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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Li X, Zhu G, Gao T, Deng Y, Huang L, Liu Z. Anthropometric indicators may explain the high incidence of follicular lymphoma in Europeans: Results from a bidirectional two-sample two-step Mendelian randomisation. Gene 2024; 911:148320. [PMID: 38452876 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence rates vary between European and Asian populations. The reasons remain unclear. This two-sample two-step Mendelian randomisation (MR) study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between anthropometric indicators (AIs) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) and the possible mediating role of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in Europe. METHODS We used the following AIs as exposures: body mass index (BMI), whole-body fat mass (WBFM), whole-body fat-free mass (WBFFM), waist circumference(WC), hip circumference(HC), standing height (SH), and weight(Wt). DLBCL and FL represented the outcomes, and BMR was a mediator. A two-sample MR analysis was performed to examine the association between AIs and DLBCL and FL onset. We performed reverse-MR analysis to determine whether DLBCL and FL interfered with the AIs. A two-step MR analysis was performed to determine whether BMR mediated the causality. FINDINGS WBFFM and SH had causal relationships with FL. A causal association between AIs and DLBCL was not observed. Reverse-MR analysis indicated the causal relationships were not bidirectional. Two-step MR suggested BMR may mediate the causal effect of WBFFM and SH on FL. CONCLUSIONS We observed a causal relationship between WBFFM and SH and the onset of FL in Europeans, Which may explain the high incidence of follicular lymphoma in Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China; Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiongfeng Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China; Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China; Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Tianqi Gao
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Deng
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Liming Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China; Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.
| | - Zenghui Liu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Sun C, Liu C, Liu X, Wu Z, Luo J, Liu R, Wang Y, Lu M, Wang Q, Guo M, Tang Y, Li X, Zheng J. Causal relationship between circulating cytokines and follicular lymphoma: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:1577-1593. [PMID: 38726270 PMCID: PMC11076242 DOI: 10.62347/jckd6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL), derived from germinal centre (GC) B cells, is a kind of systemic neoplasm. Even though FL is indolent, it remains an incurable haematology Neoplasm. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the circulating cytokine is associated with the development of FL, yet the causal relationship between FL and circulating cytokines remains undetermined. Therefore, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to confirm the causal link between FL and levels of circulating cytokines with the use of summary data on circulating cytokines and FL. All these data from genome-wide association study were derived from the Genome-wide pQTL mapping which contains 14,824 individuals. FL data were acquired exclusively from FinnGen, where 218,792 individuals (522 cases vs. 218,270 controls) were involved. Various statistical methods, including the inverse variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median (WME), simple model, weighted model (WM) and MR-Egger, were used to evaluate the potential causal connection between circulating cytokines and FL. Sensitivity analysis, which involves the examination of the heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and leave-one-out method, was also performed to ensure more trustworthy results. A bidirectional MR test was performed to evaluate the direction of causal association between circulating cytokines and FL. Combining all the steps of MR analysis, we revealed four causal cytokines: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5), interleukin-15 receptor A (IL15RA), interleukin-20 (IL20), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The risk of FL may be inversely linked to CXCL5 (OR=0.73, CI: 0.545-0.979, P=0.036), IL-15RA (OR=0.669, CI: 0.451-0.993, P=0.046), and IL-20 (OR=0.565, CI: 0.325-0.981, P=0.043) but positively linked to NT-3 (OR=1.872, CI: 1.063-3.297, P=0.03). In addition, in our study, no causal effect of FL on cytokines was demonstrated and no significant heterogeneity and pleiotropy were found. Our research revealed the causal relationship between cytokines and FL, along with both the anti-protective effect of CXCL5, IL-15RA, and IL-20 and the protective effect of neurotrophin-3 on FL. These findings aim to provide new clues regarding the pathogenesis of FL and to extend the potential of circulating cytokines to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chengling Liu
- Center of Burns and Plastic Surgery and Dermatology, The 924th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of The PLAGuilin, Guangxi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhaoruncheng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Ruolan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Mengyu Lu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Meng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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3
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Watanabe T. Gene targeted and immune therapies for nodal and gastrointestinal follicular lymphomas. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:6179-6197. [PMID: 38186866 PMCID: PMC10768399 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i48.6179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common indolent B-cell lymphoma (BCL) globally. Recently, its incidence has increased in Europe, the United States, and Asia, with the number of gastrointestinal FL cases expected to increase. Genetic abnormalities related to t(14;18) translocation, BCL2 overexpression, NF-κB pathway-related factors, histone acetylases, and histone methyltransferases cause FL and enhance its proliferation. Meanwhile, microRNAs are commonly used in diagnosing FL and predicting patient prognosis. Many clinical trials on novel therapeutics targeting these genetic abnormalities and immunomodulatory mechanisms have been conducted, resulting in a marked improvement in therapeutic outcomes for FL. Although developing these innovative therapeutic agents targeting specific genetic mutations and immune pathways has provided hope for curative options, FL treatment has become more complex, requiring combinatorial therapeutic regimens. However, optimal treatment combinations have not yet been achieved, highlighting the importance of a complete under-standing regarding the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal FL. Accordingly, this article reviews key research on the molecular pathogenesis of nodal FL and novel therapies targeting the causative genetic mutations. Moreover, the results of clinical trials are summarized, with a particular focus on treating nodal and gastrointestinal FLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Watanabe Internal Medicine Aoyama Clinic, Niigata 9502002, Japan
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4
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Luo J, Craver A, Bahl K, Stepniak L, Moore K, King J, Zhang Y, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B. Etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A review from epidemiologic studies. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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5
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Tang L, Li C, Chen W, Zeng Y, Yang H, Hu Y, Song H, Zeng X, Li Q, Fu P. Causal Association between Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk of 19 Site-Specific Cancers: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1233-1242. [PMID: 35333923 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results of previous observational studies examining the risk of cancer among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are conflicting. We here explore the causal relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria, two principal measurements of CKD, and 19 site-specific cancers using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS Single-nucleotide polymorphisms reported to be strongly correlated with eGFR and albuminuria in recent large genome-wide association studies were used as instrumental variables to investigate the causal relationship with cancer using summary-level statistics from several cancer-specific consortia, as well as data of 347,408 participants in the UK Biobank and 260,405 participants in the FinnGen. RESULTS Our data showed that impaired kidney function was associated with higher odds of leukemia [OR = 1.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.43; P = 0.007], cervical cancer (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.43; P = 0.017), and female renal cell carcinoma (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.12-1.77; P = 0.004), per 10% decrease in eGFR. The ORs were 1.21 (95% CI, 1.07-1.36; P = 0.002) for colorectal cancer and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.62-0.92; P = 0.006) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, per doubling odds of albuminuria. In multivariable MR, effect sizes of eGFR-cervical cancer remained strong after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that progression of CKD contributes to carcinogenesis of renal cell carcinoma, leukemia, cervical, and colorectal cancer. IMPACT The potential association of kidney function and albuminuria with certain cancers warrants further investigation in order to provide appropriate recommendations regarding cancer screening among patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichiuan, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huazhen Yang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Hu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Song
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Xiaoxi Zeng
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichiuan, China.,West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospitalof Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichiuan, China.,West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Pherez-Farah A, López-Sánchez RDC, Villela-Martínez LM, Ortiz-López R, Beltrán BE, Hernández-Hernández JA. Sphingolipids and Lymphomas: A Double-Edged Sword. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2051. [PMID: 35565181 PMCID: PMC9104519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are a highly heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms. Given their ethiopathogenic complexity, their classification and management can become difficult tasks; therefore, new approaches are continuously being sought. Metabolic reprogramming at the lipid level is a hot topic in cancer research, and sphingolipidomics has gained particular focus in this area due to the bioactive nature of molecules such as sphingoid bases, sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides. Sphingolipid metabolism has become especially exciting because they are involved in virtually every cellular process through an extremely intricate metabolic web; in fact, no two sphingolipids share the same fate. Unsurprisingly, a disruption at this level is a recurrent mechanism in lymphomagenesis, dissemination, and chemoresistance, which means potential biomarkers and therapeutical targets might be hiding within these pathways. Many comprehensive reviews describing their role in cancer exist, but because most research has been conducted in solid malignancies, evidence in lymphomagenesis is somewhat limited. In this review, we summarize key aspects of sphingolipid biochemistry and discuss their known impact in cancer biology, with a particular focus on lymphomas and possible therapeutical strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Pherez-Farah
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Mario Villela-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Hospital Fernando Ocaranza, ISSSTE, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico
- Centro Médico Dr. Ignacio Chávez, ISSSTESON, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Brady E Beltrán
- Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima 15072, Peru
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 1801, Peru
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7
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Markozannes G, Kanellopoulou A, Dimopoulou O, Kosmidis D, Zhang X, Wang L, Theodoratou E, Gill D, Burgess S, Tsilidis KK. Systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies on risk of cancer. BMC Med 2022; 20:41. [PMID: 35105367 PMCID: PMC8809022 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to map and describe the current state of Mendelian randomization (MR) literature on cancer risk and to identify associations supported by robust evidence. METHODS We searched PubMed and Scopus up to 06/10/2020 for MR studies investigating the association of any genetically predicted risk factor with cancer risk. We categorized the reported associations based on a priori designed levels of evidence supporting a causal association into four categories, namely robust, probable, suggestive, and insufficient, based on the significance and concordance of the main MR analysis results and at least one of the MR-Egger, weighed median, MRPRESSO, and multivariable MR analyses. Associations not presenting any of the aforementioned sensitivity analyses were not graded. RESULTS We included 190 publications reporting on 4667 MR analyses. Most analyses (3200; 68.6%) were not accompanied by any of the assessed sensitivity analyses. Of the 1467 evaluable analyses, 87 (5.9%) were supported by robust, 275 (18.7%) by probable, and 89 (6.1%) by suggestive evidence. The most prominent robust associations were observed for anthropometric indices with risk of breast, kidney, and endometrial cancers; circulating telomere length with risk of kidney, lung, osteosarcoma, skin, thyroid, and hematological cancers; sex steroid hormones and risk of breast and endometrial cancer; and lipids with risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Despite the large amount of research on genetically predicted risk factors for cancer risk, limited associations are supported by robust evidence for causality. Most associations did not present a MR sensitivity analysis and were thus non-evaluable. Future research should focus on more thorough assessment of sensitivity MR analyses and on more transparent reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Mary's Campus, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Afroditi Kanellopoulou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Kosmidis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Mary's Campus, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Mary's Campus, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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8
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Search for AL amyloidosis risk factors using Mendelian randomization. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2725-2731. [PMID: 34228109 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis, amyloid fibrils derived from immunoglobulin light chain are deposited in many organs, interfering with their function. The etiology of AL amyloidosis is poorly understood. Summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of multiple phenotypes can be exploited by Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology to search for factors influencing AL amyloidosis risk. We performed a 2-sample MR analyzing 72 phenotypes, proxied by 3461 genetic variants, and summary genetic data from a GWAS of 1129 AL amyloidosis cases and 7589 controls. Associations with a Bonferroni-defined significance level were observed for genetically predicted increased monocyte counts (P = 3.8 × 10-4) and the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17) gene (P = 3.4 × 10-5). Two other associations with the TNFRSF (members 6 and 19L) reached a nominal significance level. The association between genetically predicted decreased fibrinogen levels may be related to roles of fibrinogen other than blood clotting. be related to its nonhemostatic role. It is plausible that a causal relationship with monocyte concentration could be explained by selection of a light chain-producing clone during progression of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance toward AL amyloidosis. Because TNFRSF proteins have key functions in lymphocyte biology, it is entirely plausible that they offer a potential link to AL amyloidosis pathophysiology. Our study provides insight into AL amyloidosis etiology, suggesting high circulating levels of monocytes and TNFRSF proteins as risk factors.
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Tracking the Genetic Susceptibility Background of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas from Genome-Wide Association Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010122. [PMID: 33374413 PMCID: PMC7795678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) risk associations had been mainly attributed to family history of the disease, inflammation, and immune components including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic variations. Nevertheless, a broad range of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shed light into the identification of several genetic variants presumptively associated with B-cell NHL etiologies, survival or shared genetic risk with other diseases. The present review aims to overview HLA structure and diversity and summarize the evidence of genetic variations, by GWAS, on five NHL subtypes (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma DLBCL, follicular lymphoma FL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL, marginal zone lymphoma MZL, and primary central nervous system lymphoma PCNSL). Evidence indicates that the HLA zygosity status in B-cell NHL might promote immune escape and that genome-wide significance variants can give biological insight but also potential therapeutic markers such as WEE1 in DLBCL. However, additional studies are needed, especially for non-DLBCL, to replicate the associations found to date.
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10
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Wang Y, Ren Y, Ma L, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Tian H, Chen T. Clinical Features of 50 Patients With Primary Adrenal Lymphoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:595. [PMID: 33071959 PMCID: PMC7541938 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Primary adrenal lymphoma is a rare, progressive, easily misdiagnosed adrenal tumor with a poor prognosis. There are limited data on its clinical characteristics, and these have been derived from small sample studies. This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary adrenal lymphoma. Methods: This single-center study retrospectively analyzed data of 50 primary adrenal lymphoma patients treated between January 2008 and January 2018. Demographic information, biochemical indexes, computed tomography images, pathological findings, treatment regimens, and prognostic factors were analyzed. Results: The median age of onset was 60.3 years, and 30 (60.0%) of 50 patients were male. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom, followed by incidentaloma and B symptoms. On average, patients presented with elevated lactate dehydrogenase (348 IU/L, normal range 110-220 IU/L) and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase levels (287 IU/L, normal range 72-182 IU/L) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (0.88 mmol/L, normal range > 0.9 mmol/L). Bilateral lesions in the adrenal glands were observed in 30 (60.0%) patients. Computed tomography showed that 42 (84%) patients had signs of infiltration. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was present in 44 (88%) patients. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 70.6% (12/17), 89.5% (17/19), 92.0% (23/25), and 68.8% (11/16) of patients were positive for MYC, p53, BCL2, and both MYC and BCL2, respectively. Combined chemotherapy was associated with a good prognosis. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of primary adrenal lymphoma depends on a combination of biochemical examination, imaging studies, and pathological biopsy, and combined chemotherapy may lead to a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifen Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoji Centre Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchun Zhu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianling Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Haoming Tian
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Tao Chen
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