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Deng Q, Qiang J, Liu C, Ding J, Tu J, He X, Xia J, Peng X, Li S, Chen X, Ma W, Zhang L, Jiang YZ, Shao ZM, Chen C, Liu S, Xu J, Zhang L. SOSTDC1 Nuclear Translocation Facilitates BTIC Maintenance and CHD1-Mediated HR Repair to Promote Tumor Progression and Olaparib Resistance in TNBC. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2306860. [PMID: 38864559 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Breast tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissues actively repair DNA and are resistant to treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Herein, it is found that a previously reported secreted protein, sclerostin domain containing 1 (SOSTDC1), is abundantly expressed in BTICs of TNBC cells and positively correlated with a poor patient prognosis. SOSTDC1 knockdown impairs homologous recombination (HR) repair, BTIC maintenance, and sensitized bulk cells and BTICs to Olaparib. Mechanistically, following Olaparib treatment, SOSTDC1 translocates to the nucleus in an importin-α dependent manner. Nuclear SOSTDC1 interacts with the N-terminus of the nucleoprotein, chromatin helicase DNA-binding factor (CHD1), to promote HR repair and BTIC maintenance. Furthermore, nuclear SOSTDC1 bound to β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) binding motifs of CHD1 is found, thereby blocking the β-TrCP-CHD1 interaction and inhibiting β-TrCP-mediated CHD1 ubiquitination and degradation. Collectively, these findings identify a novel nuclear SOSTDC1 pathway in regulating HR repair and BTIC maintenance, providing insight into the TNBC therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaodan Deng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiankun Qiang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center and Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Ding
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Juchuanli Tu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xueyan He
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xilei Peng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Siqin Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650201, China
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering & The Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Suling Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lixing Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Dibitetto D, Liptay M, Vivalda F, Dogan H, Gogola E, González Fernández M, Duarte A, Schmid JA, Decollogny M, Francica P, Przetocka S, Durant ST, Forment JV, Klebic I, Siffert M, de Bruijn R, Kousholt AN, Marti NA, Dettwiler M, Sørensen CS, Tille JC, Undurraga M, Labidi-Galy I, Lopes M, Sartori AA, Jonkers J, Rottenberg S. H2AX promotes replication fork degradation and chemosensitivity in BRCA-deficient tumours. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4430. [PMID: 38789420 PMCID: PMC11126719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone H2AX plays a key role in DNA damage signalling in the surrounding regions of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In response to DNA damage, H2AX becomes phosphorylated on serine residue 139 (known as γH2AX), resulting in the recruitment of the DNA repair effectors 53BP1 and BRCA1. Here, by studying resistance to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in BRCA1/2-deficient mammary tumours, we identify a function for γH2AX in orchestrating drug-induced replication fork degradation. Mechanistically, γH2AX-driven replication fork degradation is elicited by suppressing CtIP-mediated fork protection. As a result, H2AX loss restores replication fork stability and increases chemoresistance in BRCA1/2-deficient tumour cells without restoring homology-directed DNA repair, as highlighted by the lack of DNA damage-induced RAD51 foci. Furthermore, in the attempt to discover acquired genetic vulnerabilities, we find that ATM but not ATR inhibition overcomes PARP inhibitor (PARPi) resistance in H2AX-deficient tumours by interfering with CtIP-mediated fork protection. In summary, our results demonstrate a role for H2AX in replication fork biology in BRCA-deficient tumours and establish a function of H2AX separable from its classical role in DNA damage signalling and DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Dibitetto
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martin Liptay
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Vivalda
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hülya Dogan
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ewa Gogola
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martín González Fernández
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Duarte
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas A Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Decollogny
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Francica
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Przetocka
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen T Durant
- DDR Biology, Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Josep V Forment
- DDR Biology, Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Ismar Klebic
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Siffert
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roebi de Bruijn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne N Kousholt
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicole A Marti
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Dettwiler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claus S Sørensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-Christophe Tille
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Diagnostics, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Undurraga
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Pediatrics and Gynecology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Intidhar Labidi-Galy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Center of Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, 4, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Andronikou C, Burdova K, Dibitetto D, Lieftink C, Malzer E, Kuiken HJ, Gogola E, Ray Chaudhuri A, Beijersbergen RL, Hanzlikova H, Jonkers J, Rottenberg S. PARG-deficient tumor cells have an increased dependence on EXO1/FEN1-mediated DNA repair. EMBO J 2024; 43:1015-1042. [PMID: 38360994 PMCID: PMC10943112 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is currently explored as a therapeutic approach to treat various cancer types, but we have a poor understanding of the specific genetic vulnerabilities that would make cancer cells susceptible to such a tailored therapy. Moreover, the identification of such vulnerabilities is of interest for targeting BRCA2;p53-deficient tumors that have acquired resistance to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) through loss of PARG expression. Here, by performing whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 drop-out screens, we identify various genes involved in DNA repair to be essential for the survival of PARG;BRCA2;p53-deficient cells. In particular, our findings reveal EXO1 and FEN1 as major synthetic lethal interactors of PARG loss. We provide evidence for compromised replication fork progression, DNA single-strand break repair, and Okazaki fragment processing in PARG;BRCA2;p53-deficient cells, alterations that exacerbate the effects of EXO1/FEN1 inhibition and become lethal in this context. Since this sensitivity is dependent on BRCA2 defects, we propose to target EXO1/FEN1 in PARPi-resistant tumors that have lost PARG activity. Moreover, EXO1/FEN1 targeting may be a useful strategy for enhancing the effect of PARG inhibitors in homologous recombination-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andronikou
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Dibitetto
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Malzer
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Kuiken
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Gogola
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnab Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088, Bern, Switzerland.
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Paraghamian SE, Qiu J, Hawkins GM, Zhao Z, Sun W, Fan Y, Zhang X, Suo H, Hao T, Prabhu VV, Allen JE, Zhou C, Bae-Jump V. A novel dopamine receptor D2 antagonist (ONC206) potentiates the effects of olaparib in endometrial cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2202104. [PMID: 37069726 PMCID: PMC10115124 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2202104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are effective therapies for cancer patients with homologous recombination (HR) deficient tumors. The imipridone ONC206 is an orally bioavailable dopamine receptor D2 antagonist and mitochondrial protease ClpP agonist that has anti-tumorigenic effects in endometrial cancer via induction of apoptosis, activation of the integrated stress response and modulation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Both PARP inhibitors and imipridones are being evaluated in endometrial cancer clinical trials but have yet to be explored in combination. In this manuscript, we evaluated the effects of the PARP inhibitor olaparib in combination with ONC206 in human endometrioid endometrial cancer cell lines and in a genetically engineered mouse model of endometrial cancer. Our results showed that simultaneous exposure of endometrial cancer cells to olaparib and ONC206 resulted in synergistic anti-proliferative effects and increased cellular stress and apoptosis in both cell lines, compared to either drug alone. The combination treatment also decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and reduced phosphorylation of AKT and S6, with greater effects compared to either drug alone. In the transgenic model of endometrial cancer, the combination of olaparib and ONC206 resulted in a more significant reduction in tumor weight in obese and lean mice compared to ONC206 alone or olaparib alone, together with a considerably decreased Ki-67 and enhanced H2AX expression in obese and lean mice. These results suggest that this novel dual therapy may be worthy of further exploration in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Paraghamian
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jianqing Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gabrielle M. Hawkins
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchuan Sun
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yali Fan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Suo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianran Hao
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Yang Y, Yang X, Li H, Tong X, Zhu X. Efficacy and safety of olaparib in advanced ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2023; 43:2151883. [PMID: 36484513 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2151883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of olaparib for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. All studies that assessed the efficacy and safety of olaparib in advanced ovarian cancer were searched in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from their inception to 20 September 2022. The analysis included six studies and 2016 patients. Olaparib could significantly prolong the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients compared to that of the control group (HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.36 - 0.68). However, no statistically significant differences were detected in overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR) between the olaparib and control groups. Olaparib treatment increased the number of grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer compared with that in the control group. Olaparib significantly prolonged PFS in patients with advanced ovarian cancer; however, no statistically significant differences were detected in OS and ORR. In terms of safety, olaparib has manageable adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaifang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Wang R, Sun Y, Li C, Xue Y, Ba X. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15907. [PMID: 37958890 PMCID: PMC10648182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of long-term evolution, cells have developed intricate defense mechanisms in response to DNA damage; these mechanisms play a pivotal role in maintaining genomic stability. Defects in the DNA damage response pathways can give rise to various diseases, including cancer. The DNA damage response (DDR) system is instrumental in safeguarding genomic stability. The accumulation of DNA damage and the weakening of DDR function both promote the initiation and progression of tumors. Simultaneously, they offer opportunities and targets for cancer therapeutics. This article primarily elucidates the DNA damage repair pathways and the progress made in targeting key proteins within these pathways for cancer treatment. Among them, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays a crucial role in DDR, and inhibitors targeting PARP1 have garnered extensive attention in anticancer research. By delving into the realms of DNA damage and repair, we aspire to explore more precise and effective strategies for cancer therapy and to seek novel avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Wang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (R.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yating Sun
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (R.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Chunshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaoyao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xueqing Ba
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.)
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7
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Ahn MJ, Bondarenko I, Kalinka E, Cho BC, Sugawara S, Gálffy G, Shim BY, Kislov N, Nagarkar R, Demedts I, Gans SJM, Mendoza Oliva D, Stewart R, Lai Z, Mann H, Shi X, Hussein M. Durvalumab in Combination With Olaparib Versus Durvalumab Alone as Maintenance Therapy in Metastatic NSCLC: The Phase 2 ORION Study. J Thorac Oncol 2023; 18:1594-1606. [PMID: 37390980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased DNA damage triggered through poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition may modify tumor immunogenicity, sensitizing tumors to immunotherapy. ORION (NCT03775486) evaluated the combination of olaparib with durvalumab as maintenance therapy in patients with metastatic NSCLC. METHODS ORION is a phase 2, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, international study. Patients with metastatic NSCLC (without activating EGFR or ALK aberrations) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1 were enrolled to receive initial therapy with durvalumab (1500 mg intravenously; every 3 wk) plus platinum-based chemotherapy for four cycles. Patients without disease progression were then randomized (1:1) to maintenance durvalumab (1500 mg; every 4 wk) plus either olaparib (300 mg orally) or placebo (both twice daily); randomization was stratified by objective response during initial therapy and tumor histologic type. The primary end point was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1). RESULTS Between January 2019 and February 2020, 269 of 401 patients who received initial therapy were randomized. As of January 11, 2021 (median follow-up: 9.6 mo), median PFS was 7.2 months (95% confidence interval: 5.3-7.9) with durvalumab plus olaparib versus 5.3 months (3.7-5.8) with durvalumab plus placebo (hazard ratio = 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.57-1.02, p = 0.074). Safety findings were consistent with the known profiles of durvalumab and olaparib. Anemia was the most common adverse event (AE) with durvalumab plus olaparib (26.1% versus 8.2% with durvalumab plus placebo). The incidence of grade 3 or 4 AEs (34.3% versus 17.9%) and AEs leading to treatment discontinuation (10.4% versus 4.5%) was numerically higher with durvalumab plus olaparib versus durvalumab plus placebo. CONCLUSIONS Maintenance therapy with durvalumab in combination with olaparib was not associated with a statistically significant improvement in PFS versus durvalumab alone, although numerical improvement was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ju Ahn
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Ewa Kalinka
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Byoung Yong Shim
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikolay Kislov
- State Budget Institution of Health Yaroslavl Region "Regional Clinical Oncology Hospital," Yaroslavl, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maen Hussein
- Florida Cancer Specialists-Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Leesburg, Florida
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8
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Zhou J, Du T, Wang X, Yao H, Deng J, Li Y, Chen X, Sheng L, Ji M, Xu B. Discovery of Quinazoline-2,4(1 H,3 H)-dione Derivatives Containing a Piperizinone Moiety as Potent PARP-1/2 Inhibitors─Design, Synthesis, In Vivo Antitumor Activity, and X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14095-14115. [PMID: 37843892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PARP-1/2 inhibitors have become an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HR-deficient tumors. However, discovery of new inhibitors with an improved and distinct pharmacological file still need enormous explorations. Herein, a series of novel highly potent PARP-1/2 inhibitors bearing an N-substituted piperazinone moiety were achieved. In particular, Cpd36 was identified as a distinct PARP inhibitor, showing remarkable enzymatic activity not only toward PARP-1 (IC50 = 0.94 nM) and PARP-2 (IC50 = 0.87 nM) but also toward PARP-7 (IC50 = 0.21 nM), as well as high selectivity over other PARP isoforms. Furthermore, Cpd36 was orally bioavailable and significantly repressed the tumor growth in both breast cancer and prostate cancer xenograft model. The crystal structures of Cpd36 within PARP-1 and PARP-2 together with the predicted binding mode within PARP-7 revealed its binding features and provided insightful information for further developing highly potent and selective PARP-1 and/or PARP-7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haiping Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jialing Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bailing Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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9
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Soung YH, Chung J. Combination Treatment Strategies to Overcome PARP Inhibitor Resistance. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1480. [PMID: 37892162 PMCID: PMC10604269 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes have been shown to be essential for DNA repair pathways, including homologous recombination repair (HRR). Cancers with HRR defects (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations) are targets for PARP inhibitors (PARPis) based on the exploitation of "synthetic lethality". As a result, PARPis offer a promising treatment option for advanced ovarian and breast cancers with deficiencies in HRR. However, acquired resistance to PARPis has been reported for most tumors, and not all patients with BRCA1/2 mutations respond to PARPis. Therefore, the formulation of effective treatment strategies to overcome resistance to PARPis is urgently necessary. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism of therapeutic action and resistance to PARPis, in addition to emerging combination treatment options involving PARPis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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10
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Moro RN, Biswas U, Kharat SS, Duzanic FD, Das P, Stavrou M, Raso MC, Freire R, Chaudhuri AR, Sharan SK, Penengo L. Interferon restores replication fork stability and cell viability in BRCA-defective cells via ISG15. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6140. [PMID: 37783689 PMCID: PMC10545780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication and repair defects or genotoxic treatments trigger interferon (IFN)-mediated inflammatory responses. However, whether and how IFN signaling in turn impacts the DNA replication process has remained elusive. Here we show that basal levels of the IFN-stimulated gene 15, ISG15, and its conjugation (ISGylation) are essential to protect nascent DNA from degradation. Moreover, IFNβ treatment restores replication fork stability in BRCA1/2-deficient cells, which strictly depends on topoisomerase-1, and rescues lethality of BRCA2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells. Although IFNβ activates hundreds of genes, these effects are specifically mediated by ISG15 and ISGylation, as their inactivation suppresses the impact of IFNβ on DNA replication. ISG15 depletion significantly reduces cell proliferation rates in human BRCA1-mutated triple-negative, whereas its upregulation results in increased resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin in mouse BRCA2-deficient breast cancer cells, respectively. Accordingly, cells carrying BRCA1/2 defects consistently show increased ISG15 levels, which we propose as an in-built mechanism of drug resistance linked to BRCAness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona N Moro
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uddipta Biswas
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suhas S Kharat
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Filip D Duzanic
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prosun Das
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Stavrou
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria C Raso
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Arnab Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Lorenza Penengo
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Nicoletto MO, Baldoni A, Cavallin F, Grego A, Falci C, Nardin M, Mammano E, Lai E, Torri V. Oxaliplatin prior to PARP inhibitor in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231173181. [PMID: 37360767 PMCID: PMC10288417 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231173181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of PARP inhibitor (PARPi) has shown a considerable benefit in progression-free survival (PFS) in relapsed, platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer (OC). Objective Our study aimed to investigate the impact of the last platinum-based chemotherapy treatment in response to PARPi. Design Retrospective cohort study. Patients and methods The study involved 96 consecutive, pretreated, platinum-sensitive advanced OC patients. Demographics and clinical data were retrieved from clinical records. PFS and overall survival (OS) were calculated from the start of PARPi. Results Germline BRCA mutation was investigated in all cases. Platinum-based chemotherapy before PARPi maintenance therapy included pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-oxaliplatin (PLD-Ox) in 46 patients (48%) and other platinum-based chemotherapy in 50 patients (52%). During a median follow-up of 22 months from the beginning of PARPi therapy, 57 patients relapsed (median PFS: 12 months) and 64 patients died (median OS: 23 months). During multivariable analysis, receiving PLD-Ox before PARPi was associated with improved PFS [hazard ratio (HR): 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26-0.82] and OS (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27-0.83). In 36 BRCA-mutated patients, PLD-Ox was associated with improved PFS (2-year PFS: 70.0% versus 25.0%, p = 0.02). Conclusion Receiving PLD-Ox before PARPi may improve prognosis in platinum-sensitive advanced OC patients and may provide advantages in the BRCA-mutated subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Baldoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, AULSS 3 Serenissima, Mirano Hospital, Mirano, (VE), Italy
| | | | - Andrea Grego
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Falci
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Nardin
- Radiology department, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Mammano
- Department of Surgery, Ospedale Sant’Antonio, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lai
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Valter Torri
- Laboratory of Methodology for Clinical Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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12
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Mazouzi A, Moser SC, Abascal F, van den Broek B, Del Castillo Velasco-Herrera M, van der Heijden I, Hekkelman M, Drenth AP, van der Burg E, Kroese LJ, Jalink K, Adams DJ, Jonkers J, Brummelkamp TR. FIRRM/C1orf112 mediates resolution of homologous recombination intermediates in response to DNA interstrand crosslinks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4409. [PMID: 37256941 PMCID: PMC10413679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) pose a major obstacle for DNA replication and transcription if left unrepaired. The cellular response to ICLs requires the coordination of various DNA repair mechanisms. Homologous recombination (HR) intermediates generated in response to ICLs, require efficient and timely conversion by structure-selective endonucleases. Our knowledge on the precise coordination of this process remains incomplete. Here, we designed complementary genetic screens to map the machinery involved in the response to ICLs and identified FIRRM/C1orf112 as an indispensable factor in maintaining genome stability. FIRRM deficiency leads to hypersensitivity to ICL-inducing compounds, accumulation of DNA damage during S-G2 phase of the cell cycle, and chromosomal aberrations, and elicits a unique mutational signature previously observed in HR-deficient tumors. In addition, FIRRM is recruited to ICLs, controls MUS81 chromatin loading, and thereby affects resolution of HR intermediates. FIRRM deficiency in mice causes early embryonic lethality and accelerates tumor formation. Thus, FIRRM plays a critical role in the response to ICLs encountered during DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelghani Mazouzi
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah C. Moser
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Bram van den Broek
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- BioImaging Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid van der Heijden
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Hekkelman
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Paulien Drenth
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eline van der Burg
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lona J. Kroese
- Animal Modeling Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David J. Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijn R. Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Bhin J, Paes Dias M, Gogola E, Rolfs F, Piersma SR, de Bruijn R, de Ruiter JR, van den Broek B, Duarte AA, Sol W, van der Heijden I, Andronikou C, Kaiponen TS, Bakker L, Lieftink C, Morris B, Beijersbergen RL, van de Ven M, Jimenez CR, Wessels LFA, Rottenberg S, Jonkers J. Multi-omics analysis reveals distinct non-reversion mechanisms of PARPi resistance in BRCA1- versus BRCA2-deficient mammary tumors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112538. [PMID: 37209095 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 both function in DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR). Due to their HR defect, BRCA1/2-deficient cancers are sensitive to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis), but they eventually acquire resistance. Preclinical studies yielded several PARPi resistance mechanisms that do not involve BRCA1/2 reactivation, but their relevance in the clinic remains elusive. To investigate which BRCA1/2-independent mechanisms drive spontaneous resistance in vivo, we combine molecular profiling with functional analysis of HR of matched PARPi-naive and PARPi-resistant mouse mammary tumors harboring large intragenic deletions that prevent reactivation of BRCA1/2. We observe restoration of HR in 62% of PARPi-resistant BRCA1-deficient tumors but none in the PARPi-resistant BRCA2-deficient tumors. Moreover, we find that 53BP1 loss is the prevalent resistance mechanism in HR-proficient BRCA1-deficient tumors, whereas resistance in BRCA2-deficient tumors is mainly induced by PARG loss. Furthermore, combined multi-omics analysis identifies additional genes and pathways potentially involved in modulating PARPi response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyuk Bhin
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical System Informatics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariana Paes Dias
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Gogola
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Rolfs
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roebi de Bruijn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julian R de Ruiter
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Broek
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra A Duarte
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Sol
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Heijden
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Andronikou
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Taina S Kaiponen
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lara Bakker
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Morris
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging, Preclinical Intervention Unit, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk F A Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Zelceski A, Francica P, Lingg L, Mutlu M, Stok C, Liptay M, Alexander J, Baxter JS, Brough R, Gulati A, Haider S, Raghunandan M, Song F, Sridhar S, Forment JV, O'Connor MJ, Davies BR, van Vugt MATM, Krastev DB, Pettitt SJ, Tutt ANJ, Rottenberg S, Lord CJ. MND1 and PSMC3IP control PARP inhibitor sensitivity in mitotic cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112484. [PMID: 37163373 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The PSMC3IP-MND1 heterodimer promotes meiotic D loop formation before DNA strand exchange. In genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis and interference screens in mitotic cells, depletion of PSMC3IP or MND1 causes sensitivity to poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) used in cancer treatment. PSMC3IP or MND1 depletion also causes ionizing radiation sensitivity. These effects are independent of PSMC3IP/MND1's role in mitotic alternative lengthening of telomeres. PSMC3IP- or MND1-depleted cells accumulate toxic RAD51 foci in response to DNA damage, show impaired homology-directed DNA repair, and become PARPi sensitive, even in cells lacking both BRCA1 and TP53BP1. Epistasis between PSMC3IP-MND1 and BRCA1/BRCA2 defects suggest that abrogated D loop formation is the cause of PARPi sensitivity. Wild-type PSMC3IP reverses PARPi sensitivity, whereas a PSMC3IP p.Glu201del mutant associated with D loop defects and ovarian dysgenesis does not. These observations suggest that meiotic proteins such as MND1 and PSMC3IP have a greater role in mitotic DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Zelceski
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Paola Francica
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Departement of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Lingg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Departement of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Merve Mutlu
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Colin Stok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Liptay
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Alexander
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joseph S Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aditi Gulati
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Maya Raghunandan
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Feifei Song
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sandhya Sridhar
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dragomir B Krastev
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Andrew N J Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Departement of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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15
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Jiang Y, Xu T, Yuan L, Zhang L, Ruan X, Wu S, Meng H, Cheng W. Analysis of adverse events and quality of life in high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients with Olaparib maintenance therapy: A single-center study in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33434. [PMID: 37058057 PMCID: PMC10101289 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Olaparib showed good efficacy and tolerability in the maintenance treatment of patients with initial therapy or high-grade serous recurrent ovarian cancer patients. This study aimed to analyze adverse events (AEs) of patients taking Olaparib and the quality of life (QoL) with Olaparib in 1 center of China. The study included 98 patients who received Olaparib and 210 patients without Olaparib from July 2018 to October 2021 for high-grade serous ovarian cancer in the Gynecology Oncology Department of Jiangsu Provincial Hospital. Information of clinicopathologic characteristics was collected from medical records. Then, we used the QLQ-C30 and Quality of Life Ovarian Cancer 28 Questionnaire (QLQ-OV28) to determine the QoL of 98 patients with and 210 patients without Olaparib. Among all 98 patients with Olaparib, 66 patients in first-line and 32 patients in more than second-line treatment. Regarding the best objective response with Olaparib maintenance in 78 patients with partial remission from most recent chemotherapy, 3 (3.84%) patients showed complete response (CR) and 6 (7.69%) showed as partial response (PR), whereas stable disease was observed in 42 patients (53.84%) and 27 patients (34.6%) showed as progression disease. AEs of Grade 3 and more were: anemia in 16 patients (16.32%), neutropenia in 20 patients (20.40%), thrombocytopenia in 4 patients (4.08%), and headache in 4 patients (4.08%). Dose reduction and drug discontinuation accounted for 73.40% and 20.40%, respectively. Olaparib as maintenance therapy increased QoL on all functioning domains and several symptom domains. Consistent with previous clinical trials, Olaparib maintenance therapy was proved safe and effective. Most patients may experience Grade 1 and 2 AEs. Olaparib maintenance therapy can increase QoL in several domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinjia Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huangyang Meng
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjun Cheng
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Schweizer MT, Gulati R, Yezefski T, Cheng HH, Mostaghel E, Haffner MC, Patel RA, De Sarkar N, Ha G, Dumpit R, Woo B, Lin A, Panlasigui P, McDonald N, Lai M, Nega K, Hammond J, Grivas P, Hsieh A, Montgomery B, Nelson PS, Yu EY. Bipolar androgen therapy plus olaparib in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2023; 26:194-200. [PMID: 36564459 PMCID: PMC10286318 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) results in rapid fluctuation of testosterone (T) between near-castrate and supraphysiological levels and has shown promise in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Its clinical effects may be mediated through induction of DNA damage, and preclinical studies suggest synergy with PARP inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a single-center, Phase II trial testing olaparib plus BAT (T cypionate/enanthate 400 mg every 28 days) with ongoing androgen deprivation. Planned recruitment was 30 subjects (equal proportions with/without homologous recombination repair [HRR] gene mutations) with mCRPC post abiraterone and/or enzalutamide. The primary objective was to determine PSA50 response (PSA decline ≥50% from baseline) rate at 12-weeks. The primary analysis utilized the entire (intent-to-treat [ITT]) cohort, with those dropping out early counted as non-responders. Secondary/exploratory analyses were in those treated beyond 12-weeks (response-evaluable cohort). RESULTS Thirty-six patients enrolled and 6 discontinued prior to response assessment. In the ITT cohort, PSA50 response rate at 12-weeks was 11/36 (31%; 95% CI 17-48%), and 16/36 (44%, 95% CI 28-62%) had a PSA50 response at any time on-study. After a median follow-up of 19 months, the median clinical/radiographic progression-free survival in the ITT cohort was 13.0 months (95% CI 7-17). Clinical outcomes were similar regardless of HRR gene mutational status. CONCLUSIONS BAT plus olaparib is associated with high response rates and long PFS. Clinical benefit was observed regardless of HRR gene mutational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Schweizer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Roman Gulati
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Todd Yezefski
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather H Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elahe Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Radhika A Patel
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Navonil De Sarkar
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gavin Ha
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruth Dumpit
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brianna Woo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Lin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick Panlasigui
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nerina McDonald
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lai
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katie Nega
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeannette Hammond
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan Y Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Zhang H, Gao H, Gu Y, John A, Wei L, Huang M, Yu J, Adeosun AA, Weinshilboum RM, Wang L. 3D CRISPR screen in prostate cancer cells reveals PARP inhibitor sensitization through TBL1XR1-SMC3 interaction. Front Oncol 2022; 12:999302. [PMID: 36523978 PMCID: PMC9746894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.999302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) either have been approved or being tested in the clinic for the treatment of a variety of cancers with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). However, cancer cells can develop resistance to PARPi drugs through various mechanisms, and new biomarkers and combination therapeutic strategies need to be developed to support personalized treatment. In this study, a genome-wide CRISPR screen was performed in a prostate cancer cell line with 3D culture condition which identified novel signals involved in DNA repair pathways. One of these genes, TBL1XR1, regulates sensitivity to PARPi in prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, we show that TBL1XR1 interacts with and stabilizes SMC3 on chromatin and promotes γH2AX spreading along the chromatin of the cells under DNA replication stress. TBL1XR1-SMC3 double knockdown (knockout) cells have comparable sensitivity to PARPi compared to SMC3 knockdown or TBL1XR1 knockout cells, and more sensitivity than WT cells. Our findings provide new insights into mechanisms underlying response to PARPi or platin compounds in the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huanyao Gao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yayun Gu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - August John
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lixuan Wei
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Minhong Huang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jia Yu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Adeyemi A. Adeosun
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Richard M. Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Liewei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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18
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Sister chromatid exchanges induced by perturbed replication can form independently of BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6722. [PMID: 36344511 PMCID: PMC9640580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are products of joint DNA molecule resolution, and are considered to form through homologous recombination (HR). Indeed, SCE induction upon irradiation requires the canonical HR factors BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51. In contrast, replication-blocking agents, including PARP inhibitors, induce SCEs independently of BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51. PARP inhibitor-induced SCEs are enriched at difficult-to-replicate genomic regions, including common fragile sites (CFSs). PARP inhibitor-induced replication lesions are transmitted into mitosis, suggesting that SCEs can originate from mitotic processing of under-replicated DNA. Proteomics analysis reveals mitotic recruitment of DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) to synthetic DNA ends. POLQ inactivation results in reduced SCE numbers and severe chromosome fragmentation upon PARP inhibition in HR-deficient cells. Accordingly, analysis of CFSs in cancer genomes reveals frequent allelic deletions, flanked by signatures of POLQ-mediated repair. Combined, we show PARP inhibition generates under-replicated DNA, which is processed into SCEs during mitosis, independently of canonical HR factors.
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19
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Saha S, Rundle S, Kotsopoulos IC, Begbie J, Howarth R, Pappworth IY, Mukhopadhyay A, Kucukmetin A, Marchbank KJ, Curtin N. Determining the Potential of DNA Damage Response (DDR) Inhibitors in Cervical Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4288. [PMID: 36077823 PMCID: PMC9454916 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) is the standard treatment for advanced cervical cancer (CC) but the response rate is poor (46-72%) and cisplatin is nephrotoxic. Therefore, better treatment of CC is urgently needed. We have directly compared, for the first time, the cytotoxicity of four DDR inhibitors (rucaparib/PARPi, VE-821/ATRi, PF-477736/CHK1i and MK-1775/WEE1i) as single agents, and in combination with cisplatin and radiotherapy (RT) in a panel of CC cells. All inhibitors alone caused concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Low ATM and DNA-PKcs levels were associated with greater VE-821 cytotoxicity. Cisplatin induced ATR, CHK1 and WEE1 activity in all of the cell lines. Cisplatin only activated PARP in S-phase cells, but RT activated PARP in the entire population. Rucaparib was the most potent radiosensitiser and VE-821 was the most potent chemosensitiser. VE-821, PF-47736 and MK-1775 attenuated cisplatin-induced S-phase arrest but tended to increase G2 phase accumulation. In mice, cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury was associated with oxidative stress and PARP activation and was prevented by rucaparib. Therefore, while all inhibitors investigated may increase the efficacy of CRT, the greatest clinical potential of rucaparib may be in limiting kidney damage, which is dose-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santu Saha
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK or
| | - Stuart Rundle
- The Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre (NGOC), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK
| | - Ioannis C. Kotsopoulos
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 250 Euston Rd, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | | | - Rachel Howarth
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK or
| | - Isabel Y. Pappworth
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Kolkata Gynecological Oncology Trials and Translational Research Group, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700026, India
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ali Kucukmetin
- The Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre (NGOC), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kevin J. Marchbank
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola Curtin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK or
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20
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Jacobs AT, Martinez Castaneda-Cruz D, Rose MM, Connelly L. Targeted therapy for breast cancer: An overview of drug classes and outcomes. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115209. [PMID: 35973582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The last 25 years have seen significant growth in new therapeutic options for breast cancer, termed targeted therapies based on their ability to block specific pathways known to drive breast tumor growth and survival. Introduction of these drugs has been made possible through advances in the understanding of breast cancer biology. While the promise of targeted therapy for breast cancer has been clear for some time, the experience of the clinical use of multiple drugs and drug classes allows us to now present a summary and perspective as to the success and impact of this endeavor. Here we will review breast cancer targeted therapeutics in clinical use. We will provide the rationale for their indications and summarize clinical data in patients with different breast cancer subtypes, their impact on breast cancer progression and survival and their major adverse effects. The focus of this review will be on the development that has occurred within classes of targeted therapies and subsequent impact on breast cancer patient outcomes. We will conclude with a perspective on the role of targeted therapy in breast cancer treatment and highlight future areas of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Jacobs
- California University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet Street, Colton, CA 92324, United States
| | | | - Mark M Rose
- California University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet Street, Colton, CA 92324, United States
| | - Linda Connelly
- California University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet Street, Colton, CA 92324, United States.
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21
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Recent advances in structural types and medicinal chemistry of PARP-1 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Qin C, Ji Z, Zhai E, Xu K, Zhang Y, Li Q, Jing H, Wang X, Song X. PARP inhibitor olaparib enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy on XRCC2-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:505. [PMID: 35643812 PMCID: PMC9148313 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of PARP inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy is a promising strategy to locally enhance DNA damage in tumors. Loss of XRCC2 compromises DNA damage repairs, and induced DNA damage burdens may increase the reliance on PARP-dependent DNA repairs of cancer cells to render cell susceptibility to PARP inhibitor therapy. Here we tested the hypothesis that XRCC2 loss sensitizes colorectal cancer (CRC) to PARP inhibitor in combination with radiotherapy (RT). We show that high levels of XRCC2 or PARP1 in LARC patients were significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS). Co-expression analyses found that low levels of PARP1 and XRCC2 were associated with better OS. Our in vitro experiments indicated that olaparib+IR led to reduced clonogenic survival, more DNA damage, and longer durations of cell cycle arrest and senescence in XRCC2-deficient cells relative to wild-type cells. Furthermore, our mouse xenograft experiments indicated that RT + olaparib had greater anti-tumor effects and led to long-term remission in mice with XRCC2-deficient tumors. These findings suggest that XRCC2-deficient CRC acquires high sensitivity to PARP inhibition after IR treatment and supports the clinical development for the use of olaparib as a radiosensitizer for treatment of XRCC2-deficient CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Qin
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhiyu Ji
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ertao Zhai
- grid.412615.50000 0004 1803 6239Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwu Xu
- grid.412615.50000 0004 1803 6239Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huaihe Hospital of Hennan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Quanying Li
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hong Jing
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital of Hennan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinming Song
- grid.412615.50000 0004 1803 6239Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Wang K, Tong H, Gao Y, Xia L, Jin X, Li X, Zeng X, Boldogh I, Ke Y, Ba X. Cell-Penetrating Peptide TAT-HuR-HNS3 Suppresses Proinflammatory Gene Expression via Competitively Blocking Interaction of HuR with Its Partners. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2376-2389. [PMID: 35444028 PMCID: PMC9125198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines are commonly regulated by RNA-binding proteins at posttranscriptional levels. Human Ag R (HuR)/embryonic lethal abnormal vision-like 1 (ELAVL1) is one of the well-characterized RNA-binding proteins that increases the stability of short-lived mRNAs, which encode proinflammatory mediators. HuR employs its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling sequence (HNS) domain, interacting with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which accounts for the enhanced poly-ADP-ribosylation and cytoplasmic shuttling of HuR. Also by using its HNS domain, HuR undergoes dimerization/oligomerization, underlying the increased binding of HuR with proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNAs and the disassociation of the miRNA-induced silencing complex from the targets. Therefore, competitively blocking the interactions of HuR with its partners may suppress proinflammatory mediator production. In this study, peptides derived from the sequence of the HuR-HNS domain were synthesized, and their effects on interfering HuR interacting with PARP1 and HuR itself were analyzed. Moreover, cell-penetrating TAT-HuR-HNS3 was delivered into human and mouse cells or administered into mouse lungs with or without exposure of TNF-α or LPS. mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators as well as neutrophil infiltration were evaluated. We showed that TAT-HuR-HNS3 interrupts HuR-PARP1 interaction and therefore results in a lowered poly-ADP-ribosylation level and decreased cytoplasmic distribution of HuR. TAT-HuR-HNS3 also blocks HuR dimerization and promotes Argonaute 2-based miRNA-induced silencing complex binding to the targets. Moreover, TAT-HuR-HNS3 lowers mRNA stability of proinflammatory mediators in TNF-α-treated epithelial cells and macrophages, and it decreases TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses in lungs of experimental animals. Thus, TAT-HuR-HNS3 is a promising lead peptide for the development of inhibitors to treat inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haibin Tong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China; and
| | - Yitian Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China; and
| | - Lan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Yueshuang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xueqing Ba
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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24
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Wanderley CWS, Correa TS, Scaranti M, Cunha FQ, Barroso-Sousa R. Targeting PARP1 to Enhance Anticancer Checkpoint Immunotherapy Response: Rationale and Clinical Implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816642. [PMID: 35572596 PMCID: PMC9094400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinvigorating the antitumor immune response using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of several malignancies. However, extended use of ICIs has resulted in a cancer-specific response. In tumors considered to be less immunogenic, the response rates were low or null. To overcome resistance and improve the beneficial effects of ICIs, novel strategies focused on ICI-combined therapies have been tested. In particular, poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are a class of agents with potential for ICI combined therapy. PARPi impairs single-strand break DNA repair; this mechanism involves synthetic lethality in tumor cells with deficient homologous recombination. More recently, novel evidence indicated that PAPRi has the potential to modulate the antitumor immune response by activating antigen-presenting cells, infiltrating effector lymphocytes, and upregulating programmed death ligand-1 in tumors. This review covers the current advances in the immune effects of PARPi, explores the potential rationale for combined therapy with ICIs, and discusses ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Wagner S. Wanderley
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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25
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Rhine K, Dasovich M, Yoniles J, Badiee M, Skanchy S, Ganser L, Ge Y, Fare CM, Shorter J, Leung AKL, Myong S. Poly(ADP-ribose) drives condensation of FUS via a transient interaction. Mol Cell 2022; 82:969-985.e11. [PMID: 35182479 PMCID: PMC9330637 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is an RNA-like polymer that regulates an increasing number of biological processes. Dysregulation of PAR is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal protein aggregation, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PAR forms condensates with FUS, an RNA-binding protein linked with ALS, through an unknown mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that a strikingly low concentration of PAR (1 nM) is sufficient to trigger condensation of FUS near its physiological concentration (1 μM), which is three orders of magnitude lower than the concentration at which RNA induces condensation (1 μM). Unlike RNA, which associates with FUS stably, PAR interacts with FUS transiently, triggering FUS to oligomerize into condensates. Moreover, inhibition of a major PAR-synthesizing enzyme, PARP5a, diminishes FUS condensation in cells. Despite their structural similarity, PAR and RNA co-condense with FUS, driven by disparate modes of interaction with FUS. Thus, we uncover a mechanism by which PAR potently seeds FUS condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rhine
- Program in Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Morgan Dasovich
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joey Yoniles
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Mohsen Badiee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sophie Skanchy
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Laura Ganser
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yingda Ge
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Charlotte M. Fare
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anthony K. L. Leung
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Corresponding Authors; &
| | - Sua Myong
- Program in Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Physics Frontier Center (Center for the Physics of Living Cells), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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26
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Zhu Y, Hu Y, Tang C, Guan X, Zhang W. Platinum-based systematic therapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188678. [PMID: 35026309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of definitive hormone receptors, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients receive little clinical benefit from endocrine or molecular targeted therapies, leading to a highly aggressive disease with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. In the past decades, chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for TNBC, with taxane/anthracyclines as the representative regimen. However, increasing irreversible cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines and drug-resistance had to be noticed. Gradually, platinum-based chemotherapy has become a topic of interest for researchers. Based on the accumulating studies on platinum-containing regimens for TNBC patients, we will summarize the progress of relevant clinical trials focusing on platinum monotherapy (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin) or in combination with other therapeutic modalities (e.g., other chemotherapeutic agents, molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapy). To further evaluate patient response to platinum and screen for the optimal population to benefit from platinum, we will also analyze current potential biomarkers, such as breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1/2), homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD), tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), TP53 family and other emerging indicators (e.g., intrinsic subtype, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) expression, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuiju Tang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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27
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Azmanova M, Pitto-Barry A. Oxidative stress in cancer therapy: Friend or enemy? Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100641. [PMID: 35015324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Excessive cellular oxidative stress is widely perceived as a key factor in pathophysiological conditions and cancer development. Healthy cells use several mechanisms to maintain intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and overall redox homeostasis to avoid damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Cancer cells, in contrast, exhibit elevated ROS levels and upregulated protective antioxidant pathways. Counterintuitively, such elevated oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant defence mechanisms in cancer cells provide a therapeutic opportunity for the development of drugs with different anticancer mechanisms of action (MoA). In this review, oxidative stress and the role of ROS in cells are described. The tumour-suppressive and tumour-promotive functions of ROS are discussed to compare these two different therapeutic strategies (increasing or decreasing ROS to fight cancer). Clinically approved drugs with demonstrated oxidative stress anticancer MoAs are highlighted before describing examples of metal-based anticancer drug candidates causing oxidative stress in cancer cells via novel MoAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azmanova
- University of Bradford, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, Bradford, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Université Paris-Saclay: Universite Paris-Saclay, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, FRANCE
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28
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van Wijk LM, Nilas AB, Vrieling H, Vreeswijk MPG. RAD51 as a functional biomarker for homologous recombination deficiency in cancer: a promising addition to the HRD toolbox? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 22:185-199. [PMID: 34913794 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carcinomas with defects in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway are sensitive to PARP inhibitors (PARPi). A robust method to identify HR-deficient (HRD) carcinomas is therefore of utmost clinical importance. Currently available DNA-based HRD tests either scan HR-related genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 for the presence of pathogenic variants or identify HRD-related genomic scars or mutational signatures by using whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing data. As an alternative to DNA-based tests, functional HRD tests have been developed that assess the actual ability of tumors to accumulate RAD51 protein at DNA double strand breaks as a proxy for HR proficiency. AREAS COVERED This review presents an overview of currently available HRD tests and discuss the pros and cons of the different methodologies including their sensitivity for the identification of HRD tumors, their concordance with other HRD tests, and their capacity to predict therapy response. EXPERT OPINION With the increasing use of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of several cancers there is an urgent need to implement HRD testing in routine clinical practice. To this end, calibration of HRD thresholds and clinical validation of both DNA-based and RAD51-based HRD tests should have top-priority in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise M van Wijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andreea B Nilas
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Vrieling
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike P G Vreeswijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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29
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New Roles of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Cancer J 2021; 27:441-456. [PMID: 34904807 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Since the proof of concept of synthetic lethality between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition and loss of BRCA1/2 homologous recombination (HR) function in preclinical models and early phase clinical trials, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are increasing part of standard-of-care treatment for advanced breast cancers with BRCA gene mutations. The field has also recently seen benefits for PARPi in early breast cancer in those with germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic mutations, and signals that synthetic lethal affects may occur in tumors with deficiencies in HR caused by germline, somatic, or epigenetic dysregulation of a number of HR genes. Despite the evidence of the synthetic lethal effects of PARPi, they are not always effective in HR defective cancers, and as they become part of standard of care in breast cancer, the study of prevalence of distinct mechanisms of resistance to PARPi and cross-resistance with other DNA-damaging agents such as platinum in breast cancer will be important and may inform therapy choices.
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30
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Paes Dias M, Tripathi V, van der Heijden I, Cong K, Manolika EM, Bhin J, Gogola E, Galanos P, Annunziato S, Lieftink C, Andújar-Sánchez M, Chakrabarty S, Smith GCM, van de Ven M, Beijersbergen RL, Bartkova J, Rottenberg S, Cantor S, Bartek J, Ray Chaudhuri A, Jonkers J. Loss of nuclear DNA ligase III reverts PARP inhibitor resistance in BRCA1/53BP1 double-deficient cells by exposing ssDNA gaps. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4692-4708.e9. [PMID: 34555355 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARPi) have entered the clinic for the treatment of homologous recombination (HR)-deficient cancers. Despite the success of this approach, preclinical and clinical research with PARPi has revealed multiple resistance mechanisms, highlighting the need for identification of novel functional biomarkers and combination treatment strategies. Functional genetic screens performed in cells and organoids that acquired resistance to PARPi by loss of 53BP1 identified loss of LIG3 as an enhancer of PARPi toxicity in BRCA1-deficient cells. Enhancement of PARPi toxicity by LIG3 depletion is dependent on BRCA1 deficiency but independent of the loss of 53BP1 pathway. Mechanistically, we show that LIG3 loss promotes formation of MRE11-mediated post-replicative ssDNA gaps in BRCA1-deficient and BRCA1/53BP1 double-deficient cells exposed to PARPi, leading to an accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities. LIG3 depletion also enhances efficacy of PARPi against BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors in mice, suggesting LIG3 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Paes Dias
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivek Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Heijden
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ke Cong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eleni-Maria Manolika
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Robotics and Screening Center, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Gogola
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Galanos
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stefano Annunziato
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Robotics and Screening Center, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Andújar-Sánchez
- Pathology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Graeme C M Smith
- Artios Pharma, Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging, Preclinical Intervention Unit, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Robotics and Screening Center, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Arnab Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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31
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Tsakaneli A, Williams O. Drug Repurposing for Targeting Acute Leukemia With KMT2A ( MLL)-Gene Rearrangements. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:741413. [PMID: 34594227 PMCID: PMC8478155 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.741413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment failure rates of acute leukemia with rearrangements of the Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene highlight the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Taking into consideration the limitations of the current therapies and the advantages of novel strategies for drug discovery, drug repurposing offers valuable opportunities to identify treatments and develop therapeutic approaches quickly and effectively for acute leukemia with MLL-rearrangements. These approaches are complimentary to de novo drug discovery and have taken advantage of increased knowledge of the mechanistic basis of MLL-fusion protein complex function as well as refined drug repurposing screens. Despite the vast number of different leukemia associated MLL-rearrangements, the existence of common core oncogenic pathways holds the promise that many such therapies will be broadly applicable to MLL-rearranged leukemia as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Tsakaneli
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Williams
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Velev M, Puszkiel A, Blanchet B, de Percin S, Delanoy N, Medioni J, Gervais C, Balakirouchenane D, Khoudour N, Pautier P, Leary A, Ajgal Z, Hirsch L, Goldwasser F, Alexandre J, Beinse G. Association between Olaparib Exposure and Early Toxicity in BRCA-Mutated Ovarian Cancer Patients: Results from a Retrospective Multicenter Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080804. [PMID: 34451901 PMCID: PMC8399031 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors associated with olaparib toxicity remain unknown in ovarian cancer patients. The large inter-individual variability in olaparib pharmacokinetics could contribute to the onset of early significant adverse events (SAE). We aimed to retrospectively analyze the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship for toxicity in ovarian cancer patients from “real life” data. The clinical endpoint was the onset of SAE (grade III/IV toxicity or dose reduction/discontinuation). Plasma olaparib concentration was assayed using liquid chromatography at any time over the dosing interval. Trough concentrations (CminPred) were estimated using a population pharmacokinetic model. The association between toxicity and clinical characteristics or CminPred was assessed by logistic regression and non-parametric statistical tests. Twenty-seven patients were included, among whom 13 (48%) experienced SAE during the first six months of treatment. Olaparib CminPred was the only covariate significantly associated with increased risk of SAE onset (odds ratio = 1.31, 95% CI = [1.10; 1.57], for each additional 1000 ng/mL). The ROC curve identified a threshold of CminPred = 2500 ng/mL for prediction of SAE onset (sensitivity/specificity 0.62 and 1.00, respectively). This study highlights a significant association between olaparib plasma exposure and SAE onset and identified the threshold of 2500 ng/mL trough concentration as potentially useful to guide dose adjustment in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Velev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (M.V.); (S.d.P.); (Z.A.); (L.H.); (F.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Alicja Puszkiel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (A.P.); (B.B.); (D.B.); (N.K.)
- INSERM UMR-S1144, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Blanchet
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (A.P.); (B.B.); (D.B.); (N.K.)
- UMR8038 CNRS, U1268 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CARPEM, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sixtine de Percin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (M.V.); (S.d.P.); (Z.A.); (L.H.); (F.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Nicolas Delanoy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (N.D.); (J.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Jacques Medioni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (N.D.); (J.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Claire Gervais
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (N.D.); (J.M.); (C.G.)
| | - David Balakirouchenane
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (A.P.); (B.B.); (D.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nihel Khoudour
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (A.P.); (B.B.); (D.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Patricia Pautier
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (P.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (P.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Zahra Ajgal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (M.V.); (S.d.P.); (Z.A.); (L.H.); (F.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Laure Hirsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (M.V.); (S.d.P.); (Z.A.); (L.H.); (F.G.); (G.B.)
| | - François Goldwasser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (M.V.); (S.d.P.); (Z.A.); (L.H.); (F.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Jerome Alexandre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (M.V.); (S.d.P.); (Z.A.); (L.H.); (F.G.); (G.B.)
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Team Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenomics and Therapeutic Optimization (MEPPOT), 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-01-(58)-414141
| | - Guillaume Beinse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (M.V.); (S.d.P.); (Z.A.); (L.H.); (F.G.); (G.B.)
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Team Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenomics and Therapeutic Optimization (MEPPOT), 75006 Paris, France
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33
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Magin S, Meher PK, Iliakis G. Nucleoside Analogs Radiosensitize G0 Cells by Activating DNA End Resection and Alternative End-Joining. Radiat Res 2021; 195:412-426. [PMID: 33755161 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00195.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Alternative end-joining (alt-EJ) is a DNA end resection-dependent, error-prone pathway utilized by vertebrate cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but its engagement is linked to chromosomal translocations and genomic instability. Here, we report that when proliferating cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, treatment with nucleoside analogs (NAs) causes strong radiosensitization by increasing engagement of alt-EJ, while at the same time suppressing homologous recombination (HR) in S- and G2phase cells. This NA-mediated pathway shift may reflect a passive compensatory engagement of alt-EJ following HR suppression that is specific for S- and G2-phase cells, and/or the direct activation of alt-EJ throughout the cell cycle. To distinguish between these possibilities, we utilize here a cell culture model that exploits genetic and cell cycle-dependent inactivation of DSB repair pathways, to exclusively study alt-EJ and its modulation by NAs in murine and human cell lines. To this end, we allow LIG4-/--deficient cells to accumulate in G1/G0 phase by transfer to serum-deprived media and obtain cells deficient in c-NHEJ owing to the genetic LIG4 knockout, deficient in HR owing to the absence of S- or G2-phase cells, and compromised in their ability to carry out alt-EJ owing to their accumulation in G0. We find that in these cells irradiation and treatment with the NA, β-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA), and to a lesser degree with other NAs, promptly activates suppressed alt-EJ that now functions at levels approximating those of c-NHEJ in wild-type cells. Results at high dose (20 Gy) generated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) are corroborated by results at low dose (1 Gy) generated by scoring 53BP1 foci. Strikingly, araA treatment activates a normally undetectable DNA-end-resection at DSBs, which requires ATR activity, but proceeds unimpeded after CtIP knockdown. Treatment with araA increases the formation of chromosomal aberrations and enhances radiation-induced cell killing. The results support direct stimulation of resection by NAs and alt-EJ as a mechanism of their documented radiosensitizing potential. We propose that this stimulation also occurs in repair-proficient cells and that it occurs throughout the cell cycle. It may therefore be harnessed to develop protocols combining NAs with radiation to treat human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Magin
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Prabodha Kumar Meher
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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34
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BRCA2 Promotes Spontaneous Homologous Recombination In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153663. [PMID: 34359565 PMCID: PMC8345144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA2 is known to be a tumor suppressor involved in homologous recombination repair and presumed to prevent genome instability in normal tissues prior to the development of tumors. Typical assessment of BRCA2 deficiency on the genome involves cell-based models using cancer cells with mixed genetic contexts, but the role in normal tissue in vivo has not been clearly demonstrated. METHODS Using conditional deletion of Brca2 exon 11, the region containing all eight BRC repeats, in the retinal pigment epithelium and the pink-eyed unstable mouse model, we evaluate the frequency of DNA deletion events. RESULTS In the current study, we show that conditional loss of Brca2 exon 11 results in a decreased frequency of spontaneous homologous recombination compared to wild-type mice. Of note, we observe no apparent concomitant increase in events that indicate single-strand annealing by the pink-eyed unstable mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our results demonstrate that BRCA2, as expected, is required for high-fidelity homologous recombination DNA repair in normal tissues, here in a tissue undergoing normal proliferation through normal development.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of the constitutive nuclear and mitochondrial enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cell dysfunction, inflammation, and organ failure in various forms of critical illness. The objective of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the clinically approved PARP inhibitor olaparib in an experimental model of pancreatitis in vivo and in a pancreatic cell line subjected to oxidative stress in vitro. The preclinical studies were complemented with analysis of clinical samples to detect PARP activation in pancreatitis. METHODS Mice were subjected to cerulein-induced pancreatitis; circulating mediators and circulating organ injury markers; pancreatic myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels were measured and histology of the pancreas was assessed. In human pancreatic duct epithelial cells (HPDE) subjected to oxidative stress, PARP activation was measured by PAR Western blotting and cell viability and DNA integrity were quantified. In clinical samples, PARP activation was assessed by PAR (the enzymatic product of PARP) immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In male mice subjected to pancreatitis, olaparib (3 mg/kg i.p.) improved pancreatic function: it reduced pancreatic myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels, attenuated the plasma amylase levels, and improved the histological picture of the pancreas. It also attenuated the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IP-10, KC) but not MCP-1, RANTES, or the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Finally, it prevented the slight, but significant increase in plasma blood urea nitrogen level, suggesting improved renal function. The protective effect of olaparib was also confirmed in female mice. In HPDE cells subjected to oxidative stress olaparib (1 μM) inhibited PARP activity, protected against the loss of cell viability, and prevented the loss of cellular NAD levels. Olaparib, at 1μM to 30 μM did not have any adverse effects on DNA integrity. In human pancreatic samples from patients who died of pancreatitis, increased accumulation of PAR was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Olaparib improves organ function and tempers the hyperinflammatory response in pancreatitis. It also protects against pancreatic cell injury in vitro without adversely affecting DNA integrity. Repurposing and eventual clinical introduction of this clinically approved PARP inhibitor may be warranted for the experimental therapy of pancreatitis.
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Marchetti C, Tudisco R, Salutari V, Pietragalla A, Scambia G, Fagotti A. Neoadjuvant chemoteraphy in unresectable ovarian cancer with olaparib and weekly carboplatin plus paclitaxel: a phase II, open label multicenter study (NUVOLA trial). Int J Gynecol Cancer 2021; 31:1175-1178. [PMID: 34131041 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2021-002727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with interval debulking surgery represents an alternative treatment for advanced ovarian cancer. Currently, there are few data about the use of poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitors in the neoadjuvant setting. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the administration of olaparib in combination with standard chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting can improve tumor response. STUDY HYPOTHESIS The addition of a poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitor to standard chemotherapy will achieve a higher response rate in BRCA mutated patients compared with standard chemotherapy TRIAL DESIGN: This is a multicenter, phase II, single arm, open label trial. Eligible patients will receive three cycles of weekly carboplatin plus paclitaxel, and intermittent olaparib administration. Responding patients will undergo an interval debulking surgery with pathological evaluation of response to chemotherapy. MAJOR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Patients must have histologically confirmed International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages III-IV primary ovarian, peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancers, high grade serous or endometrioid histology, not suitable for primary cytoreductive surgery with a documented BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline and/or somatic mutation. PRIMARY ENDPOINT Rate of complete pathological response after three cycles of the experimental chemotherapy regimen. SAMPLE SIZE A total of 35 patients will be enrolled in the study. ESTIMATED DATES FOR COMPLETING ACCRUAL AND PRESENTING RESULTS Expected complete 42 accrual in January 2022, with presentation of results by June 2022. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04261465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marchetti
- Department of Woman, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Tudisco
- Department of Woman, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanda Salutari
- Department of Woman, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pietragalla
- Department of Woman, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Woman, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Fagotti
- Department of Woman, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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PARP inhibitor olaparib has a potential to increase the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy in BRCA1 mutated breast cancer in mice. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107832. [PMID: 33984694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT), a local therapy, has different effectiveness among tumor types. In breast cancer, its effectiveness is low; therefore, combined therapies are needed. The aim of our study was to combine ECT with PARP inhibitor olaparib, which could inhibit the repair of bleomycin or cisplatin induced DNA damage and potentiate the effectiveness of ECT. The effects of combined therapy were studied in BRCA1 mutated (HCC1937) and non-mutated (HCC1143) triple negative breast cancer cell lines. Therapeutic effectiveness was studied in 2D and 3D cell cultures and in vivo on subcutaneous HCC1937 tumor model in mice. The underlying mechanism of combined therapy was determined with the evaluation of γH2AX foci. Combined therapy of ECT with bleomycin and olaparib potentiated the effectiveness of ECT in BRCA1 mutated HCC1937, but not in non-mutated HCC1143 cells. The combined therapy had a synergistic effect, which was due to the increased number of DNA double strand breaks. Addition of olaparib to ECT with bleomycin in vivo in HCC1937 tumor model had only minimal effect, indicating repetitive olaparib treatment would be needed. This study demonstrates that DNA repair inhibiting drugs, like olaparib, have the potential to increase the effectiveness of ECT with bleomycin.
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Moutafi M, Economopoulou P, Rimm D, Psyrri A. PARP inhibitors in head and neck cancer: Molecular mechanisms, preclinical and clinical data. Oral Oncol 2021; 117:105292. [PMID: 33862558 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have revolutionized the treatment landscape in several cancers. PARPi increase DNA damage particularly in tumors with underlying defects in DNA repair. In addition to PARPi-induced DNA damage, PARPi enhance immune priming and induce adaptive upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are characterized by aberrant DNA repair pathways, including nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER) and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair and these deregulated repair mechanisms are implicated in both the pathogenesis of the disease and the outcome of therapy. Cisplatin represents the cornerstone of treatment of HNSCC and cisplatin resistance impedes successful treatment outcomes. To this end, research strategies that are testing modulation of cisplatin sensitivity by PARPi are of particular interest. Moreover, given the immune modulating effects of PARPi and the recent approval of Programmed Cell Death- 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitors in HNSCC, the design of trials combining PARPi and PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors represent a rational research strategy. In this review, we summarize data supporting the integration of PARP inhibitors into HNSCC therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Moutafi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Panagiota Economopoulou
- Section of Medical Oncology, 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Section of Medical Oncology, 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Dror CM, Wyatt AW, Chi KN. Olaparib for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2021; 17:2413-2429. [PMID: 33769071 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent innovations in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer have improved patient outcomes. Nonetheless, this disease remains fatal and additional treatment approaches are needed. Greater understanding of the molecular landscape of metastatic prostate cancer has revealed recurrent alterations in key pathways amenable to therapeutic targeting. One such pathway is DNA repair, particularly alterations in genes directly or indirectly associated with homologous recombination repair found in up to one-quarter of patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Olaparib, an inhibitor of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, has recently gained approval for the treatment of mCRPC harboring alterations in homologous recombination repair genes. This review will provide a summary of evidence regarding PARP inhibition in the treatment of mCRPC, with a specific focus on olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kim N Chi
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
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Jörg M, Madden KS. The right tools for the job: the central role for next generation chemical probes and chemistry-based target deconvolution methods in phenotypic drug discovery. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:646-665. [PMID: 34124668 PMCID: PMC8152813 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconnection of the scientific community with phenotypic drug discovery has created exciting new possibilities to develop therapies for diseases with highly complex biology. It promises to revolutionise fields such as neurodegenerative disease and regenerative medicine, where the development of new drugs has consistently proved elusive. Arguably, the greatest challenge in readopting the phenotypic drug discovery approach exists in establishing a crucial chain of translatability between phenotype and benefit to patients in the clinic. This remains a key stumbling block for the field which needs to be overcome in order to fully realise the potential of phenotypic drug discovery. Excellent quality chemical probes and chemistry-based target deconvolution techniques will be a crucial part of this process. In this review, we discuss the current capabilities of chemical probes and chemistry-based target deconvolution methods and evaluate the next advances necessary in order to fully support phenotypic screening approaches in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Katrina S Madden
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
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Sinha A, Katyal S, Kauppinen TM. PARP-DNA trapping ability of PARP inhibitors jeopardizes astrocyte viability: Implications for CNS disease therapeutics. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108502. [PMID: 33631119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging interest in the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in neurodegeneration and potential of its therapeutic targeting in neurodegenerative disorders. New generations of PARP inhibitors exhibit polypharmacological properties; they do not only block enzymatic activity with lower doses, but also alter how PARP-1 interacts with DNA. While these new inhibitors have proven useful in cancer therapy due to their ability to kill cancer cell, their use in neurodegenerative disorders has an opposite goal: cell protection. We hypothesize that newer generation PARP-1 inhibitors jeopardize the viability of dividing CNS cells by promoting DNA damage upon the PARP-DNA interaction. Using enriched murine astrocyte cultures, our study evaluates the effects of a variety of drugs known to inhibit PARP; talazoparib, olaparib, PJ34 and minocycline. Despite similar PARP enzymatic inhibiting activities, we show here that these drugs result in varied cell viability. Talazoparib and olaparib reduce astrocyte growth in a dose-dependent manner, while astrocytes remain unaffected by PJ34 and minocycline. Similarly, PJ34 and minocycline do not jeopardize DNA integrity, while treatment with talazoparib and olaparib promote DNA damage. These two drugs impact astrocytes similarly in basal conditions and upon nitrosative stress, a pathological condition typical for neurodegeneration. Mechanistic assessment revealed that talazoparib and olaparib promote PARP trapping onto DNA in a dose-dependent manner, while PJ34 and minocycline do not induce PARP-DNA trapping. This study provides unique insight into the selective use of PARP inhibitors to treat neurodegenerative disorders whereby inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity must occur without deleteriously trapping PARP onto DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada; Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, RM ON5010, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E0V9, Canada; Kleysen Institute for Advance Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Sachin Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada; Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, RM ON5010, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E0V9, Canada.
| | - Tiina M Kauppinen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada; Kleysen Institute for Advance Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
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Zhong S, Wu B, Yang W, Ge J, Zhang X, Chen Z, Duan H, He Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Li W, Liu N, Guo X, Mou Y. Effective natural inhibitors targeting poly ADP-ribose polymerase by computational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1898-1912. [PMID: 33486472 PMCID: PMC7880371 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT This study was designed to screen ideal lead compounds and drug candidates with an inhibitory effect on PARP from the drug library (ZINC database). RESULTS Two effective natural compounds ZINC000003938684 and ZINC000014811844 were found to bind to PARP in the ZINC database, showing a higher binding affinity. Also, they were predicted to have lower rodent carcinogenicity, Ames mutagenicity, developmental toxicity potential, and high tolerance to cytochrome P4502D6. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that ZINC000003938684 and ZINC000014811844 had a more favorable potential energies with PARP, which could exist stably in natural circumstances. CONCLUSION This study suggested that ZINC000003938684 and ZINC000014811844 were ideal potential inhibitors of PARP targeting. These compounds were safe drug candidates and had important implications for the design and improvement of CMET target drugs. METHODS A battery of computer-aided virtual techniques were used to identify potential inhibitors of PARP. LibDock is used for structure-based screening followed by ADME (absorption distribution, metabolic excretion) and toxicity prediction. Molecular docking was performed to demonstrate the binding affinity mechanism between the ligand and PARP. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to evaluate the stability of ligand-receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junliang Ge
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangheng Zhang
- Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghe Chen
- Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Duan
- Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang He
- Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibing Liu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Naimeng Liu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggao Mou
- Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Trusler O, Goodwin J, Laslett AL. BRCA1 and BRCA2 associated breast cancer and the roles of current modelling systems in drug discovery. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188459. [PMID: 33129865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For a drug candidate to be fully developed takes years and investment of hundreds of millions of dollars. There is no doubt that drug development is difficult and risky, but vital to protecting against devastating disease. This difficulty is clearly evident in BRCA1 and BRCA2 related breast cancer, with current treatment options largely confined to invasive surgical procedures, as well as chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimes which damage healthy tissue and can leave remnant disease. Consequently, patient survival and relapse rates are far from ideal, and new candidate treatments are needed. The preclinical stages of drug discovery are crucial to get right for translation to hospital beds. Disease models must take advantage of current technologies and be accurate for rapid and translatable treatments. Careful selection of cell lines must be coupled with high throughput techniques, with promising results trialled further in highly accurate humanised patient derived xenograft models. Traditional adherent drug screening should transition to 3D culture systems amenable to high throughput techniques if the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies is to be partially bridged. The possibility of organoid, induced pluripotent stem cell, and conditionally reprogrammed in vitro models is tantalising, however protocols are yet to be fully established. This review of BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer biology and current modelling systems will hopefully guide the design of future drug discovery endeavours and highlight areas requiring improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trusler
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob Goodwin
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew L Laslett
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Engineering Af1521 improves ADP-ribose binding and identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5199. [PMID: 33060572 PMCID: PMC7566600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates important cellular functions. The identification of modified proteins has proven challenging and has mainly been achieved via enrichment methodologies. Random mutagenesis was used here to develop an engineered Af1521 ADP-ribose binding macro domain protein with 1000-fold increased affinity towards ADP-ribose. The crystal structure reveals that two point mutations K35E and Y145R form a salt bridge within the ADP-ribose binding domain. This forces the proximal ribose to rotate within the binding pocket and, as a consequence, improves engineered Af1521 ADPr-binding affinity. Its use in our proteomic ADP-ribosylome workflow increases the ADP-ribosylated protein identification rates and yields greater ADP-ribosylome coverage. Furthermore, generation of an engineered Af1521 Fc fusion protein confirms the improved detection of cellular ADP-ribosylation by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Thus, this engineered isoform of Af1521 can also serve as a valuable tool for the analysis of cellular ADP-ribosylation under in vivo conditions.
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Yu C, Wang Z, Sun Z, Zhang L, Zhang W, Xu Y, Zhang JJ. Platinum-Based Combination Therapy: Molecular Rationale, Current Clinical Uses, and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13397-13412. [PMID: 32813515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platinum drugs are common in chemotherapy, but their clinical applications have been limited due to drug resistance and severe toxic effects. The combination of platinum drugs with other drugs with different mechanisms of anticancer action, especially checkpoint inhibitors, is increasingly popular. This combination is the leading strategy to improve the therapeutic efficiency and minimize the side effects of platinum drugs. In this review, we focus on the mechanistic basis of the combinations of platinum-based drugs with other drugs to inspire the development of more promising platinum-based combination regimens in clinical trials as well as novel multitargeting platinum drugs overcoming drug resistance and toxicities resulting from current platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zeren Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanwan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Curtin NJ, Szabo C. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition: past, present and future. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:711-736. [PMID: 32884152 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The process of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and the major enzyme that catalyses this reaction, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), were discovered more than 50 years ago. Since then, advances in our understanding of the roles of PARP1 in cellular processes such as DNA repair, gene transcription and cell death have allowed the investigation of therapeutic PARP inhibition for a variety of diseases - particularly cancers in which defects in DNA repair pathways make tumour cells highly sensitive to the inhibition of PARP activity. Efforts to identify and evaluate potent PARP inhibitors have so far led to the regulatory approval of four PARP inhibitors for the treatment of several types of cancer, and PARP inhibitors have also shown therapeutic potential in treating non-oncological diseases. This Review provides a timeline of PARP biology and medicinal chemistry, summarizes the pathophysiological processes in which PARP plays a role and highlights key opportunities and challenges in the field, such as counteracting PARP inhibitor resistance during cancer therapy and repurposing PARP inhibitors for the treatment of non-oncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Curtin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Wong NHM, So CWE. Novel therapeutic strategies for MLL-rearranged leukemias. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194584. [PMID: 32534041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MLL rearrangement is one of the key drivers and generally regarded as an independent poor prognostic marker in acute leukemias. The standard of care for MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) leukemias has remained largely unchanged for the past 50 years despite unsatisfying clinical outcomes, so there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that a vast number of epigenetic regulators are directly or indirectly involved in MLL-r leukemia, and they are responsible for supporting the aberrant gene expression program mediated by MLL-fusions. Unlike genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications can be reversed by pharmacologic targeting of the responsible epigenetic regulators. This leads to significant interest in developing epigenetic therapies for MLL-r leukemia. Intriguingly, many of the epigenetic enzymes also involve in DNA damage response (DDR), which can be potential targets for synthetic lethality-induced therapies. In this review, we will summarize some of the recent advances in the development of epigenetic and DDR therapeutics by targeting epigenetic regulators or protein complexes that mediate MLL-r leukemia gene expression program and key players in DDR that safeguard essential genome integrity. The rationale and molecular mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects will also be discussed with a focus on how these treatments can disrupt MLL-fusion mediated transcriptional programs and impair DDR, which may help overcome treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nok-Hei Mickey Wong
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Team, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Team, King's College London, London, UK.
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Francica P, Mutlu M, Blomen VA, Oliveira C, Nowicka Z, Trenner A, Gerhards NM, Bouwman P, Stickel E, Hekkelman ML, Lingg L, Klebic I, van de Ven M, de Korte-Grimmerink R, Howald D, Jonkers J, Sartori AA, Fendler W, Chapman JR, Brummelkamp T, Rottenberg S. Functional Radiogenetic Profiling Implicates ERCC6L2 in Non-homologous End Joining. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108068. [PMID: 32846126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using genome-wide radiogenetic profiling, we functionally dissect vulnerabilities of cancer cells to ionizing radiation (IR). We identify ERCC6L2 as a major determinant of IR response, together with classical DNA damage response genes and members of the recently identified shieldin and CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complexes. We show that ERCC6L2 contributes to non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and it may exert this function through interactions with SFPQ. In addition to causing radiosensitivity, ERCC6L2 loss restores DNA end resection and partially rescues homologous recombination (HR) in BRCA1-deficient cells. As a consequence, ERCC6L2 deficiency confers resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition in tumors deficient for both BRCA1 and p53. Moreover, we show that ERCC6L2 mutations are found in human tumors and correlate with a better overall survival in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT); this finding suggests that ERCC6L2 is a predictive biomarker of RT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Francica
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Merve Mutlu
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent A Blomen
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catarina Oliveira
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anika Trenner
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora M Gerhards
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elmer Stickel
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten L Hekkelman
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lea Lingg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ismar Klebic
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research (MCCA), Preclinical Intervention Unit, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renske de Korte-Grimmerink
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research (MCCA), Preclinical Intervention Unit, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denise Howald
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - J Ross Chapman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Thijn Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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49
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Verdaguer H, Acosta D, Macarulla T. A new targeted treatment for patients with a germline BRCA mutation: olaparib in pancreatic cancer. Future Oncol 2020; 16:2691-2700. [PMID: 32799562 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis. Focused efforts in the development of novel treatments of this disease have led to the approval of new combinations. Improvements in knowledge of the biology of these tumors have been made, and it is now widely accepted that a proportion of patients have potentially targetable altered genes. One such gene is BRCA, which confers sensibility to PARP inhibitors. Olaparib, an oral PARP inhibitor, initially demonstrated activity in Phase II clinical trials including germline BRCA-mutated patients. This was confirmed in a Phase III clinical trial in pancreatic cancer patients with a germline BRCA mutation. After the results of this study, new scenarios have been evoked. We review the development of olaparib in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Verdaguer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Daniel Acosta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
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50
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Kharat SS, Ding X, Swaminathan D, Suresh A, Singh M, Sengodan SK, Burkett S, Marks H, Pamala C, He Y, Fox SD, Buehler EC, Muegge K, Martin SE, Sharan SK. Degradation of 5hmC-marked stalled replication forks by APE1 causes genomic instability. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/645/eaba8091. [PMID: 32817374 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba8091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and BRCA deficiency is exploited to treat breast and ovarian tumors. However, resistance to PARP inhibitors (PARPis) is common. To identify potential resistance mechanisms, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in BRCA2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells and validation in KB2P1.21 mouse mammary tumor cells. We found that resistance to multiple PARPi emerged with reduced expression of TET2 (ten-eleven translocation), which promotes DNA demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethycytosine (5hmC) and other products. TET2 knockdown in BRCA2-deficient cells protected stalled replication forks (RFs). Increasing 5hmC abundance induced the degradation of stalled RFs in KB2P1.21 and human cancer cells by recruiting the base excision repair-associated apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1, independent of the BRCA2 status. TET2 loss did not affect the recruitment of the repair protein RAD51 to sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs) or the abundance of proteins associated with RF integrity. The loss of TET2, of its product 5hmC, and of APE1 recruitment to stalled RFs promoted resistance to the chemotherapeutic cisplatin. Our findings reveal a previously unknown role for the epigenetic mark 5hmC in maintaining the integrity of stalled RFs and a potential resistance mechanism to PARPi and cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas S Kharat
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xia Ding
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Divya Swaminathan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Akshey Suresh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Manish Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Satheesh K Sengodan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hanna Marks
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chinmayi Pamala
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yafeng He
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen D Fox
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Eugen C Buehler
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kathrin Muegge
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Scott E Martin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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