C Casimiro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shengqiong Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Agnese Di Rocco
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tingting Zhan
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Hawkins
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition, and Health Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, Rende CS, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Yang CC, Fazli L, Loguercio S, Zharkikh I, Aza-Blanc P, Gleave ME, Wolf DA. Downregulation of c-SRC kinase CSK promotes castration resistant prostate cancer and pinpoints a novel disease subclass. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22060-71. [PMID: 26091350 PMCID: PMC4673146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SRC kinase is activated in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), phosphorylates the androgen receptor (AR), and causes its ligand-independent activation as a transcription factor. However, activating SRC mutations are exceedingly rare in human tumors, and mechanisms of ectopic SRC activation therefore remain largely unknown. Performing a functional genomics screen, we found that downregulation of SRC inhibitory kinase CSK is sufficient to overcome growth arrest induced by depriving human prostate cancer cells of androgen. CSK knockdown led to ectopic SRC activation, increased AR signaling, and resistance to anti-androgens. Consistent with the in vitro observations, stable knockdown of CSK conferred castration resistance in mouse xenograft models, while sensitivity to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib was retained. Finally, CSK was found downregulated in a distinct subset of CRPCs marked by AR amplification and ETS2 deletion but lacking PTEN and RB1 mutations. These results identify CSK downregulation as a principal driver of SRC activation and castration resistance and validate SRC as a drug target in a molecularly defined subclass of CRPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Yang
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Functional Genomics Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Salvatore Loguercio
- San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Irina Zharkikh
- Tumor Analysis Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pedro Aza-Blanc
- Functional Genomics Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Dieter A Wolf
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Stress Signaling Networks, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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23
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Shukla GC, Plaga AR, Shankar E, Gupta S. Androgen receptor-related diseases: what do we know? Andrology 2016; 4:366-81. [PMID: 26991422 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) and the androgen-AR signaling pathway play a significant role in male sexual differentiation and the development and function of male reproductive and non-reproductive organs. Because of AR's widely varied and important roles, its abnormalities have been identified in various diseases such as androgen insensitivity syndrome, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. This review provides an overview of the function of androgens and androgen-AR mediated diseases. In addition, the diseases delineated above are discussed with respect to their association with mutations and other post-transcriptional modifications in the AR. Finally, we present an introduction to the potential therapeutic application of most recent pharmaceuticals including miRNAs in prostate cancer that specifically target the transactivation function of the AR at post-transcriptional stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Shukla
- Center of Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A R Plaga
- Center of Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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24
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Bahadır EB, Sezgintürk MK. Label-free, ITO-based immunosensor for the detection of a cancer biomarker: Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1. Analyst 2016; 141:5618-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00694a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new, quite sensitive disposable immunosensor, based on the anti-RACK1 antibody, was developed for the determination of Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Bahadır
- Namık Kemal University
- Scientific and Technological Research Center
- Tekirdağ
- Turkey
| | - M. K. Sezgintürk
- Namık Kemal University
- Faculty of Science
- Chemistry Department
- Biochemistry Division
- Tekirdağ
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25
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Shih JW, Wang LY, Hung CL, Kung HJ, Hsieh CL. Non-Coding RNAs in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Regulation of Androgen Receptor Signaling and Cancer Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28943-78. [PMID: 26690121 PMCID: PMC4691085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone-refractory prostate cancer frequently relapses from therapy and inevitably progresses to a bone-metastatic status with no cure. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to androgen deprivation therapy has the potential to lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for type of prostate cancer with poor prognosis. Progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is characterized by aberrant androgen receptor (AR) expression and persistent AR signaling activity. Alterations in metabolic activity regulated by oncogenic pathways, such as c-Myc, were found to promote prostate cancer growth during the development of CRPC. Non-coding RNAs represent a diverse family of regulatory transcripts that drive tumorigenesis of prostate cancer and various other cancers by their hyperactivity or diminished function. A number of studies have examined differentially expressed non-coding RNAs in each stage of prostate cancer. Herein, we highlight the emerging impacts of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs linked to reactivation of the AR signaling axis and reprogramming of the cellular metabolism in prostate cancer. The translational implications of non-coding RNA research for developing new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for CRPC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Shih
- Integrated Translational Lab, The Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chiu-Lien Hung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Integrated Translational Lab, The Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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26
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High Mobility Group B Proteins, Their Partners, and Other Redox Sensors in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:5845061. [PMID: 26682011 PMCID: PMC4670870 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5845061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells try to avoid the overproduction of reactive oxygen species by metabolic rearrangements. These cells also develop specific strategies to increase ROS resistance and to express the enzymatic activities necessary for ROS detoxification. Oxidative stress produces DNA damage and also induces responses, which could help the cell to restore the initial equilibrium. But if this is not possible, oxidative stress finally activates signals that will lead to cell death. High mobility group B (HMGB) proteins have been previously related to the onset and progressions of cancers of different origins. The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. Their participation in the molecular mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin, a drug commonly used in chemotherapy, is also revised.
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27
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Katzenwadel A, Wolf P. Androgen deprivation of prostate cancer: Leading to a therapeutic dead end. Cancer Lett 2015; 367:12-7. [PMID: 26185001 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is considered as the standard therapy for men with de novo or recurrent metastatic prostate cancer. ADT commonly leads to initial biochemical and clinical responses. However, several months after the beginning of treatment, tumors become castration-resistant and virtually all patients show disease progression. At this stage, tumors are no longer curable and cancer treatment options are only palliative. In this review, we describe molecular alterations in tumor cells during ADT, which lead to deregulation of different signaling pathways and castration-resistance, and how they might interfere with the clinical outcome of different second-line therapeutics. A recent breakthrough finding that early chemotherapy is associated with a significant survival benefit in metastatic hormone-sensitive disease highlights the fact that there is time for a fundamental paradigm shift in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Therapeutic intervention seems to be indicated before a castration-resistant stage is reached to improve therapeutic outcome and to reduce undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Katzenwadel
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wolf
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Engesser Strasse 4b, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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28
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Bhat SS, Anand D, Khanday FA. p66Shc as a switch in bringing about contrasting responses in cell growth: implications on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:76. [PMID: 25890053 PMCID: PMC4421994 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
p66Shc, a member of the ShcA (Src homologous- collagen homologue) adaptor protein family, is one of the three isoforms of this family along with p46Shc and p52Shc. p66Shc, a 66 kDa protein is different from the other isoforms of the ShcA family. p66Shc is the longest isoform of the ShcA family. p66Shc has an additional CH domain at the N-terminal, called the CH2 domain, which is not not present in the other isoforms. This CH2 domain contains a very crucial S36 residue which is phosphorylated in response to oxidative stress and plays a role in apoptosis. Whereas p52Shc and p46Shc are ubiquitously expressed, p66Shc shows constrained expression. This adaptor protein has been shown to be involved in mediating and executing the post effects of oxidative stress and increasing body of evidence is pinpointing to its role in carcinogenesis as well. It shows proto-oncogenic as well as pro-apoptotic properties. This multitasking protein is involved in regulating different networks of cell signaling. On one hand it shows an increased expression profile in different cancers, has a positive role in cell proliferation and migration, whereas on the other hand it promotes apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions by acting as a sensor of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). This paradoxical role of p66Shc could be attributed to its involvement in ROS production, as ROS is known to both induce cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. p66Shc by regulating intracellular ROS levels plays a crucial role in regulating longevity and cell senescence. These multi-faceted properties of p66Shc make it a perfect candidate protein for further studies in various cancers and aging related diseases. p66Shc can be targeted in terms of it being used as a possible therapeutic target in various diseases. This review focuses on p66Shc and highlights its role in promoting apoptosis via different cell signaling networks, its role in cell proliferation, along with its presence and role in different forms of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar S Bhat
- Department Of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Kashmir, India.
| | - Deepak Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Bld: 7, Room: 129, Dhahran, 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Firdous A Khanday
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Bld: 7, Room: 129, Dhahran, 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Sicoli D, Jiao X, Ju X, Velasco-Velazquez M, Ertel A, Addya S, Li Z, Andò S, Fatatis A, Paudyal B, Cristofanilli M, Thakur ML, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. CCR5 receptor antagonists block metastasis to bone of v-Src oncogene-transformed metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2015; 74:7103-14. [PMID: 25452256 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFK) integrate signal transduction for multiple receptors, regulating cellular proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in human cancer. Although Src is rarely mutated in human prostate cancer, SFK activity is increased in the majority of human prostate cancers. To determine the molecular mechanisms governing prostate cancer bone metastasis, FVB murine prostate epithelium was transduced with oncogenic v-Src. The prostate cancer cell lines metastasized in FVB mice to brain and bone. Gene expression profiling of the tumors identified activation of a CCR5 signaling module when the prostate epithelial cell lines were grown in vivo versus tissue cultures. The whole body, bone, and brain metastatic prostate cancer burden was reduced by oral CCR5 antagonist. Clinical trials of CCR5 inhibitors may warrant consideration in patients with CCR5 activation in their tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sicoli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition, and Health Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoming Ju
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Velasco-Velazquez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Adam Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sankar Addya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition, and Health Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bishnuhari Paudyal
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathew L Thakur
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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30
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Bennesch MA, Picard D. Minireview: Tipping the balance: ligand-independent activation of steroid receptors. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:349-63. [PMID: 25625619 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptors are prototypical ligand-dependent transcription factors and a textbook example for allosteric regulation. According to this canonical model, binding of cognate steroid is an absolute requirement for transcriptional activation. Remarkably, the simple one ligand-one receptor model could not be farther from the truth. Steroid receptors, notably the sex steroid receptors, can receive multiple inputs. Activation of steroid receptors by other signals, working through their own signaling pathways, in the absence of the cognate steroids, represents the most extreme form of signaling cross talk. Compared with cognate steroids, ligand-independent activation pathways produce similar but not identical outputs. Here we review the phenomena and discuss what is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms and the biological significance. We hypothesize that steroid receptors may have evolved to be trigger happy. In addition to their cognate steroids, many posttranslational modifications and interactors, modulated by other signals, may be able to tip the balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Bennesch
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences III, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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31
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Androgen receptor: structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:3-23. [PMID: 24909511 PMCID: PMC4571323 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptors (AR) play a pivotal role in expression of the male phenotype. Several diseases, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and prostate cancer, are associated with alterations in AR functions. Indeed, androgen blockade by drugs that prevent the production of androgens and/or block the action of the AR inhibits prostate cancer growth. However, resistance to these drugs often occurs after 2–3 years as the patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In CRPC, a functional AR remains a key regulator. Early studies focused on the functional domains of the AR and its crucial role in the pathology. The elucidation of the structures of the AR DNA binding domain (DBD) and ligand binding domain (LBD) provides a new framework for understanding the functions of this receptor and leads to the development of rational drug design for the treatment of prostate cancer. An overview of androgen receptor structure and activity, its actions in prostate cancer, and how structural information and high-throughput screening have been or can be used for drug discovery are provided herein.
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32
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Shtivelman E, Beer TM, Evans CP. Molecular pathways and targets in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:7217-59. [PMID: 25277175 PMCID: PMC4202120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer co-opts a unique set of cellular pathways in its initiation and progression. The heterogeneity of prostate cancers is evident at earlier stages, and has led to rigorous efforts to stratify the localized prostate cancers, so that progression to advanced stages could be predicted based upon salient features of the early disease. The deregulated androgen receptor signaling is undeniably most important in the progression of the majority of prostate tumors. It is perhaps because of the primacy of the androgen receptor governed transcriptional program in prostate epithelium cells that once this program is corrupted, the consequences of the ensuing changes in activity are pleotropic and could contribute to malignancy in multiple ways. Following localized surgical and radiation therapies, 20-40% of patients will relapse and progress, and will be treated with androgen deprivation therapies. The successful development of the new agents that inhibit androgen signaling has changed the progression free survival in hormone resistant disease, but this has not changed the almost ubiquitous development of truly resistant phenotypes in advanced prostate cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular pathways involved in localized and metastatic prostate cancer, with an emphasis on the clinical implications of the new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz M. Beer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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33
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Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Gillet G, Rimokh R. SRC: marker or actor in prostate cancer aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2014; 4:222. [PMID: 25184116 PMCID: PMC4135356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A key question for urologic practitioners is whether an apparently organ-confined prostate cancer (PCa) is actually aggressive or not. The dilemma is to specifically identify among all prostate tumors the very aggressive high-grade cancers that will become life-threatening by developing extra-prostatic invasion and metastatic potential and the indolent cancers that will never modify a patient's life expectancy. A choice must be made between several therapeutic options to achieve the optimal personalized management of the disease that causes as little harm as possible to patients. Reliable clinical, biological, or pathological markers that would enable distinctions to be made between aggressive and indolent PCas in routine practice at the time of initial diagnosis are still lacking. The molecular mechanisms that explain why a PCa is aggressive or not are also poorly understood. Among the potential markers and/or actors in PCa aggressiveness, Src and other members of the Src kinase family, are valuable candidates. Activation of Src-dependent intracellular pathways is frequently observed in PCa. Indeed, Src is at the cross-roads of several pathways [including androgen receptor (AR), TGFbeta, Bcl-2, Akt/PTEN or MAPK, and ERK …], and is now known to influence some of the cellular and tissular events that accompany tumor progression: cell proliferation, cell motility, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, neuroendocrine differentiation, and metastatic spread. Recent work even suggests that Src could also play a part in PCa initiation in coordination with the AR. The aim of this review is to gather data that explore the links between the Src kinase family and PCa progression and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France ; Medical Unit of Molecular Oncology and Transfer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils of Lyon , Lyon , France
| | - Germain Gillet
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France
| | - Ruth Rimokh
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France
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34
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Gelman IH. Androgen receptor activation in castration-recurrent prostate cancer: the role of Src-family and Ack1 tyrosine kinases. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:620-6. [PMID: 24948875 PMCID: PMC4062955 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that castration-recurrent prostate cancer (CR-CaP) is driven by the continued expression of androgen receptor (AR). AR activation in CR-CaP through various mechanisms, including AR overexpression, expression of AR splice variants or mutants, increased expression of co-regulator proteins, and by post-translational modification, allows for the induction of AR-regulated genes in response to very low levels of tissue-expressed, so-called intracrine androgens, resulting in pathways that mediate CaP proliferation, anti-apoptosis and oncogenic aggressiveness. The current review focuses on the role played by Src-family (SFK) and Ack1 non-receptor tyrosine kinases in activating AR through direct phosphorylation, respectively, on tyrosines 534 or 267, and how these modifications facilitate progression to CR-CaP. The fact that SFK and Ack1 are central mediators for multiple growth factor receptor signaling pathways that become activated in CR-CaP, especially in the context of metastatic growth in the bone, has contributed to recent therapeutic trials using SFK/Ack1 inhibitors in monotherapy or in combination with antagonists of the AR activation axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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35
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RACK1, a versatile hub in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:1890-8. [PMID: 24882575 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RACK1 is a highly conserved intracellular adaptor protein with significant homology to Gβ and was originally identified as the anchoring protein for activated protein kinase C. In the past 20 years, the number of binding partners and validated cellular functions for RACK1 has increased, which facilitates clarification of its involvement in different biological events. In this review, we will focus on its role in cancer, summarizing its aberrant expression, pro- or anti-oncogenic effects and the underlying mechanisms in various cancers.
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Yuan X, Cai C, Chen S, Chen S, Yu Z, Balk SP. Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis. Oncogene 2014; 33:2815-25. [PMID: 23752196 PMCID: PMC4890635 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cai
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S P Balk
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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37
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Leung KK, Hause RJ, Barkinge JL, Ciaccio MF, Chuu CP, Jones RB. Enhanced prediction of Src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding potentials using a fluorescence polarization-derived c-Met, c-Kit, ErbB, and androgen receptor interactome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1705-23. [PMID: 24728074 PMCID: PMC4083110 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.034876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human diseases are associated with aberrant regulation of phosphoprotein signaling networks. Src homology 2 (SH2) domains represent the major class of protein domains in metazoans that interact with proteins phosphorylated on the amino acid residue tyrosine. Although current SH2 domain prediction algorithms perform well at predicting the sequences of phosphorylated peptides that are likely to result in the highest possible interaction affinity in the context of random peptide library screens, these algorithms do poorly at predicting the interaction potential of SH2 domains with physiologically derived protein sequences. We employed a high throughput interaction assay system to empirically determine the affinity between 93 human SH2 domains and phosphopeptides abstracted from several receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling proteins. The resulting interaction experiments revealed over 1000 novel peptide-protein interactions and provided a glimpse into the common and specific interaction potentials of c-Met, c-Kit, GAB1, and the human androgen receptor. We used these data to build a permutation-based logistic regression classifier that performed considerably better than existing algorithms for predicting the interaction potential of several SH2 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald J Hause
- ¶Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, and
| | - John L Barkinge
- From the ‡Committee on Cancer Biology, ¶Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, and ‡‡Committee on Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Ben May Department for Cancer Research and the Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The Gwen and Jules Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Mark F Ciaccio
- ‡‡Committee on Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Ben May Department for Cancer Research and the Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The Gwen and Jules Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- From the ‡Committee on Cancer Biology, ¶Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, and ‡‡Committee on Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Ben May Department for Cancer Research and the Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The Gwen and Jules Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Richard B Jones
- From the ‡Committee on Cancer Biology, ¶Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, and
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Zhou Z, Liu F, Zhang ZS, Shu F, Zheng Y, Fu L, Li LY. Human rhomboid family-1 suppresses oxygen-independent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2719-30. [PMID: 24648344 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent oxygen deficiency in cancers promotes prolonged inflammation, continuous angiogenesis, and increased drug resistance. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1) has a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular responses to oxygen deficiency. The α-subunit of HIF1 (HIF1α) is degraded in normoxia but stabilized in hypoxia. However, the molecular mechanism that controls oxygen-independent degradation of HIF1α has remained elusive. Human rhomboid family-1 (RHBDF1) is a member of a large family of nonprotease rhomboids whose function is basically unknown. We report here that RHBDF1 expression in breast cancer is highly elevated and is strongly correlated with escalated disease progression, metastasis, poor prognosis, and poor response to chemotherapy. We show that RHBDF1 interaction with the receptor of activated protein-C kinase-1 (RACK1) in breast cancer cells prevents RACK1-assisted, oxygen-independent HIF1α degradation. In addition, we show that the HIF1α-stabilizing activity of RHBDF1 diminishes when the phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue on the RHBDF1 molecule is inhibited. These findings are consistent with the view that RHBDF1 is a critical component of a molecular switch that regulates HIF1α stability in cancer cells in hypoxia and that RHBDF1 is of potential value as a new target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Zhou
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Feifei Shu
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Fu
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu-Yuan Li
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University; Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
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39
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LIN YANG, CUI MANHUA, TENG HONG, WANG FENGWEN, YU WEI, XU TIANMIN. Silencing the receptor of activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) suppresses tumorigenicity in epithelial ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1252-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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40
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van der Steen T, Tindall DJ, Huang H. Posttranslational modification of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14833-59. [PMID: 23863692 PMCID: PMC3742275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is important in the development of the prostate by regulating transcription, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. AR undergoes posttranslational modifications that alter its transcription activity, translocation to the nucleus and stability. The posttranslational modifications that regulate these events are of utmost importance to understand the functional role of AR and its activity. The majority of these modifications occur in the activation function-1 (AF1) region of the AR, which contains the transcriptional activation unit 1 (TAU1) and 5 (TAU5). Identification of the modifications that occur to these regions may increase our understanding of AR activation in prostate cancer and the role of AR in the progression from androgen-dependent to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Most of the posttranslational modifications identified to date have been determined using the full-length AR in androgen dependent cells. Further investigations into the role of posttranslational modifications in androgen-independent activation of full-length AR and constitutively active splicing variants are warranted, findings from which may provide new therapeutic options for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis van der Steen
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Donald J. Tindall
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-507-284-0020; Fax: +1-507-293-3071
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41
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Shafi AA, Yen AE, Weigel NL. Androgen receptors in hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:223-38. [PMID: 23859952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer in males and the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men. The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ and PCa is an androgen-dependent disease. Androgen action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a hormone activated transcription factor. The primary treatment for metastatic PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). For the most part, tumors respond to ADT, but most become resistant to therapy within two years. There is persuasive evidence that castration resistant (also termed castration recurrent) PCa (CRPC) remains AR dependent. Recent studies have shown that there are numerous factors that contribute to AR reactivation despite castrate serum levels of androgens. These include changes in AR expression and structure through gene amplification, mutation, and alternative splicing. Changes in steroid metabolism, cell signaling, and coregulator proteins are also important contributors to AR reactivation in CRPC. Most AR targeted therapies have been directed at the hormone binding domain. The finding that constitutively active AR splice variants that lack the hormone binding domain are frequently expressed in CRPC highlights the need to develop therapies that target other portions of AR. In this review, the role of AR in normal prostate, in PCa, and particularly the mechanisms for its reactivation subsequent to ADT are summarized. In addition, recent clinical trials and novel approaches to target AR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, M515, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Soares TS, Fernandes SAF, Lima ML, Stumpp T, Schoorlemmer GH, Lazari MFM, Porto CS. Experimental varicocoele in rats affects mechanisms that control expression and function of the androgen receptor. Andrology 2013; 1:670-81. [PMID: 23836701 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Varicocoele is an important cause of male infertility. Normal male reproductive function and fertility depends on a delicate balance between androgen receptor (AR) and the classic oestrogen receptors ESR1 (ERα) and ESR2 (ERβ). Using a model of surgically induced varicocoele in rats, this study aimed to investigate the effects of varicocoele on the expression of AR, ESR1, ESR2 and G-protein coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER). Varicocoele did not affect the mRNA and protein expression of ESR1 and ESR2 in both testes. Varicocoele did not affect the mRNA and protein expression of GPER in the right testis, but slightly reduced the mRNA and increased the protein levels in the left testis. Varicocoele did not affect the mRNA for AR, but reduced the protein levels in both testes. A proteomic approach was used in an attempt to find differentially expressed targets with possible correlation with AR downregulation. Varicocoele caused the differential expression of 29 proteins. Six proteins were upregulated, including the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), and 23 were downregulated, including dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, alpha-enolase and pyrophosphatase 1. Western blot analysis confirmed that varicocoele upregulated the expression of RACK1, a protein involved with tyrosine phosphorylation and regulation of AR transcriptional activity, AR metabolism and dynamics of the blood-testis barrier. In conclusion, this study suggests that varicocoele affects mechanisms that control AR expression and function. This regulation of AR may play an important role in the varicocoele-induced testicular dysfunction. Furthermore, varicocoele downregulates several other proteins in the testis that may be useful markers of spermatozoa function and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Soares
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo, Brazil
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43
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Kao CJ, Martiniez A, Shi XB, Yang J, Evans CP, Dobi A, deVere White RW, Kung HJ. miR-30 as a tumor suppressor connects EGF/Src signal to ERG and EMT. Oncogene 2013; 33:2495-503. [PMID: 23728339 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Src tyrosine kinase (Src) is implicated in the development of bone metastasis and castration resistance of prostate cancer. Src inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials for such diseases. Understanding the molecular and cellular actions of Src inhibitors holds the key to future improvement of this line of therapy. Here we describe the microRNA expression profiles modulated by two Src inhibitors and demonstrate that the miR-30 family members are the most prominently induced species. Consistent with its tumor suppressor role, miR-30 is downmodulated by oncogenic signals such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor, and is generally underexpressed in prostate cancer specimens. A number of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes are predicted targets of miR-30. Among these genes the Ets-related gene (ERG) is the most frequently overexpressed oncogene in prostate cancer activated by genomic fusion events between promoter upstream sequences of the TMPRSS2 and coding sequences of ERG. We showed by ERG 3' untranslated region reporter and mutagenesis assays that ERG is a direct target of miR-30. Overexpression of miR-30 in prostate cancer cells suppresses EMT phenotypes and inhibits cell migration and invasion. It also inhibits the in vitro and in vivo growth of VCaP cells, which depends on TMPRSS2-ERG for proliferation. TMPRSS2-ERG is generally regulated by androgen at the transcriptional level. Our finding reveals a new post-transcriptional mechanism of TMPRSS2-ERG regulation by Src and growth signals via miR-30 providing a rationale for targeting ERG-positive castration-resistant tumors with Src inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Kao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Martiniez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - X-B Shi
- Department of Urology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J Yang
- Department of Urology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - C P Evans
- Department of Urology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - A Dobi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - R W deVere White
- Department of Urology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - H-J Kung
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA [2] Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Maioli, Taiwan [3] Translational Medicine and Integrated Lab, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key molecule in prostate cancer and Kennedy's disease. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of this steroid receptor is important in the development of potential therapies for these diseases. One layer of AR regulation is provided by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoylation, ubiquitination and methylation. While these modifications have mostly been studied as individual events, it is becoming clear that these modifications can functionally interact with each other in a signalling pathway. In this review, the effects of all modifications are described with a focus on interplay between them and the functional consequences for the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coffey
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Group, The Medical School, Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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45
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Tsao CK, Galsky MD, Small AC, Yee T, Oh WK. Targeting the androgen receptor signalling axis in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). BJU Int 2012; 110:1580-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Martinez HD, Hsiao JJ, Jasavala RJ, Hinkson IV, Eng JK, Wright ME. Androgen-sensitive microsomal signaling networks coupled to the proliferation and differentiation of human prostate cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:956-78. [PMID: 22701762 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912436422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the disruption of androgen-mediated cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and cell differentiation, contributes to the development of early-stage androgen-dependent prostate cancers. Large-scale mRNA profiling experiments have paved the way in identifying androgen-regulated gene networks that control the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of prostate cancer cells. Despite these extensive research efforts, it remains to be determined whether all androgen-mediated mRNA changes faithfully translate into changes in protein abundance that influence prostate tumorigenesis. Here, we report on a mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics analysis that identified known androgen signaling pathways and also novel, androgen-sensitive microsome-associated proteins and protein networks that had not been discovered by gene network studies in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Androgen-sensitive microsome-associated proteins encoded components of the insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Further bioinformatic analyses showed most of the androgen-sensitive microsome-associated protein networks play roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. Functional validation experiments showed that the androgen-sensitive microsome-associated proteins Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and I-kappa B kinase complex-associated protein (IKAP) modulated the expression of prostate epithelial and neuronal markers, attenuated proliferation through an androgen receptor-dependent mechanism, and co-regulated androgen receptor-mediated transcription in LNCaP cells. Further biochemical analyses showed that the increased proliferation in JAK2 knockdown cells was mediated by activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as determined by increased phosphorylation of several downstream targets (p70 S6 kinase, translational repressor 4E-BP1, and 40S ribosomal S6 protein). We conclude that the expression of microsome-associated proteins that were previously implicated in the tumorigenesis of prostate epithelial cells is strongly influenced by androgens. These findings provide a molecular framework for exploring the mechanisms underlying prostate tumorigenesis and how these protein networks might be attenuated or potentiated in disrupting the growth and survival of human prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harryl D Martinez
- University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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47
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Identification of kinases regulating prostate cancer cell growth using an RNAi phenotypic screen. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38950. [PMID: 22761715 PMCID: PMC3384611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As prostate cancer progresses to castration-resistant disease, there is an increase in signal transduction activity. Most castration-resistant prostate tumors continue to express the androgen receptor (AR) as well as androgen-responsive genes, despite the near absence of circulating androgen in these patients. The AR is regulated not only by its cognate steroid hormone, but also by interactions with a constellation of co-regulatory and signaling molecules. Thus, the elevated signaling activity that occurs during progression to castration resistance can affect prostate cancer cell growth either through the AR or independent of the AR. In order to identify signaling pathways that regulate prostate cancer cell growth, we screened a panel of shRNAs targeting 673 human kinases against LNCaP prostate cancer cells grown in the presence and absence of hormone. The screen identified multiple shRNA clones against known and novel gene targets that regulate prostate cancer cell growth. Based on the magnitude of effect on growth, we selected six kinases for further study: MAP3K11, DGKD, ICK, CIT, GALK2, and PSKH1. Knockdown of these kinases decreased cell growth in both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. However, these kinases had different effects on basal or androgen-induced transcriptional activity of AR target genes. MAP3K11 knockdown most consistently altered transcription of AR target genes, suggesting that MAP3K11 affected its growth inhibitory effect by modulating the AR transcriptional program. Consistent with MAP3K11 acting on the AR, knockdown of MAP3K11 inhibited AR Ser 650 phosphorylation, further supporting stress kinase regulation of AR phosphorylation. This study demonstrates the applicability of lentiviral-based shRNA for conducting phenotypic screens and identifies MAP3K11, DGKD, ICK, CIT, GALK2, and PSKH1 as regulators of prostate cancer cell growth. The thorough evaluation of these kinase targets will pave the way for developing more effective treatments for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Linn DE, Yang X, Xie Y, Alfano A, Deshmukh D, Wang X, Shimelis H, Chen H, Li W, Xu K, Chen M, Qiu Y. Differential regulation of androgen receptor by PIM-1 kinases via phosphorylation-dependent recruitment of distinct ubiquitin E3 ligases. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22959-68. [PMID: 22584579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.338350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer. Regulation of AR transcriptional activity by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation by multiple kinases, is well documented. Here, we report that two PIM-1 kinase isoforms which are up-regulated during prostate cancer progression, namely PIM-1S and PIM-1L, modulate AR stability and transcriptional activity through differentially phosphorylating AR at serine 213 (Ser-213) and threonine 850 (Thr-850). Although both kinases are capable of interacting with and phosphorylating AR at Ser-213, only PIM-1L could phosphorylate Thr-850. We also showed that PIM-1S induced Ser-213 phosphorylation destabilizes AR by recruiting the ubiquitin E3 ligase Mdm2 and promotes AR degradation in a cell cycle-dependent manner, while PIM-1L-induced Thr-850 phosphorylation stabilizes AR by recruiting the ubiquitin E3 ligase RNF6 and promotes AR-mediated transcription under low-androgen conditions. Furthermore, both PIM-1 isoforms could promote prostate cancer cell growth under low-androgen conditions. Our data suggest that these kinases regulate AR stability and transcriptional activity through recruitment of different functional partners in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. As AR turnover has been previously shown to be critical for cell cycle progression in prostate cancer cells, PIM-1 kinase isoforms may promote prostate cancer cell growth, at least in part, through modulating AR activity via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Linn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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49
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Gioeli D, Paschal BM. Post-translational modification of the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:70-8. [PMID: 21820033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) by its cognate ligand is well established, but how post-translational modification modulates AR activity is only emerging. The AR is subject to modification by phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination. As several of the enzymes that modify the AR are altered in prostate cancer, defining the context and physiological effects of these modifications could provide insight into mechanisms that underpin human disease. Here, we review how post-translational modification contributes to AR function as a transcription factor with particular emphasis on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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50
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Zheng Y, Zhang L, Jia X, Wang H, Hu Y. Interaction of protein inhibitor of activated STAT 2 (PIAS2) with receptor of activated C kinase 1, RACK1. FEBS Lett 2011; 586:122-6. [PMID: 22210188 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the evolutionarily conserved intracellular adaptor protein, receptor of activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) was identified as a novel interaction partner of protein inhibitor of activated STAT 2 (PIAS2) using a yeast two-hybrid screening system. The direct interaction and co-localization of RACK1 with PIAS2 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining analysis, respectively. The 5th to 7th Trp-Asp 40 (5-7 WD40) repeats of RACK1 were identified as the minimal domain required for interaction with PIAS2 by deletion analysis. Furthermore, multiple PIAS2-domains, particularly the 'PINIT' and RLD domains, bind the RACK1 5-7 WD40 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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