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González-Cao M, Cai X, Bracht JWP, Han X, Yang Y, Pedraz-Valdunciel C, Morán T, García-Corbacho J, Aguilar A, Bernabé R, De Marchi P, Sussuchi da Silva L, Leal LF, Reis RM, Codony-Servat J, Jantus-Lewintre E, Molina-Vila MA, Cao P, Rosell R. HMGB1 Expression Levels Correlate with Response to Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. LUNG CANCER (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2024; 15:55-67. [PMID: 38741920 PMCID: PMC11090191 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s455034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Purpose High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is subject to exportin 1 (XPO1)-dependent nuclear export, and it is involved in functions implicated in resistance to immunotherapy. We investigated whether HMGB1 mRNA expression was associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and Methods RNA was isolated from pretreatment biopsies of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICI. Gene expression analysis of several genes, including HMGB1, was conducted using the NanoString Counter analysis system (PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel). Western blotting analysis and cell viability assays in EGFR and KRAS mutant cell lines were carried out. Evaluation of the antitumoral effect of ICI in combination with XPO1 blocker (selinexor) and trametinib was determined in a murine Lewis lung carcinoma model. Results HMGB1 mRNA levels in NSCLC patients treated with ICI correlated with progression-free survival (PFS) (median PFS 9.0 versus 18.0 months, P=0.008, hazard ratio=0.30 in high versus low HMGB1). After TNF-α stimulation, HMGB1 accumulates in the cytoplasm of PC9 cells, but this accumulation can be prevented by using selinexor or antiretroviral drugs. Erlotinib or osimertinib with selinexor in EGFR-mutant cells and trametinib plus selinexor in KRAS mutant abolish tumor cell proliferation. Selinexor with a PD-1 inhibitor with or without trametinib abrogates the tumor growth in the murine Lewis lung cancer model. Conclusion An in-depth exploration of the functions of HMGB1 mRNA and protein is expected to uncover new potential targets and provide a basis for treating metastatic NSCLC in combination with ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria González-Cao
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xueting Cai
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department of Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Xuan Han
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department of Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department of Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Teresa Morán
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier García-Corbacho
- Medical Oncology Department (Hospital Clinic)/Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors (IDIBAPs), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Aguilar
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reyes Bernabé
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro De Marchi
- Molecular Oncology Research Center; Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Oncoclinicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Ferro Leal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center; Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center; Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3b’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jordi Codony-Servat
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Valencian Community Foundation Principe Felipe Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Biotechnology Department, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Peng Cao
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department of Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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Shen W, Lyu Q, Yi R, Sun Y, Zhang W, Wei T, Zhang Y, Shi J, Zhang J. HMGB1 promotes chemoresistance in small cell lung cancer by inducing PARP1-related nucleophagy. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00407-1. [PMID: 38159843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is prone to chemoresistance, which is closely related to genome homeostasis-related processes, such as DNA damage and repair. Nucleophagy is the elimination of specific nuclear substances by cells themselves and is responsible for maintaining genome and chromosome stability. However, the roles of nucleophagy in tumour chemoresistance have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to elucidate the mechanism of chemoresistance in SCLC and reverse this chemoresistance. METHODS RNA-seq data from SCLC cohorts, chemosensitive SCLC cells and the corresponding chemoresistant cells were used to discover genes associated with chemoresistance and patient prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to verify the effect of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) knockdown or overexpression on the chemotherapeutic response in SCLC. The regulatory effect of HMGB1 on nucleophagy was then investigated by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) and mass spectrometry (MS), and the underlying mechanism was explored using pharmacological inhibitors and mutant proteins. RESULTS HMGB1 is a factor indicating poor prognosis and promotes chemoresistance in SCLC. Mechanistically, HMGB1 significantly increases PARP1-LC3 binding to promote nucleophagy via PARP1 PARylation, which leads to PARP1 turnover from DNA lesions and chemoresistance. Furthermore, chemoresistance in SCLC can be attenuated by blockade of the PARP1-LC3 interaction or PARP1 inhibitor (PARPi) treatment. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 can induce PARP1 self-modification, which promotes the interaction of PARP1 with LC3 to promote nucleophagy and thus chemoresistance in SCLC. HMGB1 could be a predictive biomarker for the PARPi response in patients with SCLC. Combining chemotherapy with PARPi treatment is an effective therapeutic strategy for overcoming SCLC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Shen
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Lyu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibin Yi
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Wu S, Yu Y, Zheng Z, Cheng Q. High mobility group box-1: a potential therapeutic target for allergic rhinitis. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:430. [PMID: 37828579 PMCID: PMC10571310 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa primarily characterized by symptoms, such as nasal itching, sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion. It has a high recurrence rate and low cure rate, with a lack of effective drugs for treatment. The current approach to management focuses on symptom control. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved non-histone protein widely present in the nucleus of eukaryotes. It is recognized as a proinflammatory agent, and recent studies have demonstrated its close association with AR. Here, we will elaborate the role and mechanism of HMGB1 in AR, so as to reveal the potential value of HMGB1 in the occurrence and development of AR, and provide a new target for clinical research on the treatment of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Wu
- Department of Child Otorhinolaryngology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, No. 39 Wangjiang East Road, Hefei, China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- Department of Function Examination Center, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Department of Child Otorhinolaryngology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, No. 39 Wangjiang East Road, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Child Otorhinolaryngology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, No. 39 Wangjiang East Road, Hefei, China.
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Hou C, Lu M, Lei Z, Dai S, Chen W, Du S, Jin Q, Zhou Z, Li H. HMGB1 Positive Feedback Loop Between Cancer Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promotes Osteosarcoma Migration and Invasion. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100054. [PMID: 36801636 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the key roles of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in osteosarcoma metastasis. Higher levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) promote osteosarcoma progression. However, whether HMGB1 is involved in the polarization of M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages in osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. Here, HMGB1 and CD206 mRNA expression levels were measured by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. HMGB1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) protein expression levels were measured by western blotting. Osteosarcoma migration was measured using transwell and wound-healing assays, while a transwell assay determined osteosarcoma invasion. Macrophage subtypes were detected using flow cytometry. HMGB1 expression levels were aberrantly enhanced in osteosarcoma tissues compared with normal tissues and were positively correlated with AJCC III and IV stages, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Silencing HMGB1 inhibited the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, reduced HMGB1 expression levels in conditioned media derived from osteosarcoma cells induced the polarization of M2 TAMs to M1 TAMs. In addition, silencing HMGB1 inhibited the liver and lung metastasis of tumors and reduced the expression levels of HMGB1, CD163, and CD206 in vivo. HMGB1 was found to regulate macrophage polarization through RAGE. Polarized M2 macrophages induced osteosarcoma migration and invasion, activating HMGB1 expression in osteosarcoma cells to form a positive feedback loop. In conclusion, HMGB1 and M2 macrophages enhanced osteosarcoma migration, invasion, and EMT through positive feedback regulation. These findings reveal the significance of tumor cell and TAM interactions in the metastatic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Hou
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixiong Lei
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangwu Dai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Du
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinglin Jin
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Haomiao Li
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Wang R, Fu Y, Yao M, Cui X, Zhao Y, Lu X, Li Y, Lin Y, He S. The HN1/HMGB1 axis promotes the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and attenuates the chemosensitivity to oxaliplatin. FEBS J 2022; 289:6400-6419. [PMID: 35596723 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hematological and neurological expressed 1 (HN1) is closely associated with the proliferation and metastasis of various tumors. However, the physiological functions and clinical significance of HN1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain indistinct. In this study, we investigated the role of HN1 in the pathogenesis of HCC and the underlying mechanism using clinical data from HCC patients, in vitro experiments utilizing HCC cell lines and in vivo animal models. We demonstrated that the overexpressed HN1 in HCC was correlated with patients' adverse outcomes. The gain and loss of function experiments indicated that HN1 could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, we found that HN1 knockdown sensitized HCC cells to oxaliplatin. Mechanically, HN1 prevented HMGB1 protein from ubiquitination and degradation via the autophagy-lysosome pathway, which was related to the interaction between HN1 protein and TRIM28 protein. In the nucleus, the downregulation of HMGB1 followed by HN1 knockdown resulted in increased DNA damage and cell death in the oxaliplatin-treated HCC cells. In the cytoplasm, HN1 regulated autophagy via HMGB1. Furthermore, HN1 knockdown in combination with HMGB1 overexpression restored the aggressive phenotypes of HCC cells and the sensitivity of these cells to oxaliplatin. HN1 knockdown inhibited the tumor growth and metastasis, and promoted the anticancer efficiency of oxaliplatin in vivo. In conclusion, our data suggest that the HN1/HMGB1 axis plays an important role in the development/progression and chemotherapy of HCC. Our findings indicate that the HN1/HMGB1 axis may be a promising therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yunong Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Menglin Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xiaomeng Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xinlan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yarui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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Li Y, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang S, Wei Y, Liu S. The Interplay Between Inflammation and Stromal Components in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850093. [PMID: 35493517 PMCID: PMC9046560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation involves interactions between various immune cells, inflammatory cells, chemokines and cytokines in pancreatic cancer. Cancer cells as well as surrounding stromal and inflammatory cells establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Inflammation is closely associated with immunity. Meanwhile, immune cells are involved in both inflammation and immune response. Tumor-promoting inflammation and tumor-suppressive immunity are two main characteristics of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. Yet, the mechanism of inflammation and immune response in pancreatic cancer development is still unclear due to the dual role of some cytokines and the complicated crosstalk between tumor and stromal components in TME. In this review, we outline the principal cytokines and stromal cells in the pancreatic TME that are involved in the tumor-promoting and immunosuppressive effects of inflammation, and discuss the interaction between inflammation and stromal components in pancreatic cancer progression. Moreover, the clinical approaches based on targeting TME in pancreatic cancer are also summarized. Defining the mechanisms of interplay between inflammation and stromal components will be essential for further development of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Operating Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingxin Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanglong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Li Z, Fu WJ, Chen XQ, Wang S, Deng RS, Tang XP, Yang KD, Niu Q, Zhou H, Li QR, Lin Y, Liang M, Li SS, Ping YF, Liu XD, Bian XW, Yao XH. Autophagy-based unconventional secretion of HMGB1 in glioblastoma promotes chemosensitivity to temozolomide through macrophage M1-like polarization. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:74. [PMID: 35193644 PMCID: PMC8862393 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and highly malignant brain tumor characterized by aggressive growth and resistance to alkylating chemotherapy. Autophagy induction is one of the hallmark effects of anti-GB therapies with temozolomide (TMZ). However, the non-classical form of autophagy, autophagy-based unconventional secretion, also called secretory autophagy and its role in regulating the sensitivity of GB to TMZ remains unclear. There is an urgent need to illuminate the mechanism and to develop novel therapeutic targets for GB. Methods Cancer genome databases and paired-GB patient samples with or without TMZ treatment were used to assess the relationship between HMGB1 mRNA levels and overall patient survival. The relationship between HMGB1 protein level and TMZ sensitivity was measured by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Western blot and qRT-PCR. GB cells were engineered to express a chimeric autophagic flux reporter protein consisting of mCherry, GFP and LC3B. The role of secretory autophagy in tumor microenvironment (TME) was analyzed by intracranial implantation of GL261 cells. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Western blotting were performed to test the RAGE-NFκB-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Results The exocytosis of HMGB1 induced by TMZ in GB is dependent on the secretory autophagy. HMGB1 contributed to M1-like polarization of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and enhanced the sensitivity of GB cells to TMZ. Mechanistically, RAGE acted as a receptor for HMGB1 in TAMs and through RAGE-NFκB-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, HMGB1 enhanced M1-like polarization of TAMs. Clinically, the elevated level of HMGB1 in sera may serve as a beneficial therapeutic-predictor for GB patients under TMZ treatment. Conclusions We demonstrated that enhanced secretory autophagy in GB facilitates M1-like polarization of TAMs to enhance TMZ sensitivity of GB cells. HMGB1 acts as a key regulator in the crosstalk between GB cells and tumor-suppressive M1-like TAMs in GB microenvironment and may be considered as an adjuvant for the chemotherapeutic agent TMZ. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02291-8.
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Yao W, Wang J, Zhu L, Jia X, Xu L, Tian X, Hu S, Wu S, Wei L. Epigenetic Regulator KDM4D Restricts Tumorigenesis via Modulating SYVN1/HMGB1 Ubiquitination Axis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761346. [PMID: 34820329 PMCID: PMC8606580 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing researches have been reported that epigenetic alterations play critical roles in ESCC development. However, the role of the histone demethylase KDM4D in ESCC tumorigenesis is poorly investigated. This study aims to discover the underlying mechanisms between KDM4D and ESCC progression. Methods CCK-8 assays, clone formation assay and soft-agar assays were performed to assess cell proliferation. Transwell assay was utilized to assess cell migration efficiency, while sphere formation assay was used to evaluate the cell self-renewal ability. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify prognostic factors and predict the potential E3 ubiquitin ligases. In vitro ubiquitination assay was conducted to confirm the regulations between SYVN1 and HMGB1. The mRNA levels or protein levels of genes were detected by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. In vivo tumor xenograft models were used to determine whether the HMGB1 inhibition affected the malignant features of ESCC cells. Result Epigenome screening and low-throughput validations highlighted that KDM4D is a tumor suppressor in ESCC. KDM4D expressed lowly in tumors that predicts poor prognosis. KDM4D deficiency significantly enhanced tumor growth, migration and stemness. Mechanistically, KDM4D transcriptionally activates SYVN1 expressions via H3K9me3 demethylation at the promoter region, thereby triggering the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of HMGB1. Low KDM4D depended on accumulated HMGB1 to drive ESCC progression and aggressiveness. Targeting HMGB1 (Glycyrrhizin) could remarkably suppress ESCC tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, especially in KDM4D-deficient cells. Conclusions We systematically identified KDM4D/SYVN1/HMGB1 axis in ESCC progression, proving novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sen Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
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Lin T, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Peng L. Roles of HMGBs in Prognosis and Immunotherapy: A Pan-Cancer Analysis. Front Genet 2021; 12:764245. [PMID: 34777483 PMCID: PMC8585836 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.764245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High mobility group box (HMGB) proteins are DNA chaperones involved in transcription, DNA repair, and genome stability. Extracellular HMGBs also act as cytokines to promote inflammatory and immune responses. Accumulating evidence has suggested that HMGBs are implicated in cancer pathogenesis; however, their prognostic and immunological values in pan-cancer are not completely clear. Methods: Multiple tools were applied to analyze the expression, genetic alternations, and prognostic and clinicopathological relevance of HMGB in pan-cancer. Correlations between HMGB expression and tumor immune-infiltrating cells (TIICs), immune checkpoint (ICP) expression, microsatellite instability (MSI), and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in pan-cancer were investigated to uncover their interactions with the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted for correlated genes of HMGBs to expound potential mechanisms. Results: HMGB expression was significantly elevated in various cancers. Both prognostic and clinicopathological significance was observed for HMGB1 in ACC; HMGB2 in ACC, LGG, LIHC, and SKCM; and HMGB3 in ESCA. Prognostic values were also found for HMGB2 in KIRP and MESO and HMGB3 in BRCA, SARC, SKCM, OV, and LAML. The global alternation of HMGBs showed prognostic significance in ACC, KIRC, and UCEC. Furthermore, HMGBs were significantly correlated with TIIC infiltration, ICP expression, MSI, and TMB in various cancers, indicating their regulations on the TIME. Lastly, results of GSEA-illuminated genes positively correlated with HMGBs which were similarly chromosome components participating in DNA activity-associated events. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that HMGBs might be promising predictive biomarkers for the prognosis and immunotherapeutic response, also immunotherapy targets of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lin
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingzhao Zhang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhimei Lin
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Interactions of HMGB Proteins with the Genome and the Impact on Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101451. [PMID: 34680084 PMCID: PMC8533419 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) proteins are small architectural DNA binding proteins that regulate multiple genomic processes such as DNA damage repair, nucleosome sliding, telomere homeostasis, and transcription. In doing so they control both normal cellular functions and impact a myriad of disease states, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. HMGB proteins bind to DNA and nucleosomes to modulate the local chromatin environment, which facilitates the binding of regulatory protein factors to the genome and modulates higher order chromosomal organization. Numerous studies over the years have characterized the structure and function of interactions between HMGB proteins and DNA, both biochemically and inside cells, providing valuable mechanistic insight as well as evidence these interactions influence pathological processes. This review highlights recent studies supporting the roles of HMGB1 and HMGB2 in global organization of the genome, as well as roles in transcriptional regulation and telomere maintenance via interactions with G-quadruplex structures. Moreover, emerging models for how HMGB proteins function as RNA binding proteins are presented. Nuclear HMGB proteins have broad regulatory potential to impact numerous aspects of cellular metabolism in normal and disease states.
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11
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Papantonis A. HMGs as rheostats of chromosomal structure and cell proliferation. Trends Genet 2021; 37:986-994. [PMID: 34311989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group proteins (HMGs) are the most abundant nuclear proteins next to histones and are robustly expressed across tissues and organs. HMGs can uniquely bend or bind distorted DNA, and are central to such processes as transcription, recombination, and DNA repair. However, their dynamic association with chromatin renders capturing HMGs on chromosomes challenging. Recent work has changed this and now implicates these factors in spatial genome organization. Here, I revisit older and review recent literature to describe how HMGs rewire spatial chromatin interactions to sustain homeostasis or promote cellular aging. I propose a 'rheostat' model to explain how HMG-box proteins (HMGBs), and to some extent HMG A proteins (HMGAs), may control cellular aging and, likely, cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Papantonis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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12
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Hiltbrunner S, Mannarino L, Kirschner MB, Opitz I, Rigutto A, Laure A, Lia M, Nozza P, Maconi A, Marchini S, D’Incalci M, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Grosso F. Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Genetic Alterations in Mesothelioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:660039. [PMID: 34249695 PMCID: PMC8261295 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.660039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and fatal disease of the pleural lining. Up to 80% of the MPM cases are linked to asbestos exposure. Even though its use has been banned in the industrialized countries, the cases continue to increase. MPM is a lethal cancer, with very little survival improvements in the last years, mirroring very limited therapeutic advances. Platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with pemetrexed and surgery are the standard of care, but prognosis is still unacceptably poor with median overall survival of approximately 12 months. The genomic landscape of MPM has been widely characterized showing a low mutational burden and the impairment of tumor suppressor genes. Among them, BAP1 and BLM are present as a germline inactivation in a small subset of patients and increases predisposition to tumorigenesis. Other studies have demonstrated a high frequency of mutations in DNA repair genes. Many therapy approaches targeting these alterations have emerged and are under evaluation in the clinic. High-throughput technologies have allowed the detection of more complex molecular events, like chromotripsis and revealed different transcriptional programs for each histological subtype. Transcriptional analysis has also paved the way to the study of tumor-infiltrating cells, thus shedding lights on the crosstalk between tumor cells and the microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment of MPM is indeed crucial for the pathogenesis and outcome of this disease; it is characterized by an inflammatory response to asbestos exposure, involving a variety of chemokines and suppressive immune cells such as M2-like macrophages and regulatory T cells. Another important feature of MPM is the dysregulation of microRNA expression, being frequently linked to cancer development and drug resistance. This review will give a detailed overview of all the above mentioned features of MPM in order to improve the understanding of this disease and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hiltbrunner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Mannarino
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milano, Italy
| | | | - Isabelle Opitz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelica Rigutto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Laure
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Lia
- Mesothelioma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Paolo Nozza
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Antonio Maconi
- Infrastruttura Ricerca Formazione Innovazione (IRFI), Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio D’Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Curioni-Fontecedro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Grosso
- Mesothelioma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
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13
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Wen B, Wei YT, Zhao K. The role of high mobility group protein B3 (HMGB3) in tumor proliferation and drug resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1729-1739. [PMID: 33428061 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high mobility group protein B (HMGB) family (including HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, and HMGB4) can regulate the mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and repair, and act as cytokines to mediate responses to infection, injury, and inflammation. HMGB1/2/3 has a high similarity in sequence and structure, while HMGB4 has no acidic C-terminal tail. Among them, HMGB3 can regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of normal hematopoietic stem cell population, but the decrease of its expression is easy to induce leukemia. Up-regulation of its expression promotes tumor development and chemotherapy resistance through a variety of mechanisms, and non-coding RNA can regulate to promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and inhibit cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ting Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, P. R. China.
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14
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Bagherpoor AJ, Kučírek M, Fedr R, Sani SA, Štros M. Nonhistone Proteins HMGB1 and HMGB2 Differentially Modulate the Response of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and the Progenitor Cells to the Anticancer Drug Etoposide. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101450. [PMID: 33076532 PMCID: PMC7602880 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins are abundantly expressed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and hESC-derived progenitor cells (neuroectodermal cells, hNECs), though their functional roles in pluripotency and the mechanisms underlying their differentiation in response to the anticancer drug etoposide remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that HMGB1 and/or HMGB2 knockdown (KD) by shRNA in hESCs did not affect the cell stemness/pluripotency regardless of etoposide treatments, while in hESC-derived neuroectodermal cells, treatment resulted in differential effects on cell survival and the generation of rosette structures. The objective of this work was to determine whether HMGB1/2 proteins could modulate the sensitivity of hESCs and hESC-derived progenitor cells (hNECs) to etoposide. We observed that HMGB1 KD knockdown (KD) and, to a lesser extent, HMGB2 KD enhanced the sensitivity of hESCs to etoposide. Enhanced accumulation of 53BP1 on telomeres was detected by confocal microscopy in both untreated and etoposide-treated HMGB1 KD hESCs and hNECs, indicating that the loss of HMGB1 could destabilize telomeres. On the other hand, decreased accumulation of 53BP1 on telomeres in etoposide-treated HMGB2 KD hESCs (but not in HMGB2 KD hNECs) suggested that the loss of HMGB2 promoted the stability of telomeres. Etoposide treatment of hESCs resulted in a significant enhancement of telomerase activity, with the highest increase observed in the HMGB2 KD cells. Interestingly, no changes in telomerase activity were found in etoposide-treated control hNECs, but HMGB2 KD (unlike HMGB1 KD) markedly decreased telomerase activity in these cells. Changes in telomerase activity in the etoposide-treated HMGB2 KD hESCs or hNECs coincided with the appearance of DNA damage markers and could already be observed before the onset of apoptosis. Collectively, we have demonstrated that HMGB1 or HMGB2 differentially modulate the impact of etoposide treatment on human embryonic stem cells and their progenitor cells, suggesting possible strategies for the enhancement of the efficacy of this anticancer drug.
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15
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Yang S, Ye Z, Wang Z, Wang L. High mobility group box 2 modulates the progression of osteosarcoma and is related with poor prognosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1082. [PMID: 33145301 PMCID: PMC7576003 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased expression of high mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) has been reported to promote the progression of several malignancies and be related to poor outcome. However, few studies have explored the relationship between HMGB2 and osteosarcoma. In this study, we aimed to obtain a better understanding of HMGB2 and its function in osteosarcoma. Methods Utilizing osteosarcoma paraffin sections and osteosarcoma cell lines, we observed the clinico-pathological relationship of osteosarcoma with HMGB2 expression and investigated the functions of HMGB2 in vitro. The possible pathways and regulation networks in which HMGB2 is involved were further explored through analysis of miRNA, mRNA and lncRNA micro array data sets. Results Strong expression of HMGB2 was found to be related with Enneking staging (P=0.002), tumor size (P=0.006), metastasis (P<0.001), and survival (P=0.011) in osteosarcoma. Multivariate analysis revealed that HMGB2 might have independent prognostic value in osteosarcoma (P=0.022). Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test showed that survival time was significantly reduced in OS patients with strong HMGB2 expression (P=0.0056). In vitro experiments showed that HMGB2 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and enhanced the migration and invasion ability of osteosarcoma cells. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis of osteosarcoma cell lines revealed HMGB2 to have various functions and to be mainly enriched in regulation of cell proliferation, cell death, and DNA binding. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of miR-139-5p and six candidate lncRNAs was also suggested as targeting HMGB2 in osteosarcoma. Conclusions Our findings suggest that HMGB2 might have various functions in promoting the progression of osteosarcoma and may serve as a new target for osteosarcoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Yang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyin Ye
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liantang Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone chromatin-associated protein widely distributed in eukaryotic cells and is involved in DNA damage repair and genomic stability maintenance. In response to stimulus like bacteria or chemoradiotherapy, HMGB1 can translocate to extracellular context as a danger alarmin, activate the immune response, and participate in the regulation of inflammation and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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17
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Abbott DM, Bortolotto C, Benvenuti S, Lancia A, Filippi AR, Stella GM. Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Genetic and Microenviromental Heterogeneity as an Unexpected Reading Frame and Therapeutic Challenge. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051186. [PMID: 32392897 PMCID: PMC7281319 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a malignancy of serosal membranes including the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium and the tunica vaginalis of the testes. Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare disease with a global incidence in countries like Italy of about 1.15 per 100,000 inhabitants. Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) is the most common form of mesothelioma, accounting for approximately 80% of disease. Although rare in the global population, mesothelioma is linked to industrial pollutants and mineral fiber exposure, with approximately 80% of cases linked to asbestos. Due to the persistent asbestos exposure in many countries, a worldwide progressive increase in MPM incidence is expected for the current and coming years. The tumor grows in a loco-regional pattern, spreading from the parietal to the visceral pleura and invading the surrounding structures that induce the clinical picture of pleural effusion, pain and dyspnea. Distant spreading and metastasis are rarely observed, and most patients die from the burden of the primary tumor. Currently, there are no effective treatments for MPM, and the prognosis is invariably poor. Some studies average the prognosis to be roughly one-year after diagnosis. The uniquely poor mutational landscape which characterizes MPM appears to derive from a selective pressure operated by the environment; thus, inflammation and immune response emerge as key players in driving MPM progression and represent promising therapeutic targets. Here we recapitulate current knowledge on MPM with focus on the emerging network between genetic asset and inflammatory microenvironment which characterize the disease as amenable target for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michael Abbott
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Intensive Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO—IRCCS—Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95—10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy;
| | - Andrea Lancia
- Unit of Radiation Therapy, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.L.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Andrea Riccardo Filippi
- Unit of Radiation Therapy, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.L.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Giulia Maria Stella
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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