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Zeng M, Zhang W, Li Y, Yu L. Harnessing adenovirus in cancer immunotherapy: evoking cellular immunity and targeting delivery in cell-specific manner. Biomark Res 2024; 12:36. [PMID: 38528632 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) regimens, including replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus (OAV) and replication-deficient adenovirus, have been identified as potential cancer therapeutics. OAV presents advantages such as selective replication, oncolytic efficacy, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. In this perspective, the principles and advancements in developing OAV toolkits are reviewed. The burgeoning rAd may dictate efficacy of conventional cancer therapies as well as cancer immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, synergy with adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and TME reshaping. Concurrently, we explored the potential of rAd hitchhiking to adoptive immune cells or stem cells, highlighting how this approach facilitates synergistic interactions between rAd and cellular therapeutics at tumor sites. Results from preclinical and clinical trials in which immune and stem cells were infected with rAd have been used to address significant oncological challenges, such as postsurgical residual tumor tissue and metastatic tissue. Briefly, rAd can eradicate tumors through various mechanisms, resulting from tumor immunogenicity, reprogramming of the TME, enhancement of cellular immunity, and effective tumor targeting. In this context, we argue that rAd holds immense potential for enhancing cellular immunity and synergistically improving antitumor effects in combination with novel cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zeng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, International Cancer Center, Hematology Institution of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, International Cancer Center, Hematology Institution of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yisheng Li
- Shenzhen Haoshi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. No, 155 Hongtian Road, Xinqiao Street, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518125, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, International Cancer Center, Hematology Institution of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
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2
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Hamdan F, Martins B, Feodoroff M, Giannoula Y, Feola S, Fusciello M, Chiaro J, Antignani G, Grönholm M, Ylösmäki E, Cerullo V. GAMER-Ad: a novel and rapid method for generating recombinant adenoviruses. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:625-634. [PMID: 33718513 PMCID: PMC7907680 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses have become ideal agents in the path toward treating cancer. Such viruses have been engineered to conditionally replicate in malignant cells in which certain signaling pathways have been disrupted. Other than such oncolytic properties, the viruses need to activate the immune system in order to sustain a long-term response. Therefore, oncolytic adenoviruses have been genetically modified to express various immune-stimulatory agents to achieve this. However, genetically modifying adenoviruses is very time consuming and labor intensive with the current available methods. In this paper, we describe a novel method we have called GAMER-Ad to genetically modify adenovirus genomes within 2 days. Our method entails the replacement of the gp19k gene in the E3 region with any given gene of interest (GOI) using Gibson Assembly avoiding the homologous recombination between the shuttle and the parental plasmid. In this manuscript as proof of concept we constructed and characterized three oncolytic adenoviruses expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, and interleukin-15 (IL-15). We demonstrate that our novel method is fast, reliable, and simple compared to other methods. We anticipate that our method will be used in the future to genetically engineer oncolytic but also other adenoviruses used for gene therapy as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Hamdan
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michaela Feodoroff
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yvonne Giannoula
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Feola
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacopo Chiaro
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriella Antignani
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikaela Grönholm
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkko Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy (IVTLab), Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology and CEINGE, Naples University 24 Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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3
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Baker AT, Aguirre-Hernández C, Halldén G, Parker AL. Designer Oncolytic Adenovirus: Coming of Age. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E201. [PMID: 29904022 PMCID: PMC6025169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The licensing of talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) represented a landmark moment for oncolytic virotherapy, since it provided unequivocal evidence for the long-touted potential of genetically modified replicating viruses as anti-cancer agents. Whilst T-Vec is promising as a locally delivered virotherapy, especially in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, the quest continues for a virus capable of specific tumour cell killing via systemic administration. One candidate is oncolytic adenovirus (Ad); it’s double stranded DNA genome is easily manipulated and a wide range of strategies and technologies have been employed to empower the vector with improved pharmacokinetics and tumour targeting ability. As well characterised clinical and experimental agents, we have detailed knowledge of adenoviruses’ mechanisms of pathogenicity, supported by detailed virological studies and in vivo interactions. In this review we highlight the strides made in the engineering of bespoke adenoviral vectors to specifically infect, replicate within, and destroy tumour cells. We discuss how mutations in genes regulating adenoviral replication after cell entry can be used to restrict replication to the tumour, and summarise how detailed knowledge of viral capsid interactions enable rational modification to eliminate native tropisms, and simultaneously promote active uptake by cancerous tissues. We argue that these designer-viruses, exploiting the viruses natural mechanisms and regulated at every level of replication, represent the ideal platforms for local overexpression of therapeutic transgenes such as immunomodulatory agents. Where T-Vec has paved the way, Ad-based vectors now follow. The era of designer oncolytic virotherapies looks decidedly as though it will soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Carmen Aguirre-Hernández
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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4
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Hulin-Curtis S, Davies J, Parker AL. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Strategies and Insights for Vector Design and Immuno-Oncolytic Applications. Viruses 2015; 7:6009-42. [PMID: 26610547 PMCID: PMC4664994 DOI: 10.3390/v7112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) are commonly used both experimentally and clinically, including oncolytic virotherapy applications. In the clinical area, efficacy is frequently hampered by the high rates of neutralizing immunity, estimated as high as 90% in some populations that promote vector clearance and limit bioavailability for tumor targeting following systemic delivery. Active tumor targeting is also hampered by the ubiquitous nature of the Ad5 receptor, hCAR, as well as the lack of highly tumor-selective targeting ligands and suitable targeting strategies. Furthermore, significant off-target interactions between the viral vector and cellular and proteinaceous components of the bloodstream have been documented that promote uptake into non-target cells and determine dose-limiting toxicities. Novel strategies are therefore needed to overcome the obstacles that prevent efficacious Ad deployment for wider clinical applications. The use of less seroprevalent Ad serotypes, non-human serotypes, capsid pseudotyping, chemical shielding and genetic masking by heterologous peptide incorporation are all potential strategies to achieve efficient vector escape from humoral immune recognition. Conversely, selective vector arming with immunostimulatory agents can be utilized to enhance their oncolytic potential by activation of cancer-specific immune responses against the malignant tissues. This review presents recent advantages and pitfalls occurring in the field of adenoviral oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - James Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Alan L Parker
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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5
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Belcaid Z, Lamfers MLM, van Beusechem VW, Hoeben RC. Changing faces in virology: the dutch shift from oncogenic to oncolytic viruses. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:875-84. [PMID: 25141764 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have two opposing faces. On the one hand, they can cause harm and disease. A virus may manifest directly as a contagious disease with a clinical pathology of varying significance. A viral infection can also have delayed consequences, and in rare cases may cause cellular transformation and cancer. On the other hand, viruses may provide hope: hope for an efficacious treatment of serious disease. Examples of the latter are the use of viruses as a vaccine, as transfer vector for therapeutic genes in a gene therapy setting, or, more directly, as therapeutic anticancer agent in an oncolytic-virus therapy setting. Already there is evidence for antitumor activity of oncolytic viruses. The antitumor efficacy seems linked to their capacity to induce a tumor-directed immune response. Here, we will provide an overview on the development of oncolytic viruses and their clinical evaluation from the Dutch perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Belcaid
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center , 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic adenovirus Delta24-RGD is mediated by tumor-specific immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97495. [PMID: 24866126 PMCID: PMC4035348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic adenovirus Delta24-RGD represents a new promising therapeutic agent for patients with a malignant glioma and is currently under investigation in clinical phase I/II trials. Earlier preclinical studies showed that Delta24-RGD is able to effectively lyse tumor cells, yielding promising results in various immune-deficient glioma models. However, the role of the immune response in oncolytic adenovirus therapy for glioma has never been explored. To this end, we assessed Delta24-RGD treatment in an immune-competent orthotopic mouse model for glioma and evaluated immune responses against tumor and virus. Delta24-RGD treatment led to long-term survival in 50% of mice and this effect was completely lost upon administration of the immunosuppressive agent dexamethasone. Delta24-RGD enhanced intra-tumoral infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and increased the local production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In treated mice, T cell responses were directed to the virus as well as to the tumor cells, which was reflected in the presence of protective immunological memory in mice that underwent tumor rechallenge. Together, these data provide evidence that the immune system plays a vital role in the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy of glioma, and may provide angles to future improvements on Delta24-RGD therapy.
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7
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Callegari E, Elamin BK, D’Abundo L, Falzoni S, Donvito G, Moshiri F, Milazzo M, Altavilla G, Giacomelli L, Fornari F, Hemminki A, Di Virgilio F, Gramantieri L, Negrini M, Sabbioni S. Anti-tumor activity of a miR-199-dependent oncolytic adenovirus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73964. [PMID: 24069256 PMCID: PMC3771938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The down-regulation of miR-199 occurs in nearly all primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and HCC cell lines in comparison with normal liver. We exploited this miR-199 differential expression to develop a conditionally replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus, Ad-199T, and achieve tumor-specific viral expression and replication. To this aim, we introduced four copies of miR-199 target sites within the 3’ UTR of E1A gene, essential for viral replication. As consequence, E1A expression from Ad-199T virus was tightly regulated both at RNA and protein levels in HCC derived cell lines, and replication controlled by the level of miR-199 expression. Various approaches were used to asses in vivo properties of Ad-199T. Ad-199T replication was inhibited in normal, miR-199 positive, liver parenchyma, thus resulting in reduced hepatotoxicity. Conversely, the intrahepatic delivery of Ad-199T in newborn mice led to virus replication and fast removal of implanted HepG2 liver cancer cells. The ability of Ad-199T to control tumor growth was also shown in a subcutaneous xenograft model in nude mice and in HCCs arising in immune-competent mice. In summary, we developed a novel oncolytic adenovirus, Ad-199T, which could demonstrate a therapeutic potential against liver cancer without causing significant hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Callegari
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bahaeldin K. Elamin
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Lucilla D’Abundo
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donvito
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Farzaneh Moshiri
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maddalena Milazzo
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata e Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi e Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altavilla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Diagnostiche e Terapie Speciali, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano Giacomelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Diagnostiche e Terapie Speciali, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Fornari
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata e Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi e Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program & Transplantation Laboratory & Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Gramantieri
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata e Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi e Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail: (SS); (MN)
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail: (SS); (MN)
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging experimental treatment platform for cancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses are replicative-competent viruses that are engineered to replicate selectively in cancer cells with specified oncogenic phenotypes. Multiple DNA and RNA viruses have been clinically tested in a variety of tumors. This review will provide a brief description of these novel anticancer biologics and will summarize the results of clinical investigation. To date oncolytic virotherapy has shown to be safe, and has generated clinical responses in tumors that are resistant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The major challenge for researchers is to maximize the efficacy of these viral therapeutics, and to establish stable systemic delivery mechanisms.
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de Vrij J, Willemsen RA, Lindholm L, Hoeben RC, Bangma CH, Barber C, Behr JP, Briggs S, Carlisle R, Cheng WS, Dautzenberg IJC, de Ridder C, Dzojic H, Erbacher P, Essand M, Fisher K, Frazier A, Georgopoulos LJ, Jennings I, Kochanek S, Koppers-Lalic D, Kraaij R, Kreppel F, Magnusson M, Maitland N, Neuberg P, Nugent R, Ogris M, Remy JS, Scaife M, Schenk-Braat E, Schooten E, Seymour L, Slade M, Szyjanowicz P, Totterman T, Uil TG, Ulbrich K, van der Weel L, van Weerden W, Wagner E, Zuber G. Adenovirus-derived vectors for prostate cancer gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:795-805. [PMID: 19947826 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men in Western countries. Whereas the survival rate approaches 100% for patients with localized cancer, the results of treatment in patients with metastasized prostate cancer at diagnosis are much less successful. The patients are usually presented with a variety of treatment options, but therapeutic interventions in prostate cancer are associated with frequent adverse side effects. Gene therapy and oncolytic virus therapy may constitute new strategies. Already a wide variety of preclinical studies has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of such approaches, with oncolytic prostate-specific adenoviruses as the most prominent vector. The state of the art and future prospects of gene therapy in prostate cancer are reviewed, with a focus on adenoviral vectors. We summarize advances in adenovirus technology for prostate cancer treatment and highlight areas where further developments are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Vrij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Augmentation of adenovirus 5 vector-mediated gene transduction under physiological pH conditions by a chitosan/NaHCO3 solution. Gene Ther 2010; 18:232-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Lunde E, Løset GÅ, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Stabilizing mutations increase secretion of functional soluble TCR-Ig fusion proteins. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:61. [PMID: 20735812 PMCID: PMC2936418 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whereas T cell receptors (TCRs) detect peptide/major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) with exquisite specificity, there are challenges regarding their expression and use as soluble detection molecules due to molecular instability. We have investigated strategies for the production of TCR-immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion proteins. Two different TCRs that are characteristic of a mouse model for idiotype (Id) dependent immune regulation were engineered. They are structurally unrelated with different variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments, but each share one V gene segment, either Vα or Vβ, with the well characterized murine TCR, 2C. Results Several TCR-Ig formats were assessed. In one, the TCR V domains were fused to Ig constant (C) regions. In others, the complete extracellular part of the TCR was fused either to a complete Ig or an Ig Fc region. All molecules were initially poorly secreted from eukaryotic cells, but replacement of unfavourable amino acids in the V regions improved secretion, as did the introduction of a disulfide bridge between the TCR C domains and the removal of an unpaired cysteine. A screening strategy for selection of mutations that stabilize the actual fusion molecules was developed and used successfully. Molecules that included the complete heterodimeric TCR, with a stabilizing disulfide bridge, were correctly folded as they bound TCR-specific antibodies (Abs) and detected pMHC on cells after specific peptide loading. Conclusions We show that fully functional TCR-Ig fusion proteins can be made in good yields following stabilizing engineering of TCR V and C region genes. This is important since TCR-Ig fusions will be important probes for the presence of specific pMHCs in vitro and in vivo. In the absence of further affinity maturation, the reagents will be very useful for the detection of kinetic stability of complexes of peptide and MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Lunde
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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Development of a targeted gene vector platform based on simian adenovirus serotype 24. J Virol 2010; 84:10087-101. [PMID: 20631120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02425-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop adenovirus vectors suitable for genetic interventions in humans have identified three major limitations of the most frequently used vector prototype, human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). These limitations--widespread preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity in humans, the high rate of transduction of normal nontarget tissues, and the lack of target-specific gene delivery--justify the exploration of other Ad serotypes as vector prototypes. In this paper, we describe the development of an alternative vector platform using simian Ad serotype 24 (sAd24). We found that sAd24 virions formed unstable complexes with blood coagulation factor X and, because of that, transduced the liver and other organs at low levels when administered intravenously. The overall pattern of biodistribution of sAd24 particles was similar, however, to that of Ad5, and the intravenously injected sAd24 was cleared by Kupffer cells, leading to their depletion. We modified the virus's fiber protein to design a Her2-specific derivative of sAd24 capable of infecting target human tumor cells in vitro. In the presence of neutralizing anti-Ad5 antibodies, Her2-mediated infection with targeted sAd24 compared favorably to that with the Ad5-derived vector. When used to target Her2-expressing tumors in animals, this fiber-modified vector achieved a higher level of gene transfer to metastasis-containing murine lungs than to tumor-free lungs. In aggregate, these studies provide important insights into sAd24 biology, identify its advantages and limitations as a vector prototype, and are thus essential for further development of an sAd24-based gene delivery platform.
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Retargeted adenoviral cancer gene therapy for tumour cells overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor or urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1000-10. [PMID: 20410926 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have assessed the ability of bispecific fusion proteins to improve adenovirus-mediated transfer of therapeutic and marker transgenes. We constructed an expression vector that can be easily modified to synthesize a variety of fusion proteins for retargeting adenoviral gene therapy vectors to cell surface markers, which are differentially expressed between normal and cancer cells. Adenoviral transduction can be improved in a number of tumour cell lines which overexpress EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) or uPAR (urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor), but which have only low levels of endogenous hCAR (human coxsackie B and adenovirus receptor) expression. Up to 40-fold improvement in beta-galactosidase transgene expression was seen using an EGFR retargeting protein, and up to 16-fold using a second fusion protein targeting uPAR. In vitro, our uPAR retargeting fusion protein improved the sensitivity to adenoviral herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir by an order of magnitude, whereas in vivo, our EGFR retargeting protein is able to significantly delay tumour growth in rodent animal models in a dose-dependent manner. The 'cassette' design of our fusion protein constructs offers a flexible method for the straightforward synthesis of multiple adenoviral retargeting proteins, directed against a variety of tumour-associated antigens, for use in clinical trials.
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14
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Kashentseva EA, Douglas JT, Zinn KR, Curiel DT, Dmitriev IP. Targeting of adenovirus serotype 5 pseudotyped with short fiber from serotype 41 to c-erbB2-positive cells using bispecific single-chain diabody. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:443-61. [PMID: 19285990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to alter the broad native tropism of human adenovirus for virus targeting to c-erbB2-positive cancer cells. First, we engineered a single-chain antibody (scFv) against the c-erbB2 oncoprotein into minor capsid protein IX (pIX) of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in a manner commensurate with virion integrity and binding to the soluble extracellular c-erbB2 domain. To ablate native viral tropism and facilitate binding of the pIX-incorporated scFv to cellular c-erbB2, we replaced the Ad5 fiber with the Ad41 short (41s) fiber devoid of all known cell-binding determinants. The resultant Ad5F41sIX6.5 vector demonstrated increased cell binding and gene transfer as compared to the Ad5F41s control; however, this augmentation of virus infectivity was not c-erbB2 specific. Incorporation of a six-histidine (His(6)) peptide into the C-terminus of the 41s fiber protein resulted in markedly increased Ad5F41s6H infectivity in 293AR cells, which express a membrane-anchored scFv against the C-terminal oligohistidine tag, as compared to the Ad5F41s vector and the parental 293 cells. These data suggested that a 41s-fiber-incorporated His(6) tag could serve for attachment of an adapter protein designed to guide Ad5F41s6H infection in a c-erbB2-specific manner. We therefore engineered a bispecific scFv diabody (scDb) combining affinities for both c-erbB2 and the His(6) tag and showed its ability to provide up to 25-fold increase of Ad5F41s6H infectivity in c-erbB2-positive cells. Thus, Ad5 fiber replacement by a His(6)-tagged 41s fiber coupled with virus targeting mediated by an scDb adapter represents a promising strategy to confer Ad5 vector tropism for c-erbB2-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kashentseva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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15
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Paiva LR, Binny C, Ferreira SC, Martins ML. A multiscale mathematical model for oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1205-11. [PMID: 19176387 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising strategies to treat cancer is attacking it with viruses. Oncolytic viruses can kill tumor cells specifically or induce anticancer immune response. A multiscale model for virotherapy of cancer is investigated through simulations. It was found that, for intratumoral virus administration, a solid tumor can be completely eradicated or keep growing after a transient remission. Furthermore, the model reveals undamped oscillatory dynamics of tumor cells and virus populations, which demands new in vivo and in vitro quantitative experiments aiming to detect this oscillatory response. The conditions for which each one of the different tumor responses dominates, as well as the occurrence probabilities for the other nondominant therapeutic outcomes, were determined. From a clinical point of view, our findings indicate that a successful, single agent virotherapy requires a strong inhibition of the host immune response and the use of potent virus species with a high intratumoral mobility. Moreover, due to the discrete and stochastic nature of cells and their responses, an optimal range for viral cytotoxicity is predicted because the virotherapy fails if the oncolytic virus demands either a too short or a very large time to kill the tumor cell. This result suggests that the search for viruses able to destroy tumor cells very fast does not necessarily lead to a more effective control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia R Paiva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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16
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Sonabend AM, Ulasov IV, Han Y, Rolle CE, Nandi S, Cao D, Tyler MA, Lesniak MS. Biodistribution of an oncolytic adenovirus after intracranial injection in permissive animals: a comparative study of Syrian hamsters and cotton rats. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:362-72. [PMID: 19011597 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) are often evaluated in mice; however, normal and cancerous mouse tissues are poorly permissive for human CRAds. As the cotton rat (CR) is a semipermissive animal and the Syrian hamster (SH) is a fully permissive model for adenoviral replication, we compared them in a single study following intracranial (i.c.) injection of a novel glioma-targeting CRAd. Viral genomic copies were quantified by real-time PCR in brain, blood, liver and lung. The studies were corroborated by immunohistochemical, serological and immunological assays. CR had a multiple log higher susceptibility for adenoviral infection than SH. A similar amount of genomic copies of CRAd-Survivin-pk7 and human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdWT) was found in the brain of CR and in all organs from SH. In blood and lung of CR, AdWT had more genomic copies than CRAd-Survivin-pk7 in some of the time points studied. Viral antigens were confirmed in brain slices, an elevation of serum transaminases was observed in both models, and an increase in anti-adenoviral antibodies was detected in SH sera. In conclusion, CR represents a sensitive model for studying biodistribution of CRAds after i.c. delivery, allowing for the detection of differences in the replication of CRAd-Survivin-pk7 and AdWT that were not evident in SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sonabend
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Chang CC, Shieh GS, Wu P, Lin CC, Shiau AL, Wu CL. Oct-3/4 Expression Reflects Tumor Progression and Regulates Motility of Bladder Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6281-91. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Use of cells as therapeutic carriers has increased in the past few years and has developed as a distinct concept and delivery method. Cell-based vehicles are particularly attractive for delivery of biotherapeutic agents that are difficult to synthesize, have reduced half-lives, limited tissue penetrance or are rapidly inactivated upon direct in vivo introduction. Initial studies using cell-based approaches served to identify some of the key factors for the success of this type of therapeutic delivery. These factors include the efficiency of cell loading with a therapeutic payload, the means of cell loading and the nature of therapeutics that cells can carry. However, one important aspect of cell-based delivery yet to be fully investigated is the process of actual delivery of the cell payload in vivo. In this regard, the potential ability of cell carriers to provide site-specific or targeted delivery of therapeutics deserves special attention. The present review focuses on a variety of targeting approaches that may be utilized to improve cell-based therapeutic delivery strategies. The different aspects of targeting that can be applied to cell vehicles will be discussed, including physical methods for directing cell distribution, intrinsic cell-mediated homing mechanisms and the feasibility of engineering cells with novel targeting mechanisms. Development of cell targeting strategies will further advance cell vehicle applications, broaden the applicability of this delivery approach and potentiate therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Roth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Human Gene Therapy, The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2172, USA.
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19
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Adenovirus targeting to HLA-A1/MAGE-A1-positive tumor cells by fusing a single-chain T-cell receptor with minor capsid protein IX. Gene Ther 2008; 15:978-89. [PMID: 18323790 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors have great potential in cancer gene therapy. Targeting of cancer-testis (CT) antigens, which are specifically presented at the surface of tumor cells by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, is an attractive option. In this study, a single-chain T-cell receptor (scTCR) directed against the CT antigen melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)-A1 in complex with the HLA class I molecule of haplotype HLA-A1 is fused with the C terminus of the adenovirus minor capsid protein IX. Propagation of a protein-IX (pIX)-gene-deleted human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5) vector on cells that constitutively express the pIXscTCR fusion protein yielded viral particles with the pIXscTCR fusion protein incorporated in their capsid. Generated particles specifically transduced melanoma cell lines expressing the HLA-A1/MAGE-A1 target complex with at least 10-fold higher efficiency than control viruses. Whereas loading of HLA-A1-positive cells with MAGE-A1 peptides leads to enhanced transduction of the cells, the efficiency of virus transduction is strongly reduced if the HLA-A1 molecules are not accessible at the target cell. Taken together, these data provide proof of principle that pIXscTCR fusions can be used to target HAdV-5 vectors to tumor cells expressing intracellular CT antigens.
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