Increased Risk of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Following Gastric Conditions Indicating Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Case-Control Study

Human microbiomes in cancer development and therapy

Colonies formed by bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viral groups and their genomes, metabolites, and expressed proteins constitute complex human microbiomes. An increasing evidences showed that carcinogenesis and disease progression were link to microbiomes. Different organ sources, their microbial species, and their metabolites are different; the mechanisms of carcinogenic or procancerous are also different. Here, we summarize how microbiomes contribute to carcinogenesis and disease progression in cancers of the skin, mouth, esophagus, lung, gastrointestinal, genital, blood, and lymph malignancy. We also insight into the molecular mechanisms of triggering, promoting, or inhibiting carcinogenesis and disease progress induced by microbiomes or/and their secretions of bioactive metabolites. And then, the strategies of application of microorganisms in cancer treatment were discussed in detail. However, the mechanisms by which human microbiomes function are still poorly understood. The bidirectional interactions between microbiotas and endocrine systems need to be clarified. Probiotics and prebiotics are believed to benefit human health via a variety of mechanisms, in particular, in tumor inhibition. It is largely unknown how microbial agents cause cancer or how cancer progresses. We expect this review may open new perspectives on possible therapeutic approaches of patients with cancer.

Profiling of gut microbial dysbiosis in adults with myeloid leukemia

Dysregulation of gut microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. To date, the link between gut microbiota and myeloid leukemia (ML) remains largely unelucidated. Herein, a total of 29 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 17 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and 33 healthy subjects were enrolled, and gut microbiota were profiled via Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA. We evaluated the correlation between ML and gut microbiota. The microbial α‐diversity and β‐diversity exhibited significant differences between ML patients and healthy controls (HCs). Compared to healthy subjects, we found that at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi was increased, while that of Tenericutes was decreased. Correspondingly, at the genus level in ML, Streptococcus were increased, especially in AML patients, while Megamonas (P = 0.02), Lachnospiraceae NC2004 group, and Prevotella 9 (P = 0.007) were decreased. Moreover, ML‐enriched species, including Sphingomonas, Lysobacyer, Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1, were identified. Our results indicate that the gut microbiota was altered in ML patients compared to that of healthy subjects, which could contribute to the elucidation of microbiota‐related pathogenesis of ML, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of ML.