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Alarcon NO, Jaramillo M, Mansour HM, Sun B. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines—Antigen Discovery and Adjuvant Delivery Platforms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071448. [PMID: 35890342 PMCID: PMC9325128 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, vaccines have played a significant role in protecting public and personal health against infectious diseases and proved their great potential in battling cancers as well. This review focused on the current progress of therapeutic subunit vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Antigens and adjuvants are key components of vaccine formulations. We summarized several classes of tumor antigens and bioinformatic approaches of identification of tumor neoantigens. Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-targeting adjuvants and their targeted delivery platforms have been extensively discussed. In addition, we emphasized the interplay between multiple adjuvants and their combined delivery for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftali Ortega Alarcon
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Maddy Jaramillo
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-621-6420
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Depiction of the genomic and genetic landscape identifies CCL5 as a protective factor in colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:994-1002. [PMID: 34331023 PMCID: PMC8476633 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas (CRNECs) are highly aggressive tumours with poor prognosis and low incidence. To date, the genomic landscape and molecular pathway alterations have not been elucidated. METHODS Tissue sections and clinical information of CRNEC (n = 35) and CR neuroendocrine tumours (CRNETs) (n = 25) were collected as an in-house cohort (2010-2020). Comprehensive genomic and expression panels (AmoyDx® Master Panel) were applied to identify the genomic and genetic alterations of CRNEC. Through the depiction of the genomic landscape and transcriptome profile, we compared the difference between CRNEC and CRNET. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining were performed to confirm the genetic alterations. RESULTS High tumour mutation load was observed in CRNEC compared with CRNET. CRNECs showed a "cold" immune landscape and increased endothelial cell activity compared with NETs. Importantly, PAX5 was aberrantly expressed in CRNEC and predicted a poor prognosis of CRNECs. CCL5, a factor that is considered an immunosuppressive factor in several tumour types, was strongly expressed in CRNEC patients with long-term survival and correlated with high CD8+ T cell infiltration. CONCLUSION Through the depiction of the genomic landscape and transcriptome profile, we demonstrated alterations in molecular pathways and potential targets for immunotherapy in CRNEC.
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Xu F, Chen JX, Yang XB, Hong XB, Li ZX, Lin L, Chen YS. Analysis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes Based on Immune Signatures Identifies Clinical Implications for Cancer Therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 17:241-249. [PMID: 32346613 PMCID: PMC7183104 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common histological subtype. However, the prognostic and predictive outcomes differ because of this cancer type heterogeneity. LUAD subtypes were identified on the basis of the immunogenomic profiling of 29 immune signatures. We named three LUAD subtypes: Immunity High, Immunity Medium, and Immunity Low. The Immunity High subtype was characterized by immune activation, e.g., increased immune scores, elevated stromal scores and the highest infiltration of CD8+ T cells, and decreased tumor purities. Activated expressions of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, immune checkpoint molecules, and T helper 1 (Th1)/interferon-gamma (IFNγ) gene signature were also observed in the Immunity High subtype. N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, associated with cancer initiation and progression, was reduced in the Immunity High subtype. Functional and signaling pathway enrichment analysis further showed that differentially expressed genes between the Immunity High subtype and the other subtypes mainly participated in immune response and some cancer-associated pathways. In addition, the Immunity High subtype exhibited more sensitivity to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Finally, candidate compounds that aimed at LUAD subtype differentiation were identified. Comprehensively characterizing the LUAD subtypes based on immune signatures may help to provide potential strategies for LUAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Jie-xin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xiong-bin Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xin-bin Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Zi-xiong Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Corresponding author Ling Lin, Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China.
| | - Yong-song Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Corresponding author Yong-song Chen, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China.
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Tao J, Dai J, Hou S. Association between B7-H1 and cervical cancer: B7-H1 impairs the immune response in human cervical cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4125-4133. [PMID: 29104629 PMCID: PMC5658695 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the preliminary mechanism of action of B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) and investigate the association between B7-H1 and cervical cancer. The expression of B7 family proteins was measured in cervical cancer cells. Cervical cancer cells were co-cultured with T lymphocytes. An ELISA assay was subsequently conducted to analyze cytokine concentrations in the supernatants of the cultured T cells in cervical cancer cells and B7-H1 downregulated cells. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA in mice injected with cervical cancer cells or B7-H1 downregulated cells were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. It was determined that cervical cancer cells express high levels of B7-H1, whereas the normal cervical epithelium does not express B7-H1. When co-cultured with T lymphocytes, cervical cancer cells were involved in the inhibition of lymphocyte activation. When B7-H1 was downregulated using a lentivirus, the proliferation ability did not change compared with cervical cancer cells, whereas the soluble factors secreted by T cells differed between cervical cancer cells and B7-H1 downregulated cells. In an animal model, injected B7-H1 downregulated cervical cancer cells elicited a more intense immune response, whereas cervical cancer cells had the wild immune response. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate that B7-H1 mediates the low immunogenicity of cervical cancer and is not attacked by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Tao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Dai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Shunyu Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Li Y, Min W, Li M, Han G, Dai D, Zhang L, Chen X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yue Z, Liu J. Identification of hub genes and regulatory factors of glioblastoma multiforme subgroups by RNA-seq data analysis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1170-8. [PMID: 27572852 PMCID: PMC5029949 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. This study aimed to identify the hub genes and regulatory factors of GBM subgroups by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis, in order to explore the possible mechanisms responsbile for the progression of GBM. The dataset RNASeqV2 was downloaded by TCGA-Assembler, containing 169 GBM and 5 normal samples. Gene expression was calculated by the reads per kilobase per million reads measurement, and nor malized with tag count comparison. Following subgroup classification by the non-negative matrix factorization, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in 4 GBM subgroups using the method of significance analysis of microarrays. Functional enrichment analysis was performed by DAVID, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on the HPRD database. The subgroup-related microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), transcription factors (TFs) and small molecule drugs were predicted with predefined criteria. A cohort of 19,515 DEGs between the GBM and control samples was screened, which were predominantly enriched in cell cycle- and immunoreaction-related pathways. In the PPI network, lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (LCP2), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 3 (CHD3) were the hub nodes in subgroups 1–4, respectively. Paired box 5 (PAX5), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) and cAMP-response element-binding protein-1 (CREB1) were the specific TFs in subgroups 1–4, respectively. miR-147b, miR-770-5p, miR-220a and miR-1247 were the particular miRNAs in subgroups 1–4, respectively. Natalizumab was the predicted small molecule drug in subgroup 2. In conclusion, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of GBM pathogenesis were distinct in the different subgroups. Several crucial genes, TFs, miRNAs and small molecules in the different GBM subgroups were identified, which may be used as potential markers. However, further experimental validations may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Weijie Min
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xinglai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Lustfeld I, Altvater B, Ahlmann M, Ligges S, Brinkrolf P, Rosemann A, Moericke A, Rossig C. High proportions of CD4⁺ T cells among residual bone marrow T cells in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia are associated with favorable early responses. Acta Haematol 2013; 131:28-36. [PMID: 24021585 DOI: 10.1159/000351429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Residual nonmalignant T cells in the bone marrow of patients with acute leukemias may be involved in active immune responses to leukemic cells. Here, we investigated the phenotypic signature of T cells present at diagnosis in 39 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated within standardized ALL-BFM study protocols. Previously described age associations of lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of healthy children were reproduced in leukemic bone marrow. Analysis of individual lymphocyte parameters and risk-associated variables using univariate linear regression models revealed a correlation of higher CD4/CD8 ratios at diagnosis with a favorable bone marrow response on day 15. Separate analysis of CD4⁺ cells with the CD4⁺CD25(hi)FoxP3⁺ T(reg) cell phenotype showed that the association was caused by non-T(reg) CD4⁺ cells. The association of higher CD4/CD8 ratios with a favorable bone marrow response on day 15 of treatment persisted in a cohort extended to 69 patients. We conclude that CD4⁺ non-T(reg) cells in leukemic bone marrow at diagnosis may have a role in early response to treatment. Prospective analysis of the CD4/CD8 ratio in a large cohort of pediatric patients is now needed. Moreover, future experiments will establish the functional role of the individual T cell subsets in immune control in pediatric ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Lustfeld
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Anderson J, Gustafsson K, Himoudi N. Licensing of killer dendritic cells in mouse and humans: functional similarities between IKDC and human blood γδ T-lymphocytes. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:259-66. [PMID: 22632132 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.685528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are characterized by the ability to induce primary antigen-specific immune responses in both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I-restricted CD8 cells and MHC Class II-restricted CD4 cells. This professional antigen presentation function is associated with the up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and Class II MHC. While it has been recognized that several types of innate lymphocytes in mouse and humans can express co-stimulatory molecules and present antigen, the property of antigen presentation to elicit responses in naïve cells has been considered the exclusive domain of the dendritic cell. This concept has been challenged through the description of innate lymphocytes, capable of killing using NK receptors, but also up-regulating co-stimulatory molecules and driving the antigen-specific proliferation of naïve lymphocytes to the same extent as dendritic cells. Interferon (IFN)-γ secreting killer dendritic cells (IKDC) have been described in mice and share immunophenotypic properties of both dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Human blood γδ T-lymphocytes have innate tumor cell killing properties by both antibody-dependent and natural killer receptor-dependent mechanisms. This article reviews data from the authors' own laboratory showing a particular feature in common between the mouse IKDC and human blood γδ T-lymphocytes; namely their requirement for interaction with a target cell for specific licensing for professional antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Anderson
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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8
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Altvater B, Pscherer S, Landmeier S, Kailayangiri S, Savoldo B, Juergens H, Rossig C. Activated human γδ T cells induce peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell responses to tumor-associated self-antigens. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:385-96. [PMID: 21928126 PMCID: PMC11028957 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific cellular immunotherapy of cancer requires efficient generation and expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that recognize tumor-associated self-antigens. Here, we investigated the capacity of human γδ T cells to induce expansion of CD8+ T cells specific for peptides derived from the weakly immunogenic tumor-associated self-antigens PRAME and STEAP1. Coincubation of aminobisphosphonate-stimulated human peripheral blood-derived γδ T cells (Vγ9+Vδ2+), loaded with HLA-A*02-restricted epitopes of PRAME, with autologous peripheral blood CD8+ T cells stimulated the expansion of peptide-specific cytolytic effector memory T cells. Moreover, peptide-loaded γδ T cells efficiently primed antigen-naive CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells against PRAME peptides. Direct comparisons with mature DCs revealed equal potency of γδ T cells and DCs in inducing primary T-cell responses and peptide-specific T-cell activation and expansion. Antigen presentation by γδ T-APCs was not able to overcome the limited capacity of peptide-specific T cells to interact with targets expressing full-length antigen. Importantly, T cells with regulatory phenotype (CD4+ CD25hiFoxP3+) were lower in cocultures with γδ T cells compared to DCs. In summary, bisphosphonate-activated γδ T cells permit generation of CTLs specific for weakly immunogenic tumor-associated epitopes. Exploiting this strategy for effective immunotherapy of cancer requires strategies that enhance the avidity of CTL responses to allow for efficient targeting of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Diphosphonates/pharmacology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- K562 Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transfection
- Zoledronic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sibylle Pscherer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Silke Landmeier
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sareetha Kailayangiri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Heribert Juergens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Himoudi N, Morgenstern DA, Yan M, Vernay B, Saraiva L, Wu Y, Cohen CJ, Gustafsson K, Anderson J. Human γδ T lymphocytes are licensed for professional antigen presentation by interaction with opsonized target cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1708-16. [PMID: 22250090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated human blood γδ T cells have also been previously demonstrated to behave as professional APCs, although the processes that control APC function have not been characterized. n this study, we show that the acquisition of potent APC function by human blood γδ T cells is achieved after physical interaction with an Ab-coated target cell, a process that we refer to as licensing. In cancer models, licensing of γδ T cells by tumor-reactive mAbs promotes the uptake of tumor Ags and professional presentation to tumor-reactive αβ T cells. We propose that licensing by Ab is a mechanism whereby the adaptive properties of γδ T cells are induced by their innate functions in a spatially and temporally controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourredine Himoudi
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WCN1 1EH, UK
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10
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Firtina S, Sayitoglu M, Hatirnaz O, Erbilgin Y, Oztunc C, Cinar S, Yildiz I, Celkan T, Anak S, Unuvar A, Devecioglu O, Timur C, Aydogan G, Akcay A, Atay D, Turkkan E, Karaman S, Orhaner B, Sarper N, Deniz G, Ozbek U. Evaluation of PAX5 gene in the early stages of leukemic B cells in the childhood B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2012; 36:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Yan M, Himoudi N, Basu BP, Wallace R, Poon E, Adams S, Hasan F, Xue SA, Wilson N, Dalgleish A, Williams O, Anderson J. Increased PRAME antigen-specific killing of malignant cell lines by low avidity CTL clones, following treatment with 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1243-55. [PMID: 21553146 PMCID: PMC11029732 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cancer testis antigen Preferentially Expressed Antigen of Melanoma (PRAME) is overexpressed in many solid tumours and haematological malignancies whilst showing minimal expression in normal tissues and is therefore a promising target for immunotherapy. HLA-A0201-restricted peptide epitopes from PRAME have previously been identified as potential immunogens to drive antigen-specific autologous CTL responses, capable of lysing PRAME expressing tumour cells. CTL lines, from 13 normal donors and 10 melanoma patients, all of whom were HLA-A0201 positive, were generated against the PRAME peptide epitope PRA(100-108). Specific killing activity against PRA(100-108) peptide-pulsed targets was weak compared with CTL lines directed against known immunodominant peptides. Moreover, limiting dilution cloning from selected PRAME-specific CTL lines resulted in the generation of a clone of only low to intermediate avidity. Addition of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-Deoxycytidine (DAC) increased PRAME expression in 7 out of 11 malignant cell lines including several B lineage leukaemia lines and also increased class I expression. Pre-treatment of target cells was associated with increased sensitivity to antigen-specific killing by the low avidity CTL. When CTL, as well as of the target cells, were treated, the antigen-specific killing was further augmented. Interestingly, one HLA-A0201-negative DAC-treated line (RAJI) showed increased sensitivity to killing by clones despite a failure of expression of PRAME or HLA-A0201. Together these data point to a general increased augmentation of cancer immunogenocity by DAC involving both antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyong Yan
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Nourredine Himoudi
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - B. Piku Basu
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Rebecca Wallace
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Edmund Poon
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Stuart Adams
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fyeza Hasan
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Shao-An Xue
- Department of Immunology, University College London Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Natalie Wilson
- Department of Medical Oncology, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | - Angus Dalgleish
- Department of Medical Oncology, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - John Anderson
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
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Morgenstern DA, Hasan F, Gibson S, Winyard P, Sebire NJ, Anderson J. PAX5 expression in nonhematopoietic tissues. Reappraisal of previous studies. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 133:407-15. [PMID: 20154279 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpzpqn0lugkmme] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pax gene family encodes transcription factors with similar structures but distinctive roles in development and with limited expression in adult tissues. Reexpression of PAX proteins is frequently observed in human cancers, reflecting recapitulation of embryologic or developmental function. Defining expression of PAX family members is important in the immunohistochemical differential diagnosis of cancer, understanding oncogenesis, and defining targets for therapy. Immunostaining for PAX5 has become a commonly used technique in differential diagnosis of B-lineage hematologic malignancies. In seeking to define the range and degree of expression of PAX5 in nonhematologic pediatric cancers by immunohistochemical analysis with the anti-PAX5 monoclonal antibody routinely used in research and diagnosis, we observed strong immunostaining in a number of malignant tissues, including Wilms tumor. The pattern of expression of PAX5 in Wilms tumor was found to be identical to that of PAX2, raising the possibility of antibody cross-reactivity. This was subsequently confirmed by Western blotting and immunostaining of transfected cells and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Since the same PAX5 monoclonal antibody has been used consistently in the literature, these findings indicate a need for reappraisal of published PAX5 immunostaining results.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22:117-26. [PMID: 20068414 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32833539b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cheever MA, Allison JP, Ferris AS, Finn OJ, Hastings BM, Hecht TT, Mellman I, Prindiville SA, Viner JL, Weiner LM, Matrisian LM. The prioritization of cancer antigens: a national cancer institute pilot project for the acceleration of translational research. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5323-37. [PMID: 19723653 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 984] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the National Cancer Institute pilot project to prioritize cancer antigens was to develop a well-vetted, priority-ranked list of cancer vaccine target antigens based on predefined and preweighted objective criteria. An additional aim was for the National Cancer Institute to test a new approach for prioritizing translational research opportunities based on an analytic hierarchy process for dealing with complex decisions. Antigen prioritization involved developing a list of "ideal" cancer antigen criteria/characteristics, assigning relative weights to those criteria using pairwise comparisons, selecting 75 representative antigens for comparison and ranking, assembling information on the predefined criteria for the selected antigens, and ranking the antigens based on the predefined, preweighted criteria. Using the pairwise approach, the result of criteria weighting, in descending order, was as follows: (a) therapeutic function, (b) immunogenicity, (c) role of the antigen in oncogenicity, (d) specificity, (e) expression level and percent of antigen-positive cells, (f) stem cell expression, (g) number of patients with antigen-positive cancers, (h) number of antigenic epitopes, and (i) cellular location of antigen expression. None of the 75 antigens had all of the characteristics of the ideal cancer antigen. However, 46 were immunogenic in clinical trials and 20 of them had suggestive clinical efficacy in the "therapeutic function" category. These findings reflect the current status of the cancer vaccine field, highlight the possibility that additional organized efforts and funding would accelerate the development of therapeutically effective cancer vaccines, and accentuate the need for prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Cheever
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Identification of an immunogenic HLA-A*0201-binding T-cell epitope of the transcription factor PAX2. J Immunother 2009; 32:370-5. [PMID: 19342968 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31819d4e09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PAX2 is a transcription factor and member of the highly conserved family of paired box genes. PAX2 is aberrantly expressed in a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies. PAX2 regulates the transcription factor Wilms tumor gene 1, which is a promising target of cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to apply a modified reverse immunology strategy to identify immunogenic epitopes of PAX2 which could be useful for cancer immunotherapy. Thirteen potential HLA-A*0201 epitopes were predicted by a major histocompatibility complex binding algorithm (SYFPEITHI) and a proteasome cleavage algorithm (PAProC) and screened for recognition by T cells from HLA-A*02-positive cancer patients using intracellular cytokine cytometry. Epitope-specific T cells were generated from CD4CD25 regulatory T-cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cell. Nine of 20 colorectal cancer patients, 1 of 13 renal cell carcinoma patients, and 2 of 17 lymphoma patients had a spontaneous CD8 T-cell response toward at least 1 of 6 PAX2 peptide pools. None of the 20 healthy subjects showed reactivity toward PAX2. PAX2.337-345 (TLPGYPPHV)-specific T cells could repeatedly be generated, which specifically lysed the PAX2 expressing colorectal tumor cell line SW480. In this study, a modified reverse immunology strategy was employed to identify a first immunogenic HLA-A*0201 restricted T-cell epitope and natural ligand of the tumor antigen PAX2. Thus, PAX2 is another embryonic transcription factor, which is of potential interest as immunotherapy target antigen.
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