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Yan YY, Ye F, Ho MH, Yeung KCY, Lee JJ. Biomarkers of Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:655-662. [PMID: 38157415 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing globally. Biomarkers of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure are less studied. AIMS AND METHODS To identify the types of biomarkers of WTS exposure and estimate changes in biomarker concentrations pre- to post-WTS exposure. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies up to April 24, 2023. The types of biomarkers were identified. Random-effects models were used to estimate changes in biomarker concentrations pre- to post-WTS exposure. RESULTS Seventy-three studies involving 3755 participants exposed to WTS (49% male, mean age: 24.8 years) and 11 types of biomarkers of WTS exposure were identified. The biomarkers included tobacco alkaloids, expired carbon monoxide (eCO), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, unmetabolized VOCs, unmetabolized PAHs, furan metabolites, and heterocyclic aromatic amines. Compared with pre-WTS exposure, eCO (breath; mean difference [MD] 27.00 ppm; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.91 to 33.08), COHb (blood; MD 4.30%; 95%CI: 2.57 to 6.03), COHb (breath; MD 7.14%; 95%CI: 4.96 to 9.31), nicotine (blood; MD 8.23 ng/mL; 95%CI: 6.27 to 10.19), and cotinine (urine; MD 110.40 ng/mL; 95%CI: 46.26 to 174.54) significantly increased post-WTS exposure. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of WTS exposure were systematically identified. The similarity between the biomarkers of WTS exposure and those of cigarette smoke and higher concentrations of some biomarkers post-WTS exposure underscore the need for further research on applying biomarkers in surveillance, interventions, and regulations to mitigate the harms of waterpipe tobacco smoking. IMPLICATIONS This study provides the first comprehensive overview of biomarkers investigated and available for assessing WTS exposure and their concentration changes in the human body. Researchers can use biomarkers such as eCO, COHb, nicotine, and cotinine to measure the health risks associated with WTS exposure and objectively evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions aimed at reducing waterpipe tobacco smoking. Public health policymaking can also be informed through increased biomarker concentrations following WTS exposure, to implement regulations and public health education campaigns on limiting or preventing waterpipe tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang Yan
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fen Ye
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mu-Hsing Ho
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Jung Jae Lee
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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El-Hellani A, Adeniji A, Erythropel HC, Wang Q, Lamb T, Mikheev VB, Rahman I, Stepanov I, Strongin RM, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Comparison of emissions across tobacco products: A slippery slope in tobacco control. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-57. [PMID: 38560551 PMCID: PMC10980913 DOI: 10.18332/tid/183797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we highlight the challenges of comparing emissions from different tobacco products under controlled laboratory settings (using smoking/vaping machines). We focus on tobacco products that generate inhalable smoke or aerosol, such as cigarettes, cigars, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. We discuss challenges associated with sample generation including variability of smoking/vaping machines, lack of standardized adaptors that connect smoking/vaping machines to different tobacco products, puffing protocols that are not representative of actual use, and sample generation session length (minutes or number of puffs) that depends on product characteristics. We also discuss the challenges of physically characterizing and trapping emissions from products with different aerosol characteristics. Challenges to analytical method development are also covered, highlighting matrix effects, order of magnitude differences in analyte levels, and the necessity of tailored quality control/quality assurance measures. The review highlights two approaches in selecting emissions to monitor across products, one focusing on toxicants that were detected and quantified with optimized methods for combustible cigarettes, and the other looking for product-specific toxicants using non-targeted analysis. The challenges of data reporting and statistical analysis that allow meaningful comparison across products are also discussed. We end the review by highlighting that even if the technical challenges are overcome, emission comparison may obscure the absolute exposure from novel products if we only focus on relative exposure compared to combustible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Hanno C. Erythropel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Yale Center for the Study of Tobacco Product Use and Addiction (YCSTP), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Thomas Lamb
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Vladimir B. Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, United States
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Marielle C. Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
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Adeniji A, El-Hage R, Brinkman MC, El-Hellani A. Nontargeted Analysis in Tobacco Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1656-1665. [PMID: 37903095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products are evolving at a pace that has outstripped tobacco control, leading to a high prevalence of tobacco use in the population. Researchers have been tirelessly developing suitable techniques to assess these products' emissions, toxicity, and public health impact. The nonclinical testing of tobacco products to assess the chemical profile of emissions is needed for evidence-based regulations. This testing has largely relied on targeted analytical methods that focus on constituent lists that may fall short in determining the toxicity of newly designed tobacco products. Nontargeted analysis (NTA), or the process of identifying and quantifying compounds within a complex matrix without prior knowledge of its chemical composition, is a promising technique for tobacco regulation, but it is not without challenges. The lack of standardized methods for sample generation, sample preparation, chromatographic separation, compound identification, and data analysis and reporting must be addressed so that the quality and reproducibility of the data generated by NTA can be benchmarked. This review discusses the challenges and highlights the opportunities of NTA in studying tobacco product constituents and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
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4
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Ardati O, Adeniji A, El Hage R, Salman R, El-Kaassamani M, Yassine A, Talih S, Hourani M, Karaoghlanian N, Breland A, Eissenberg T, Saliba N, Shihadeh A, El-Hellani A. Impact of smoking intensity and device cleaning on IQOS emissions: comparison with an array of cigarettes. Tob Control 2023:tc-2022-057802. [PMID: 36609493 PMCID: PMC10323035 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE IQOS is a heated tobacco product that has been widely advertised by Philip Morris International (PMI) as a reduced-exposure product compared with cigarettes. Reduced exposure results from reduced emission of toxicants which could be influenced by product constituents and user behaviour. This study aims to assess the influence of user behaviour, including device cleaning and puffing parameters, on toxicant emissions from IQOS. METHODS IQOS aerosols were generated by a smoking machine using the combination of two cleaning protocols (after 1 stick vs 20 sticks) and five puffing regimes (including standard cigarette puffing regimes and IQOS-tailored regimes). The generated aerosols were analysed by targeted methods for phenol and carbonyl quantification, and by chemical screening for the identification of unknown compounds. RESULTS Puffing parameters significantly affected phenol and carbonyl emissions while device cleaning had no effect. Harsher puffing conditions like more, longer, and larger puffs yielded higher levels for most toxicant emissions. Comparing the obtained data with data reported by PMI on 50 cigarette brands smoked under different puffing regimes showed various trends for phenol and carbonyl emissions, with IQOS emissions sometimes higher than cigarettes. Also, the chemical screening resulted in the tentative identification of ~100 compounds in the IQOS aerosols (most of limited toxicity data). CONCLUSION This study showed that puffing parameters, but not device cleaning, have significant effects on carbonyl, phenol and other emissions. Data analysis highlighted the importance of comparing IQOS emissions with an array of commercial cigarettes tested under different puffing regimes before accepting reduced exposure claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ardati
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel El Hage
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rola Salman
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malak El-Kaassamani
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Faculty of Arts & Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Yassine
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Soha Talih
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mario Hourani
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alison Breland
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Najat Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Underner M, Perriot J, Peiffer G, Dewitte J, Jaafari N. Republication de : Intoxication au monoxyde de carbone chez les fumeurs actifs ou passifs de chicha. JOURNAL EUROPÉEN DES URGENCES ET DE RÉANIMATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurea.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Underner M, Perriot J, Peiffer G, Dewitte JD, Jaafari N. Intoxication au monoxyde de carbone chez les fumeurs actifs ou passifs de chicha. Rev Mal Respir 2020; 37:376-388. [PMID: 32334968 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Underner
- Unité de recherche clinique, centre hospitalier Henri-Laborit, université de Poitiers, 370, avenue Jacques-Cœur, CS 10587, 86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - J Perriot
- Dispensaire Emile-Roux, CLAT 63, centre de Tabacologie, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Peiffer
- Service de pneumologie, CHR de Metz-Thionville, 57038 Metz, France
| | - J D Dewitte
- Laboratoire d'étude et de recherche en sociologie (EA 3149), Université de Brest, Bretagne-Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France; Service de Santé au travail et des maladies liées à l'environnement, CHRU de Morvan, 29609 Brest, France
| | - N Jaafari
- Unité de recherche clinique, centre hospitalier Henri-Laborit, université de Poitiers, 370, avenue Jacques-Cœur, CS 10587, 86021 Poitiers, France
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Bhatnagar A, Maziak W, Eissenberg T, Ward KD, Thurston G, King BA, Sutfin EL, Cobb CO, Griffiths M, Goldstein LB, Rezk-Hanna M. Water Pipe (Hookah) Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 139:e917-e936. [PMID: 30845826 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking with a water pipe or hookah is increasing globally. There are millions of water pipe tobacco smokers worldwide, and in the United States, water pipe use is more common among youth and young adults than among adults. The spread of water pipe tobacco smoking has been abetted by the marketing of flavored tobacco, a social media environment that promotes water pipe smoking, and misperceptions about the addictive potential and potential adverse health effects of this form of tobacco use. There is growing evidence that water pipe tobacco smoking affects heart rate, blood pressure regulation, baroreflex sensitivity, tissue oxygenation, and vascular function over the short term. Long-term water pipe use is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Several harmful or potentially harmful substances present in cigarette smoke are also present in water pipe smoke, often at levels exceeding those found in cigarette smoke. Water pipe tobacco smokers have a higher risk of initiation of cigarette smoking than never smokers. Future studies that focus on the long-term adverse health effects of intermittent water pipe tobacco use are critical to strengthen the evidence base and to inform the regulation of water pipe products and use. The objectives of this statement are to describe the design and operation of water pipes and their use patterns, to identify harmful and potentially harmful constituents in water pipe smoke, to document the cardiovascular risks of water pipe use, to review current approaches to water pipe smoking cessation, and to offer guidance to healthcare providers for the identification and treatment of individuals who smoke tobacco using water pipes.
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Hallit S, Haddad C, Bou Malhab S, Khabbaz LR, Salameh P. Construction and validation of the water pipe harm perception scale (WHPS-6) among the Lebanese population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3440-3448. [PMID: 31845251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Compared to cigarettes, water pipe is misconceived as being less addictive and containing less nicotine. This study aimed at constructing and validating a water pipe harm perception scale among a sample of the Lebanese population. A cross-sectional study was carried out between February and December 2017 using a proportionate cluster sample of Lebanese adults (492 participants). The water pipe harm scale items converged over a solution of one factor that had an eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 66.75% of the variance. The model used was adequate (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure = 0.862 and Bartlett's test of sphericity p < 0.001). The reliability of all scale's items was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.896). Higher cigarette dependence (LCD score) was significantly associated with higher water pipe harm perception scores, whereas exclusive water pipe smokers (Beta = - 2.142) and dual water pipe and cigarette smokers (Beta = -2.142) compared to nonsmokers, as well as those with high monthly income compared to a low one (Beta = -0.614), were significantly associated with lower water pipe harm perception scores. We constructed the first scale for measuring water pipe harm perception: the WHPS-6. The results of the present study demonstrate that the WHPS-6 can be used in clinical practice and research to assess the harm perception induced by water pipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB:, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sandrella Bou Malhab
- Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologie, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments (LPCQM), Pôle Technologie- Santé (PTS) Faculté de Pharmacie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé, Université Saint-Joseph, Rue de Damas - Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments (LPCQM), Pôle Technologie- Santé (PTS) Faculté de Pharmacie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
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El Hourani M, Talih S, Salman R, Karaoghlanian N, Karam E, El Hage R, Saliba NA, Shihadeh A. Comparison of CO, PAH, Nicotine, and Aldehyde Emissions in Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Generated Using Electrical and Charcoal Heating Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1235-1240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario El Hourani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Soha Talih
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ebrahim Karam
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rachel El Hage
- Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Breland A, Balster RL, Cobb C, Fagan P, Foulds J, Koch JR, Lipato T, Saliba N, Shihadeh A, Sun S, Eissenberg T. Answering questions about electronic cigarettes using a multidisciplinary model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 74:368-379. [PMID: 30945898 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are a relatively new class of tobacco products and a subject of much debate for scientists and policymakers worldwide. Objective data that address the ECIG risk-benefit ratio for individual and public health are needed, and addressing this need requires a multidisciplinary approach that spans several areas of psychology as well as chemistry, toxicant inhalation, and physiology. This multidisciplinary approach would benefit from methods that are reliable, valid, and swift. For this reason, we formed a multidisciplinary team to develop methods that could answer questions about ECIGs and other potential modified risk tobacco products. Our team includes scientists with expertise in psychology (clinical, community, and experimental) and other disciplines, including aerosol research, analytical chemistry, biostatistics, engineering, internal medicine, and public health. The psychologists on our team keep other members focused on factors that influence individual behavior, and other team members keep the psychologists aware of other issues, such as product design. Critically, all team members are willing to extend their interests beyond the boundaries of their discipline to collaborate effectively with the shared goal of producing the rigorous science needed to inform empirically based tobacco policy. In addition, our trainees gain valuable knowledge from these collaborations and learn that other disciplines are accessible, exciting, and can enhance their own research. Multidisciplinary work presents challenges: learning other scientists' languages and staying focused on our core mission. Overall, our multidisciplinary team has led to several major findings that inform the scientific, regulatory, and public health communities about ECIGs and their effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shumei Sun
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products
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11
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Alomari MA, Al-Sheyab NA, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH. Serum VEGF Level Is Different in Adolescents Smoking Waterpipe versus Cigarettes: The Irbid TRY. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E102. [PMID: 30274185 PMCID: PMC6316401 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterpipe (Wp) use is associated with most devastating diseases and particularly popular among adolescents. Vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) is essential for generating new vessels. The effect of smoking tobacco on VEGF is controversial and unknown among adolescents. Therefore, the current study compared serum VEGF in adolescents smoking cigarettes (Cg) only (9.3%), Wp only (19.6%), and dual (Wp and Cg) (36.4%) versus nonsmokers (34.6%) in adolescents. A self-reported questionnaire and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to obtain smoking status and serum VEGF, respectively, in 475 (age: 14.6 ± 1.0 years) boys (n = 263) and girls (n = 212) from Irbid, Jordan. The analysis showed that smoking status (R² = 0.021; p = 0.001) and gender (R² = 0.035; p = 0.000) can predict VEGF. Furthermore, 2-way-ANCOVA revealed that VEGF was lower in the dual cohort versus the Cg (33.4%; p = 0.04) and nonsmoker (29.6%; p = 0.003) cohorts; VEGF in smokers, was lower (33.6%; p = 0.04) in the Wp versus nonsmokers in the boys but not the girls. These results are unique and suggest that smoking lowers VEGF, which might adversely affect vascular growth and function. This is alarming given that adolescents are still in the development stage and smoking, particularly Wp, is popular among them. Therefore, interventions targeting smoking among schoolchildren are urgently needed to avoid the negative effects of smoking, especially on vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Alomari
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
- Division of Physical Education, Department of Educational Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Nihaya A Al-Sheyab
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Allied Medical Sciences Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
- Faculty of Nursing, Maternal and Child Health Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Muddathir ARM, Abd Alla MI, Khabour OF. Waterpipe Smoking Is Associated with Changes in Fibrinogen, FVII, and FVIII Levels. Acta Haematol 2018; 140:159-165. [PMID: 30261515 DOI: 10.1159/000492740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been shown to be associated with changes in coagulation factors in the circulation and the subsequent thrombosis development. In this study, the impact of waterpipe smoking on the levels of fibrinogen, factor VII (FVII), and factor VIII (FVIII) was investigated. In addition, the effects of waterpipe smoking were compared to those of cigarette smoking and never smokers. A total of 80 male smokers (40 cigarette smokers and 40 waterpipe smokers) and 40 apparently healthy never smokers were recruited in the study. Both waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking induced significant increases in the plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII (p < 0.01). The magnitude of the increase in fibrinogen levels induced by waterpipe smoking was higher than that induced by cigarette smoking (p < 0.01), while similar increases were observed in other factors (p > 0.05). In addition, in the waterpipe group, the magnitude of the increase in fibrinogen and factor VIII was higher in the smokers with more than 3 years of use (p < 0.05). In conclusion, similar to cigarette smoking, waterpipe smoking modulates the levels of coagulation factors, suggesting its thrombotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahim Mahmoud Muddathir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Alzaeim Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mozfar Idrees Abd Alla
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Alzaeim Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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13
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Pauwels CG, Klerx WN, Pennings JL, Boots AW, van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A, Talhout R. Cigarette Filter Ventilation and Smoking Protocol Influence Aldehyde Smoke Yields. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:462-471. [PMID: 29727173 PMCID: PMC6008735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The WHO study group on tobacco product regulation (TobReg) advised regulating and lowering toxicant levels in cigarette smoke. Aldehydes are one of the chemical classes on the TobReg smoke toxicants priority list. To provide insight in factors determining aldehyde yields, the levels of 12 aldehydes in mainstream cigarette smoke of 11 Dutch brands were quantified. Variations in smoking behavior and cigarette design affecting human exposure to aldehydes were studied by using four different machine testing protocols. Machine smoking was based on the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and Health Canada Intense (HCI) regime, both with and without taping the filter vents. The 11 cigarette brands differed in (i) design and blend characteristics; (ii) tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) levels; (iii) popularity; and (iv) manufacturer. Cigarette smoke was trapped on a Cambridge filter pad and carboxen cartridge. After being dissolved in methanol/CS2 and derivatization with DNPH, the aldehyde yields were determined using HPLC-DAD. Using an intense smoking regime (increased puff volume, shorter puff interval) significantly increased aldehyde yields, following the pattern: ISO < ISO-taped < HCI-untaped < HCI. For all of the regimes, acetaldehyde and acrolein yields were strongly correlated ( r = 0.804). The difference in TNCO and aldehyde levels between regular and highly ventilated low-TNCO cigarettes (as measured using ISO) diminished when smoking intensely; this effect is stronger when combined with taping filter vents. The highly ventilated low-TNCO brands showed six times more aldehyde production per mg nicotine for the intense smoking regimes. In conclusion, acetaldehyde and acrolein can be used as representatives for the class of volatile aldehydes for the different brands and smoking regimes. The aldehyde-to-nicotine ratio increased when highly ventilated cigarettes were smoked intensely, similar to real smokers. Thus, a smoker of highly ventilated low-TNCO cigarettes has an increased potential for higher aldehyde exposures compared to a smoker of regular cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G.G.M. Pauwels
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N.M. Klerx
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. van Schooten
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office
of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands
Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), P.O. Box 8433, 3503 RK Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Jawad M, Eissenberg T, Salman R, Soule E, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Karaoghlanian N, Baalbaki R, El Hage R, Saliba NA, Shihadeh A. Toxicant inhalation among singleton waterpipe tobacco users in natural settings. Tob Control 2018; 28:181-188. [PMID: 29807946 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies that assess waterpipe tobacco smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure generally use controlled laboratory environments with small samples that may not fully capture real-world variability in human behaviour and waterpipe products. This study aimed to conduct real-time sampling of waterpipe tobacco use in natural environments using an in situ device. METHODS We used the REALTIME sampling instrument: a validated, portable, self-powered device designed to sample automatically a fixed percentage of the aerosol flowing through the waterpipe mouthpiece during every puff. We recruited participants at café and home settings in Jordan and measured puffing behaviour in addition to inhalation exposure of total particulate matter (TPM), carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile aldehydes. We correlated total inhaled volume with five selected toxicants and calculated the regression line of this relationship. RESULTS Averaged across 79 singleton sessions (52% male, mean age 27.0, 95% home sessions), sessions lasted 46.9 min and participants drew 290 puffs and inhaled 214 L per session. Mean quantities of inhaled toxicants per session were 1910 mg TPM, 259 mg CO, 5.0 mg nicotine, 117 ng benzo[a]pyrene and 198 ng formaldehyde. We found positive correlations between total inhaled volume and TPM (r=0.472; p<0.001), CO (r=0.751; p<0.001), nicotine (r=0.301, p=0.035) and formaldehyde (r=0.526; p<0.001), but a non-significant correlation for benzo[a]pyrene (r=0.289; p=0.056). CONCLUSIONS In the natural environment, waterpipe tobacco users inhale large quantities of toxicants that induce tobacco-related disease, including cancer. Toxicant content per waterpipe session is at least equal, but for many toxicants several magnitudes of order higher, than that of a cigarette. Health warnings based on early controlled laboratory studies were well founded; if anything our findings suggest a greater exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, UK
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rola Salman
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eric Soule
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rachel El Hage
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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15
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Arıcıgil M, Arbağ H. Hookah smoking impairs nasal mucociliary clearance. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:06. [PMID: 31516406 PMCID: PMC6659486 DOI: 10.18332/tid/85067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Active tobacco smoking has been causally associated with nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC). Smoking through a hookah as an alternative to tobacco smoking has been shown in some scientific studies to have several toxic effects on human health. However, no study has been conducted on the effects on nasal MCC of the hookah as an alternative way of smoking tobacco. The aim of this study is to research whether or not hookah affects nasal MCC. METHODS The study included 40 subjects in the control group and 38 subjects in the hookah group. The hookah group was divided into two subgroups: those who used hookahs regularly, once every week (N1 group), and those who used hookahs more than once a week (N2 group, of 2 to 5 sessions/week). The N1 group had 20 subjects, while the N2 group had 18 subjects. The MCC test was performed on each subject and results were recorded in minutes. RESULTS The nasal MCC value in the total hookah group was found to be significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). The nasal MCC value of the N2 group that used hookahs more than once a week was significantly higher than those of the control group and N1 group that used hookahs once every week (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that, especially when a hookah was used more than once a week, there was MCC impairment that may put the participant at risk of respiratory tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitat Arıcıgil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hamdi Arbağ
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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16
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Ali M, Jawad M. Health Effects of Waterpipe Tobacco Use: Getting the Public Health Message Just Right. Tob Use Insights 2017; 10:1179173X17696055. [PMID: 28579844 PMCID: PMC5428225 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x17696055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many public health messages benchmark the harms of waterpipe tobacco against those of cigarettes, usually using numerical magnitudes of risk. This approach, although well intentioned, could be perceived as alarmist, damaging scientific credibility, and giving an unintended impression that one tobacco product is less harmful than the other. This commentary makes clear the harm waterpipe tobacco smoking poses to public health by describing its mechanism of use, consumption uptake, toxicologic profile, and documented health outcomes, as well as challenge existing thinking that toxicologic assessments are the most appropriate way to frame waterpipe tobacco health promotion messages. How can we describe the health effects of waterpipe tobacco without undermining its toxicity nor falling into the temptation of alarmist messaging? Several recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Jawad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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17
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Ramôa CP, Eissenberg T, Sahingur SE. Increasing popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking and electronic cigarette use: Implications for oral healthcare. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:813-823. [PMID: 28393367 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing several systemic conditions including cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Cigarette smoking is also detrimental to oral health as it increases the incidence and severity of oral cancer, periodontal diseases and peri-implantitis, as well as impacting negatively on the dental patients' response to therapy. Therefore, consideration of smoking behavior and recommendation of smoking cessation are important parts of dental treatment planning. However, cigarettes are no longer the most popular form of tobacco use among adolescents in the United States and globally. In recent years, tobacco smoking using a waterpipe ("hookah," "shisha") and use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) has increased significantly. Thus, dental clinicians likely will treat more patients who are waterpipe and/or ECIG users. Yet, the literature on the health effects of waterpipe and ECIGs use is sparse. Both waterpipe and ECIGs deliver the dependence-producing drug nicotine. Waterpipe tobacco smoking has been associated with periodontitis, dry socket, premalignant lesions, and oral and esophageal cancer. The health effects of long-term ECIG use are unknown. The purpose of this review is to inform healthcare professionals about waterpipes and ECIGs, highlight emerging evidence on the biological effects of these increasingly popular tobacco products, and introduce perspectives for dental patient management and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Ramôa
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S E Sahingur
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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Spindle TR, Hiler MM, Breland AB, Karaoghlanian NV, Shihadeh AL, Eissenberg T. The Influence of a Mouthpiece-Based Topography Measurement Device on Electronic Cigarette User's Plasma Nicotine Concentration, Heart Rate, and Subjective Effects Under Directed and Ad Libitum Use Conditions. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:469-476. [PMID: 27613914 PMCID: PMC6075397 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes aerosolize a liquid solution often containing nicotine. e-cigarette nicotine delivery may be influenced by user puffing behaviors ("puff topography"). E-cigarette puff topography can be recorded using mouthpiece-based computerized systems. The present study sought to examine the extent to which these systems influence e-cigarette nicotine delivery and other e-cigarette associated acute effects under ad libitum use conditions. METHODS Plasma nicotine concentration, heart rate, and subjective effects were assessed in 29 experienced e-cigarette users using their preferred e-cigarette battery and liquid (≥12mg/mL nicotine) in two sessions differing only by the presence of a mouthpiece-based device. In both sessions, participants completed a directed e-cigarette use bout (10 puffs, 30-s interpuff interval) and a 90-min ad libitum bout. Puff topography was recorded in the session with the topography mouthpiece. RESULTS Plasma nicotine, heart rate, and subjective effects, aside from "Did the e-cigarette Taste Good?" were independent of topography measurement (higher mean taste ratings were observed in the no topography condition). Mean (SEM) plasma nicotine concentration following the ad libitum bout was 34.3ng/mL (4.9) in the no topography condition and 35.7ng/mL (4.3) in the topography condition. Longer puff durations, longer interpuff intervals, and larger puff volumes were observed in the ad libitum relative to the directed bout. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette use significantly increased plasma nicotine concentration and heart rate while suppressing abstinence symptoms. These effects did not differ when a topography mouthpiece was present. Future studies using ad libitum e-cigarette use bouts would facilitate understanding of e-cigarette toxicant yield. IMPLICATIONS No prior study has examined whether mouthpiece-based topography recording devices influence e-cigarette associated nicotine delivery, heart rate, or subjective effects under ad libitum conditions or assessed ad libitum puff topography in experienced individuals using their preferred e-cigarette battery and liquid with a mouthpiece-based computerized device. E-cigarette use significantly increased plasma nicotine concentration and heart rate while suppressing abstinence symptoms. These effects did not differ when a topography mouthpiece was present. Ad libitum puff topography differed from puff topography recorded during directed puffing. These findings suggest that future studies using ad libitum use bouts would facilitate better understanding of e-cigarette toxicant yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory R Spindle
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Marzena M Hiler
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Alison B Breland
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Nareg V Karaoghlanian
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan L Shihadeh
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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19
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Barnett TE, Tomar SL, Lorenzo FE, Forrest JR, Porter L, Gurka MJ. Hookah Use Among Florida High School Students, 2011-2014. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:220-223. [PMID: 27931794 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent use of hookah continues to increase in the U.S., even in states that have reported decreases in traditional cigarette use among youth. Hookah use typically involves smoking a moistened, loose, sweetened tobacco product with charcoal as the heat source. METHODS Data from the 2011-2014 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed in 2016 to determine trends in the prevalence of lifetime hookah use (at least once in the adolescent's lifetime) and current hookah use (used in the past 30 days) among high school students (grades 9-12). RESULTS In 2014, a total of 22.5% of Florida public high school students reported ever smoking a hookah, up from 18.2% in 2011. Current hookah use was reported by 11.6% of high school students, an increase from 8.0% in 2011. Female high school students had an increase in use whereas male students' prevalence was relatively stable. Hispanic and non-Hispanic black students reported significant increases over time. CONCLUSIONS The increase in hookah use among adolescents needs continuous monitoring given the recent increase after relatively stable patterns. Efforts are needed to reduce the appeal and use of hookah by young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey E Barnett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Scott L Tomar
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Felix E Lorenzo
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Program, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jamie R Forrest
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lauren Porter
- Bureau of Tobacco Free Florida, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Matthew J Gurka
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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20
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Ramôa CP, Shihadeh A, Salman R, Eissenberg T. Group Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Increases Smoke Toxicant Concentration. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:770-6. [PMID: 26659913 PMCID: PMC5896837 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waterpipe tobacco smoking is a global health concern. Laboratory research has focused on individual waterpipe users while group use is common. This study examined user toxicant exposure and smoke toxicant yield associated with individual and group waterpipe smoking. METHODS Twenty-two pairs of waterpipe smokers used a waterpipe individually and as a dyad. Before and after smoking, blood was sampled and expired carbon monoxide (CO) measured; puff topography was recorded throughout. One participant from each pair was selected randomly and their plasma nicotine and expired air CO concentrations were compared when smoking alone to when smoking as part of a dyad. Recorded puff topography was used to machine-produce smoke that was analyzed for toxicant content. RESULTS There was no difference in mean plasma nicotine concentration when an individual smoked as part of a dyad (mean = 14.9 ng/ml; standard error of the mean [SEM] = 3.0) compared to when smoking alone (mean = 10.0 ng/ml; SEM = 1.5). An individual smoking as part of as a dyad had, on average, lower CO (mean = 15.8 ppm; SEM = 2.0) compared to when smoking alone (mean= 21.3 ppm; SEM = 2.7). When two participants smoked as a dyad they took, on average, more puffs (mean = 109.8; SEM = 7.6) than a singleton smoker (mean = 77.7; SEM = 8.1) and a shorter interpuff interval (IPI; dyad mean = 23.8 seconds; SEM = 1.9; singleton mean = 40.8 seconds; SEM = 4.8). Higher concentrations of several toxicants were observed in dyad-produced smoke. DISCUSSION Dyad smoking may increase smoke toxicant content, likely due to the dyad's shorter IPIs and greater puff number. More work is needed to understand if group waterpipe smoking alters the health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking. IMPLICATIONS This study is the first to measure toxicants in smoke generated from a waterpipe when used by a dyad. Relative to smoke generated by a singleton, dyad smoke had higher concentration of some toxicants. These differences may be attributed to differences in puffing behavior, specifically the shorter IPI and greater puff number observed in the dyad condition. Relative to singleton smokers, dyad smokers were exposed to less CO, but nicotine exposure did not differ. More work is needed to assess the health effects of inhalation of more toxicant-laden smoke during group waterpipe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina P Ramôa
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rola Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;
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21
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Primack BA, Carroll MV, Weiss PM, Shihadeh AL, Shensa A, Farley ST, Fine MJ, Eissenberg T, Nayak S. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Inhaled Toxicants from Waterpipe and Cigarette Smoking. Public Health Rep 2016; 131:76-85. [PMID: 26843673 PMCID: PMC4716475 DOI: 10.1177/003335491613100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is an emerging trend worldwide. To inform public health policy and educational programming, we systematically reviewed the biomedical literature to compute the inhaled smoke volume, nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) associated with a single WTS session and a single cigarette. METHODS We searched seven biomedical bibliographic databases for controlled laboratory or natural environment studies designed to mimic human tobacco consumption. Included studies quantified the mainstream smoke of a single cigarette and/or single WTS session for smoke volume, nicotine, tar, and/or CO. We conducted meta-analyses to calculate summary estimates for the inhalation of each unique substance for each mode of tobacco consumption. We assessed between-study heterogeneity using chi-squared and I-squared statistics. RESULTS Sufficient data from 17 studies were available to derive pooled estimates for inhalation of each exposure via each smoking method. Two researchers working independently abstracted measurement of smoke volume in liters, and nicotine, tar, and CO in milligrams. All numbers included in meta-analyses matched precisely between the two researchers (100% agreement, Cohen's k=1.00). Whereas one WTS session was associated with 74.1 liters of smoke inhalation (95% confidence interval [CI] 38.2, 110.0), one cigarette was associated with 0.6 liters of smoke (95% CI 0.5, 0.7). One WTS session was also associated with higher levels of nicotine, tar, and CO. CONCLUSIONS One WTS session consistently exposed users to larger smoke volumes and higher levels of tobacco toxicants compared with one cigarette. These computed estimates may be valuable to emphasize in prevention programming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia M. Weiss
- University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Ariel Shensa
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | - Smita Nayak
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Health Services, Seattle, WA
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22
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Soule EK, Lipato T, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: A new smoking epidemic among the young? CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 4:163-172. [PMID: 26756025 PMCID: PMC4706079 DOI: 10.1007/s13665-015-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Waterpipe (hookah, narghile) tobacco smoking (WTS) is becoming prevalent worldwide and is one of the most popular forms of tobacco use among youth. WTS prevalence has increased dramatically among youth in the United States within the past decade. Misperceived as less harmful than cigarette smoking, WTS is associated with many of the same chronic health effects such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, bronchitis, and asthma. Much of this risk is due to the fact that a single WTS session exposes users to large volumes of smoke that contain toxic chemicals such as carbon monoxide, cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile aldehydes. Unlike cigarette smoking, WTS poses unique risks of acute negative health outcomes including carbon monoxide poisoning and the spread of communicable diseases such as herpes and tuberculosis. Because waterpipe tobacco smoke contains the addictive chemical nicotine, youth who smoke tobacco from a waterpipe may be at risk for dependence. As a result, many youth may initiate WTS and continue to use despite negative health effects. Considering many of the potential negative health effects associated with WTS affect the pulmonary system, pulmonologists and primary care providers may treat patients who are waterpipe tobacco smokers and should be aware of the risk associated with WTS. The purpose of this review is to describe a waterpipe, the prevalence and correlates of WTS, the toxicants found in waterpipe tobacco smoke, the health effects of WTS, and implications for pulmonologists and other clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. Soule
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, PO Box 980205, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, Phone: 804-827-3562
| | - Thokozeni Lipato
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, PO Box 980102, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, Phone: 804-628-3626
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, PO Box 980205, Richmond, VA 23298, Phone: 804-827-4617, Fax: 804-828-7862
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23
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Brinkman MC, Kim H, Gordon SM, Kroeger RR, Reyes IL, Deojay DM, Chitwood C, Lane TE, Clark PI. Design and Validation of a Research-Grade Waterpipe Equipped With Puff Topography Analyzer. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:785-93. [PMID: 26377514 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, commercially available waterpipes vary widely in design and durability, including differences in fabrication materials, degree of leak-tight fit, and flow path diameter. Little is known about how the components of the waterpipe may influence puffing behavior and user's exposure to toxins. To systematically evaluate exposure, it is necessary to use a standardized research-grade waterpipe (RWP) when conducting clinical and laboratory-based trials. METHODS We developed a RWP that is configured with an in-line topography system which allows real-time measurement and recording of the smoke volume drawn through the RWP. The RWP was calibrated across the flow rate range expected for waterpipe tobacco smoking and the calibration was verified for known puff volumes using a smoking machine. Operation of the RWP was qualified in a cohort of experienced waterpipe smokers, each smoker using the RWP ad libitum in a laboratory setting while smoker topography and subjective effects data were collected. RESULTS RWP machine smoking was highly reproducible and yielded puff volumes that agreed well with true values. User acceptance was comparable, and puffing behavior was similar in pattern, with more frequent puffing in the beginning of the session, but significantly different in intensity from that used to estimate the majority of toxicant exposure reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The RWP operates with known precision and accuracy and is well accepted by experienced smokers. This tool can be used to determine the extent to which puffing behaviors are affected by the waterpipe design, components, and/or accessories, tobacco nicotine content, sweet flavorings and/or additives known to increase addictiveness. IMPLICATIONS This study describes a standardized RWP, equipped with a puffing topography analyzer, which can operate with known precision and accuracy, and is well-accepted by experienced smokers in terms of satisfaction and reward. The RWP is an important tool for determining if puffing behaviors, and thus estimated toxin exposures, are affected by the waterpipe design, components, and/or accessories, tobacco nicotine content, sweet flavorings, and/or additives that are known to increase addictiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle C Brinkman
- Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, OH; Health and Analytics, Battelle, Columbus, OH;
| | - Hyoshin Kim
- Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, OH; Health and Analytics, Battelle, Seattle, WA
| | - Sydney M Gordon
- Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, OH; Health and Analytics, Battelle, Columbus, OH
| | - Robyn R Kroeger
- Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, OH; Health and Analytics, Battelle, Columbus, OH
| | - Iza L Reyes
- Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Caleb Chitwood
- Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, OH
| | - Timothy E Lane
- Applied Biology and Aerosol Technology, Battelle, Columbus, OH
| | - Pamela I Clark
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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Haddad L, El-Shahawy O, Ghadban R, Barnett TE, Johnson E. Waterpipe Smoking and Regulation in the United States: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:6115-35. [PMID: 26110330 PMCID: PMC4483691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers in tobacco control are concerned about the increasing prevalence of waterpipe smoking in the United States, which may pose similar risks as cigarette smoking. This review explores the prevalence of waterpipe smoking in the United States as well as the shortcomings of current U.S. policy for waterpipe control and regulation. METHODS Researchers conducted a literature review for waterpipe articles dated between 2004 and 2015 using five online databases: MEDLINE, CINHAHL, ScienceDirect, PMC, and Cochrane Library. RESULTS To date, few studies have explored the marketing and regulation of waterpipe smoking in the U.S., which has increased in the last ten years, especially among women, adolescents, and young adults. Data indicate that the majority of waterpipe smokers are unaware of the potential risks of use. In addition, current tobacco control policies do not address waterpipe smoking, enabling tobacco companies to readily market and sell waterpipe products to young adults, who are at risk for becoming lifelong smokers. CONCLUSION Policy makers in the area of public health need to update existing tobacco regulations to include waterpipe smoking. Similarly, public health researchers should develop public health campaigns and interventions to address the increasing rates of waterpipe smoking in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Haddad
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Omar El-Shahawy
- Social and Behavioral Health Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Roula Ghadban
- School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Tracey E Barnett
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Emily Johnson
- College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Shihadeh A, Schubert J, Klaiany J, El Sabban M, Luch A, Saliba NA. Toxicant content, physical properties and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco-free alternatives. Tob Control 2015; 24 Suppl 1:i22-i30. [PMID: 25666550 PMCID: PMC4345918 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Waterpipe smoking using sweetened, flavoured tobacco products has become a widespread global phenomenon. In this paper, we review chemical, physical and biological properties of waterpipe smoke. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed publications indexed in major databases between 1991 and 2014. Search keywords included a combination of: waterpipe, narghile, hookah, shisha along with names of chemical compounds and classes of compounds, in addition to terms commonly used in cellular biology and aerosol sizing. STUDY SELECTION The search was limited to articles published in English which reported novel data on waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) toxicant content, biological activity or particle size and which met various criteria for analytical rigour including: method specificity and selectivity, precision, accuracy and recovery, linearity, range, and stability. DATA EXTRACTION Multiple researchers reviewed the reports and collectively agreed on which data were pertinent for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS Waterpipe smoke contains significant concentrations of toxicants thought to cause dependence, heart disease, lung disease and cancer in cigarette smokers, and includes 27 known or suspected carcinogens. Waterpipe smoke is a respirable aerosol that induces cellular responses associated with pulmonary and arterial diseases. Except nicotine, smoke generated using tobacco-free preparations marketed for 'health conscious' users contains the same or greater doses of toxicants, with the same cellular effects as conventional products. Toxicant yield data from the analytical laboratory are consistent with studies of exposure biomarkers in waterpipe users. CONCLUSIONS A sufficient evidence base exists to support public health interventions that highlight the fact that WTS presents a serious inhalation hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jens Schubert
- Department of Safety of Pesticides, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanne Klaiany
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El Sabban
- Department of Human Morphology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Walton KM, Abrams DB, Bailey WC, Clark D, Connolly GN, Djordjevic MV, Eissenberg TE, Fiore MC, Goniewicz ML, Haverkos L, Hecht SS, Henningfield JE, Hughes JR, Oncken CA, Postow L, Rose JE, Wanke KL, Yang L, Hatsukami DK. NIH electronic cigarette workshop: developing a research agenda. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:259-69. [PMID: 25335949 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) represent an emerging public health issue. These devices deliver nicotine along with other constituents, including flavorants, via an inhalable aerosol. Their uptake is rapidly increasing in both adults and youths, primarily among current smokers. Public debate is increasing on how these devices should be regulated and used, yet only limited peer-reviewed research exists. To develop a informed policy for e-cigarettes, their effects on human behavior, physiology, and health need to be understood. PURPOSE This paper describes proceedings from a National Institutes of Health-sponsored workshop, which was held in November 2013, to identify research needs related to the effects of e-cigarettes. Discussion topics included e-cigarette risks and abuse potential; the potential role for e-cigarettes in harm reduction and smoking cessation; unintended consequences of e-cigarette use, such as becoming a gateway to conventional cigarettes; and dual use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The research needs identified by the workshop participants included the following: standards to measure the contents and emissions of e-cigarettes; biomarkers of exposure; physiological effects of e-cigarettes on tissues and organ systems, including pulmonary and cardiovascular; information on e-cigarette users, how the devices are used, and identification of the best tools to assess these measures; factors that drive use and influence patterns of use; and appropriate methods for evaluating a potential role for e-cigarettes in smoking or nicotine cessation. To understand fully the challenges and the opportunities that e-cigarettes represent, expertise will be needed in basic, behavioral, translational, and clinical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Walton
- Division of Pharmacotherapies and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;
| | - David B Abrams
- Schroeder Institute at Legacy, Washington, DC, and Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - William C Bailey
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David Clark
- Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gregory N Connolly
- Schools of Law and Bouve Health Sciences , Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Mirjana V Djordjevic
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Michael C Fiore
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lynne Haverkos
- Child Development and Behavior Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jack E Henningfield
- Pinney Associates, Bethesda, MD, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John R Hughes
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Cheryl A Oncken
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Lisa Postow
- Airway Biology and Disease Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jed E Rose
- Center for Smoking Cessation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kay L Wanke
- Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lucie Yang
- Division of Nonprescription Clinical Evaluation, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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Spindle TR, Breland AB, Karaoghlanian NV, Shihadeh AL, Eissenberg T. Preliminary results of an examination of electronic cigarette user puff topography: the effect of a mouthpiece-based topography measurement device on plasma nicotine and subjective effects. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:142-9. [PMID: 25239957 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) heat a nicotine-containing solution; the resulting aerosol is inhaled by the user. Nicotine delivery may be affected by users' puffing behavior (puff topography), and little is known about the puff topography of ECIG users. Puff topography can be measured using mouthpiece-based computerized systems. However, the extent to which a mouthpiece influences nicotine delivery and subjective effects in ECIG users is unknown. METHODS Plasma nicotine concentration, heart rate, and subjective effects were measured in 13 experienced ECIG users who used their preferred ECIG and liquid (≥ 12 mg/ml nicotine) during 2 sessions (with or without a mouthpiece). In both sessions, participants completed an ECIG use session in which they were instructed to take 10 puffs with 30-second inter-puff intervals. Puff topography was recorded in the mouthpiece condition. RESULTS Almost all measures of the effects of ECIG use were independent of topography measurement. Collapsed across session, mean plasma nicotine concentration increased by 16.8 ng/ml, and mean heart rate increased by 8.5 bpm (ps < .05). Withdrawal symptoms decreased significantly after ECIG use. Participants reported that the mouthpiece affected awareness and made ECIG use more difficult. Relative to previously reported data for tobacco cigarette smokers using similar topography measurement equipment, ECIG-using participants took larger and longer puffs with lower flow rates. CONCLUSIONS In experienced ECIG users, measuring ECIG topography did not influence ECIG-associated nicotine delivery or most measures of withdrawal suppression. Topography measurement systems will need to account for the low flow rates observed for ECIG users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory R Spindle
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Alison B Breland
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Nareg V Karaoghlanian
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan L Shihadeh
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;
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28
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Talih S, Balhas Z, Eissenberg T, Salman R, Karaoghlanian N, El Hellani A, Baalbaki R, Saliba N, Shihadeh A. Effects of user puff topography, device voltage, and liquid nicotine concentration on electronic cigarette nicotine yield: measurements and model predictions. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:150-7. [PMID: 25187061 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some electronic cigarette (ECIG) users attain tobacco cigarette-like plasma nicotine concentrations while others do not. Understanding the factors that influence ECIG aerosol nicotine delivery is relevant to regulation, including product labeling and abuse liability. These factors may include user puff topography, ECIG liquid composition, and ECIG design features. This study addresses how these factors can influence ECIG nicotine yield. METHODS Aerosols were machine generated with 1 type of ECIG cartridge (V4L CoolCart) using 5 distinct puff profiles representing a tobacco cigarette smoker (2-s puff duration, 33-ml/s puff velocity), a slow average ECIG user (4 s, 17 ml/s), a fast average user (4 s, 33 ml/s), a slow extreme user (8 s, 17 ml/s), and a fast extreme user (8 s, 33 ml/s). Output voltage (3.3-5.2 V or 3.0-7.5 W) and e-liquid nicotine concentration (18-36 mg/ml labeled concentration) were varied. A theoretical model was also developed to simulate the ECIG aerosol production process and to provide insight into the empirical observations. RESULTS Nicotine yields from 15 puffs varied by more than 50-fold across conditions. Experienced ECIG user profiles (longer puffs) resulted in higher nicotine yields relative to the tobacco smoker (shorter puffs). Puff velocity had no effect on nicotine yield. Higher nicotine concentration and higher voltages resulted in higher nicotine yields. These results were predicted well by the theoretical model (R (2) = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Depending on puff conditions and product features, 15 puffs from an ECIG can provide far less or far more nicotine than a single tobacco cigarette. ECIG emissions can be predicted using physical principles, with knowledge of puff topography and a few ECIG device design parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Talih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Zainab Balhas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Rola Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Najat Saliba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Shihadeh A, Eissenberg T. Electronic cigarette effectiveness and abuse liability: predicting and regulating nicotine flux. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:158-62. [PMID: 25180079 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) comprise an aerosolized nicotine delivery product category that provides consumers with probably unprecedented control over extensive features and operating conditions, allowing a wide range of nicotine yields to be obtained. Depending on the combination of such ECIG variables as electrical power input, geometry, liquid composition, and puff behavior, ECIG users can extract in a few puffs far more or far less nicotine than with a conventional combustible cigarette. These features of ECIG design and use present challenges for public health policy, central among which is the question of how to regulate nicotine delivery. In this commentary, we propose a conceptual framework intended to provide a convenient approach for evaluating and regulating the nicotine emitted from ECIGs. This framework employs nicotine flux to account for the total dose and rate at which nicotine reaches the user, 2 key factors in drug abuse liability. The nicotine flux is the nicotine emitted per puff second (e.g., mg/s) by a given ECIG design under given use conditions, and it can be predicted accurately using physical principles. We speculate that if the flux is too low, users likely will abandon the device and maintain conventional tobacco product use. Also, we speculate that if the flux is too high, individuals may suffer toxic side effects and/or the device may have higher-than-necessary abuse liability. By considering ECIG design, operation conditions, liquid composition, and puff behavior variables in combination, we illustrate how ECIG specifications can be realistically mandated to result in a target flux range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Physical, behavioral, and cognitive effects of prenatal tobacco and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2014; 44:219-41. [PMID: 25106748 PMCID: PMC6876620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to examine the rapidly expanding literature regarding the effects of prenatal tobacco and postnatal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure on child health and development. Mechanisms of SHS exposure are reviewed, including critical periods during which exposure to tobacco products appears to be particularly harmful to the developing fetus and child. The biological, biochemical, and neurologic effects of the small fraction of identified components of SHS are described. Research describing these adverse effects of both in utero and childhood exposure is reviewed, including findings from both animal models and humans. The following adverse physical outcomes are discussed: sudden infant death syndrome, low birth weight, decreased head circumference, respiratory infections, otitis media, asthma, childhood cancer, hearing loss, dental caries, and the metabolic syndrome. In addition, the association between the following adverse cognitive and behavioral outcomes and such exposures is described: conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poor academic achievement, and cognitive impairment. The evidence supporting the adverse effects of SHS exposure is extensive yet rapidly expanding due to improving technology and increased awareness of this profound public health problem. The growing use of alternative tobacco products, such as hookahs (a.k.a. waterpipes), and the scant literature on possible effects from prenatal and secondhand smoke exposure from these products are also discussed. A review of the current knowledge of this important subject has implications for future research as well as public policy and clinical practice.
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Pepper JK, Eissenberg T. Waterpipes and electronic cigarettes: increasing prevalence and expanding science. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1336-43. [PMID: 25338174 PMCID: PMC4137989 DOI: 10.1021/tx500200j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
prevalence of noncigarette tobacco product use is on the rise
across the globe, especially for waterpipes (also known as hookah,
narghile, and shisha) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). The
scientific literature reveals that waterpipe tobacco smoking is associated
with exposure to a variety of toxicants that can cause short- and
long-term adverse health events. In contrast, there is far less evidence
of health harms related to e-cigarette use, although the variety of
products in this category makes it difficult to generalize. We searched
the PubMed database for all publications on waterpipes and e-cigarettes
from January 2000 to March 2014. The number of publications on waterpipes
rose in a slow, linear pattern during this time, while the number
of publications on e-cigarettes showed exponential growth. The different
trends suggest there may be more interest in studying a novel nicotine
product (the e-cigarette) over a traditional tobacco product (the
waterpipe). We posit that, although the specific research needs for
these products are different, public health would be served best by
a more equitable research approach. Scientists should continue to
devote attention to understanding the unknown long-term health effects
of e-cigarettes and their potential to serve as harm reduction or
smoking cessation tools while simultaneously investigating how to
reduce waterpipe smoking given that it exposes users to toxicants
known to cause harm to health. Recent regulatory action in the United
States, which proposes to include waterpipes and e-cigarettes under
some of the same regulations as tobacco cigarettes, makes such research
particularly timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Pepper
- Center for Regulatory Research on Tobacco Communication, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina , 319D Rosenau Hall, CB #7400, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:571-82. [PMID: 25012596 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies have correlated second hand smoke (SHS) with many diseases, especially respiratory effects. The goal of this study was to measure the impact of SHS on the respiratory symptoms and exhaled carbon monoxide. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 50 young workers in restaurants serving waterpipes, 48 university students who sit frequently in the university cafeteria where cigarette smoking is allowed and 49 university students spending time in places where smoking is not allowed. Subjects completed questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms and exposure to SHS. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used when applicable as well as linear and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Exposure to cigarette smoke in university (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 6.06) and occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (ORa = 7.08) were predictors of chronic cough. Being married (ORa = 6.40), living near a heavy traffic road (ORa = 9.49) or near a local power generator (ORa = 7.54) appeared responsible for chronic sputum production. Moreover, predictors of chronic allergies were: being male (ORa = 7.81), living near a local power generator (ORa = 5.52) and having a family history of chronic respiratory diseases (ORa = 17.01). Carbon monoxide levels were augmented by the number of weekly hours of occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (β = 1.46) and the number of daily hours of exposure to cigarette smoke (β = 1.14). CONCLUSIONS In summary, young non-smoker subjects demonstrated more chronic cough and elevated carbon monoxide levels when exposed to SHS while the effect of waterpipe was even more evident.
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Jawad M, McEwen A, McNeill A, Shahab L. To what extent should waterpipe tobacco smoking become a public health priority? Addiction 2013; 108:1873-84. [PMID: 23863044 DOI: 10.1111/add.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) popularity is increasing world-wide, and health effects are emerging in the light of evidence that WTS is perceived by users as less harmful than cigarette smoking. However, there remains a paucity of available evidence from which to draw firm conclusions about its public health significance. AIMS This narrative review aims to summarize WTS literature to date to inform tobacco control specialists and health-care professionals about this phenomenon and help them to assess whether or not WTS should become a public health priority. METHODS Standard electronic databases as well as conference proceedings and personal libraries were searched in English, French and Arabic with inclusive terminology for the variety of names given to WTS. FINDINGS Waterpipe smoke contains significant levels of toxins, some of which are known to be carcinogenic to humans. Recent epidemiological trends have established an increasing prevalence of WTS in the Middle East and the United States, particularly among adolescents. It is used commonly across multiple ethnicities and both genders with less of a social gradient than cigarette smoking. Attitudes and beliefs have been researched widely and several reasons for believing it is less harmful than cigarette smoking include water filtration and social acceptability. A wide range of diseases have been associated with WTS, but research in this area is relatively underdeveloped and a better evidence base is needed. Worryingly, the waterpipe industry, including waterpipe cafes, operates in an almost completely unregulated market and employs deceptive marketing techniques to attract new users. CONCLUSIONS Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) appears to be on the increase, especially among younger users, and therefore represents a potential public health concern. While legislators should consider enforcing and extending existing tobacco laws to a growing WTS industry, further research is required to fill gaps in the literature and provide evidence-based interventions for tobacco control specialists and health-care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Bonadies N, Tichelli A, Rovó A. When water does not clear the smut from the smoke. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-200665. [PMID: 24142566 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-pipe (shisha) smoking is increasingly popular among young people in Europe and North America. The proponents claim that smoking water-pipe is much 'cleaner' than cigarettes. Although, a recent analysis of toxicant yields during 1-2 h water-pipe smoking resulted comparable to 100-200 cigarettes. We report a case of a 25-year-old patient with elevated haemoglobin, impaired concentration and reduced physical performance. Molecular investigations for JAK2 mutations and BCR-ABL fusion transcripts were negative and the arterial blood gas analysis revealed an elevated carboxyhaemoglobin of 6.1%. In a follow-up visit, the patient disclosed excessive shisha smoking. Secondary polycythaemia was diagnosed caused by chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. After cessation of shisha smoking all blood values returned to normal ranges within 6 weeks. Owing to the increasing popularity of water-pipe smoking and the anticipated health risks, our report should help to enhance awareness and advocate more information in tobacco prevention programmes on its potential toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bonadies
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Eissenberg T. AANA journal course: update for nurse anesthetists--Part3--Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (hookah): what you need to know. AANA JOURNAL 2013; 81:308-313. [PMID: 24133855 PMCID: PMC4484294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco using a waterpipe (hookah) is increasing worldwide and is remarkably common among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Contrary to misperceptions that waterpipe tobacco smoking presents fewer health risks than cigarette smoking, recent data demonstrate clearly that the smoke from a waterpipe contains many of the same toxicants that are in cigarettes, including the dependence-producing drug nicotine, cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pulmonary disease-causing volatile aldehydes, and cardiovascular disease-causing carbon monoxide that can also lead to acute intoxication in waterpipe users. Because many anesthesia providers are likely treating waterpipe tobacco smokers, the goal of this AANA Journal Course is to describe a waterpipe, who uses a waterpipe to smoke tobacco, and the toxicants found in waterpipe smoke and waterpipe smokers. Based on available evidence, there is no indication that waterpipe tobacco smoking is any less risky to patient health than cigarette smoking. Anesthesia providers should begin to assess patients for this form of tobacco use explicitly and should consider addressing it as they do cigarette smoking, with the additional precaution of presurgery carboxyhemoglobin measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eissenberg
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Richmond, USA.
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Maziak W. The waterpipe: an emerging global risk for cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:1-4. [PMID: 23196170 PMCID: PMC4143981 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Each year more than 5 million smokers die prematurely because of their habit wreaking havoc on the welfare of families and communities worldwide. While cigarettes remain the main tobacco killer worldwide, for many youth tobacco use and addiction is maintained by means other than cigarettes. In particular, over the past decade, waterpipe smoking (a.k.a. hookah, shisha, narghile) has become increasingly popular among youth in the Middle East, and is rapidly spreading globally. Available evidence suggests that waterpipe smoking is associated with many of the known risks of tobacco smoking, particularly cancer. Despite these worrisome signs, policies and interventions to address this emerging public health problem have been lagging behind. In this short review I discuss briefly the evidence generated mostly in the past decade about the global spread of waterpipe smoking and its cancer risk potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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