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Pritchard CC, Mateo J, Walsh MF, De Sarkar N, Abida W, Beltran H, Garofalo A, Gulati R, Carreira S, Eeles R, Elemento O, Rubin MA, Robinson D, Lonigro R, Hussain M, Chinnaiyan A, Vinson J, Filipenko J, Garraway L, Taplin ME, AlDubayan S, Han GC, Beightol M, Morrissey C, Nghiem B, Cheng HH, Montgomery B, Walsh T, Casadei S, Berger M, Zhang L, Zehir A, Vijai J, Scher HI, Sawyers C, Schultz N, Kantoff PW, Solit D, Robson M, Van Allen EM, Offit K, de Bono J, Nelson PS. Inherited DNA-Repair Gene Mutations in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:443-53. [PMID: 27433846 PMCID: PMC4986616 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1603144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1080] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited mutations in DNA-repair genes such as BRCA2 are associated with increased risks of lethal prostate cancer. Although the prevalence of germline mutations in DNA-repair genes among men with localized prostate cancer who are unselected for family predisposition is insufficient to warrant routine testing, the frequency of such mutations in patients with metastatic prostate cancer has not been established. METHODS We recruited 692 men with documented metastatic prostate cancer who were unselected for family history of cancer or age at diagnosis. We isolated germline DNA and used multiplex sequencing assays to assess mutations in 20 DNA-repair genes associated with autosomal dominant cancer-predisposition syndromes. RESULTS A total of 84 germline DNA-repair gene mutations that were presumed to be deleterious were identified in 82 men (11.8%); mutations were found in 16 genes, including BRCA2 (37 men [5.3%]), ATM (11 [1.6%]), CHEK2 (10 [1.9% of 534 men with data]), BRCA1 (6 [0.9%]), RAD51D (3 [0.4%]), and PALB2 (3 [0.4%]). Mutation frequencies did not differ according to whether a family history of prostate cancer was present or according to age at diagnosis. Overall, the frequency of germline mutations in DNA-repair genes among men with metastatic prostate cancer significantly exceeded the prevalence of 4.6% among 499 men with localized prostate cancer (P<0.001), including men with high-risk disease, and the prevalence of 2.7% in the Exome Aggregation Consortium, which includes 53,105 persons without a known cancer diagnosis (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In our multicenter study, the incidence of germline mutations in genes mediating DNA-repair processes among men with metastatic prostate cancer was 11.8%, which was significantly higher than the incidence among men with localized prostate cancer. The frequencies of germline mutations in DNA-repair genes among men with metastatic disease did not differ significantly according to age at diagnosis or family history of prostate cancer. (Funded by Stand Up To Cancer and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Pritchard
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Michael F Walsh
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Navonil De Sarkar
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Wassim Abida
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Himisha Beltran
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Andrea Garofalo
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Roman Gulati
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Suzanne Carreira
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Olivier Elemento
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Mark A Rubin
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Dan Robinson
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Robert Lonigro
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Maha Hussain
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Arul Chinnaiyan
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Jake Vinson
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Julie Filipenko
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Levi Garraway
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Saud AlDubayan
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - G Celine Han
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Mallory Beightol
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Colm Morrissey
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Belinda Nghiem
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Heather H Cheng
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Tom Walsh
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Silvia Casadei
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Michael Berger
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Liying Zhang
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Joseph Vijai
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Howard I Scher
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Charles Sawyers
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - David Solit
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Mark Robson
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Kenneth Offit
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Johann de Bono
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
| | - Peter S Nelson
- From the University of Washington (C.C.P., M. Beightol, C.M., B.N., H.H.C., B.M., T.W., S. Casadei, P.S.N.) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.D.S., R.G., P.S.N.) - both in Seattle; the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London (J.M., S. Carreira, R.E., J.B.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (M.F.W., W.A., M. Berger, L.Z., A.Z., J. Vijai, H.I.S., C.S., N.S., P.W.K., D.S., M.R., K.O.), Weill Cornell Medical College (H.B., O.E., M.A.R.), and the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (J. Vinson, J.F.) - all in New York; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.R., R.L., M.H., A.C.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (A.C., C.S.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (A.G., L.G., M.-E.T., S.A., G.C.H., E.M.V.A.)
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