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Fang Y, Barrows D, Dabas Y, Carroll T, Singer S, Tap W, Nacev B. ATRX guards against aberrant differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:4950-4968. [PMID: 38477352 PMCID: PMC11109985 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the tumor suppressor ATRX are recurrently observed in mesenchymal neoplasms. ATRX has multiple epigenetic functions including heterochromatin formation and maintenance and regulation of transcription through modulation of chromatin accessibility. Here, we show in murine mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) that Atrx deficiency aberrantly activated mesenchymal differentiation programs. This includes adipogenic pathways where ATRX loss induced expression of adipogenic transcription factors and enhanced adipogenic differentiation in response to differentiation stimuli. These changes are linked to loss of heterochromatin near mesenchymal lineage genes together with increased chromatin accessibility and gains of active chromatin marks. We additionally observed depletion of H3K9me3 at transposable elements, which are derepressed including near mesenchymal genes where they could serve as regulatory elements. Finally, we demonstrated that loss of ATRX in a mesenchymal malignancy, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, results in similar epigenetic disruption and de-repression of transposable elements. Together, our results reveal a role for ATRX in maintaining epigenetic states and transcriptional repression in mesenchymal progenitors and tumor cells and in preventing aberrant differentiation in the progenitor context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065, USA
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Douglas Barrows
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065, USA
| | - Yakshi Dabas
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065, USA
| | - Sam Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065, USA
| | - Benjamin A Nacev
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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2
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Fang Y, Barrows D, Dabas Y, Carroll TS, Tap WD, Nacev BA. ATRX guards against aberrant differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552433. [PMID: 37609273 PMCID: PMC10441338 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the tumor suppressor ATRX are recurrently observed in several cancer types including sarcomas, which are mesenchymal neoplasms. ATRX has multiple epigenetic functions including heterochromatin formation and maintenance and regulation of transcription through modulation of chromatin accessibility. Here, we show in murine mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) that Atrx deficiency aberrantly activated mesenchymal differentiation programs. This includes adipogenic pathways where ATRX loss induced expression of adipogenic transcription factors (Pparγ and Cebpα) and enhanced adipogenic differentiation in response to differentiation stimuli. These changes are linked to loss of heterochromatin near mesenchymal lineage genes together with increased chromatin accessibility and gains of active chromatin marks at putative enhancer elements and promoters. Finally, we observed depletion of H3K9me3 at transposable elements, which are derepressed including near mesenchymal genes where they could serve as regulatory elements. Our results demonstrate that ATRX functions to buffer against differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor cells, which has implications for understanding ATRX loss of function in sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Douglas Barrows
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Yakshi Dabas
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - William D. Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Benjamin A. Nacev
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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3
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Role of MSC in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082107. [PMID: 32751163 PMCID: PMC7464647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment represents a dynamically composed matrix in which tissue-associated cancer cells are embedded together with a variety of further cell types to form a more or less separate organ-like structure. Constantly mutual interactions between cells of the tumor microenvironment promote continuous restructuring and growth in the tumor. A distinct organization of the tumor stroma also facilitates the formation of transient cancer stem cell niches, thereby contributing to progressive and dynamic tumor development. An important but heterogeneous mixture of cells that communicates among the cancer cells and the different tumor-associated cell types is represented by mesenchymal stroma-/stem-like cells (MSC). Following recruitment to tumor sites, MSC can change their functionalities, adapt to the tumor's metabolism, undergo differentiation and synergize with cancer cells. Vice versa, cancer cells can alter therapeutic sensitivities and change metastatic behavior depending on the type and intensity of this MSC crosstalk. Thus, close cellular interactions between MSC and cancer cells can eventually promote cell fusion by forming new cancer hybrid cells. Consequently, newly acquired cancer cell functions or new hybrid cancer populations enlarge the plasticity of the tumor and counteract successful interventional strategies. The present review article highlights some important features of MSC within the tumor stroma.
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4
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Oh IR, Raymundo B, Kim M, Kim CW. Mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with colorectal cancer cells showed increased invasive and proliferative abilities due to its altered p53/TGF-β1 levels. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:256-267. [PMID: 31601153 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1676692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling between cancer cells, their neighboring cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) forms the tumor microenvironment. The complex heterogeneity of this microenvironment varies depending on the tumor type and its origins. However, most of the existing cancer-based studies have focused on cancer cells. In this study, we used a direct co-culture system (cross-talk signaling) to induce cross-interaction between cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells. This induced deformation of MSCs. MSCs showed a diminished ability to maintain homeostasis. In particular, increase in the invasion ability of MSCs by TGF-β1 and decrease in p53, which plays a key role in cancer development, is an important discovery. It can thus be deduced that blocking these changes can effectively inhibit metastatic colorectal cancer. In conclusion, understanding the interactions and changes in MSCs associated with cancer will help develop novel therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Rok Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bernardo Raymundo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - MiJung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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5
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van der Velden DL, Houthuijzen JM, Roodhart JML, van Werkhoven E, Voest EE. Detection of endogenously circulating mesenchymal stem cells in human cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2516-2524. [PMID: 29992568 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can play a vital role in tumor progression and anticancer therapy response, as demonstrated by various in vitro and in vivo model systems. Their ability to home to developing tumors and modulate the tumor microenvironment, by suppressing T-cell responses and contributing to the tumor stroma, is suggested to have a significant impact on disease progression, metastasis formation, and therapy response. Most evidence, however, is derived from artificial models using exogenously administered MSCs. The contribution of endogenous MSCs to tumor progression is currently unclear. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted in humans. A prospective biomarker study was therefore undertaken in 40 human cancer patients and 10 healthy controls of similar age, aimed at (i) exploring and quantifying circulating MSC levels in healthy volunteers and patients with advanced malignancies, (ii) determining the variability of MSC levels between healthy volunteers and cancer patients with different histologic tumor types, and (iii) exploring biomarkers associated with MSC levels. Significantly increased levels of circulating MSC-like cells were observed in cancer patients when compared to healthy individuals (1.72 fold difference, 95% CI 1.03-2.81%, p = 0.03). In addition, prior systemic therapy was associated with a significant increase in MSC-like cells (1.73 fold difference, 95% CI 1.02-2.95, p = 0.04). These results indicate that the amount of endogenously circulating MSCs in humans is increased in response to cancer, and that systemic anticancer treatment can influence MSC levels. Further research is needed to determine whether MSCs have a predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne L van der Velden
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia M Houthuijzen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine M L Roodhart
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Werkhoven
- Biometrics Department, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emile E Voest
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Trivanović D, Krstić J, Jauković A, Bugarski D, Santibanez JF. Mesenchymal stromal cell engagement in cancer cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:359-367. [PMID: 28850772 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to coexistence of stromal and epithelial tumor cells, their dynamic interactions have been widely recognized as significant cellular components to the tumor tissue integrity. Initiation and outcome of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells are dependent on their interaction with adjacent or recruited mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). A plethora of mechanisms are involved in MSCs-controlled employment of the developmental processes of EMT that contribute to loss of epithelial cell phenotype and acquisition of stemness, invasiveness and chemoresistance of tumor cells. Interplay of MSCs with tumor cells, including interchange of soluble biomolecules, plasma membrane structures, cytoplasmic content, and organelles, is established through cell-cell contact and/or by means of paracrine signaling. The main focus of this review is to summarize knowledge about involvement of MSCs in cancer cell EMT. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the interplay between MSCs and cancer EMT is essential for development of effective therapy approaches, which in combination with current treatments may improve the control of tumor progression. Developmental Dynamics 247:359-367, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drenka Trivanović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Krstić
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Jauković
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Diana Bugarski
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Juan F Santibanez
- Group for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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7
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Sato S, Tang YJ, Wei Q, Hirata M, Weng A, Han I, Okawa A, Takeda S, Whetstone H, Nadesan P, Kirsch DG, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Mesenchymal Tumors Can Derive from Ng2/Cspg4-Expressing Pericytes with β-Catenin Modulating the Neoplastic Phenotype. Cell Rep 2016; 16:917-927. [PMID: 27425618 PMCID: PMC4963269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin for most mesenchymal tumors is unclear. One cell type that contributes to this lineages is the pericyte, a cell expressing Ng2/Cspg4. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrated that bone and soft tissue sarcomas driven by the deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor, or desmoid tumors driven by a mutation in Apc, can derive from cells expressing Ng2/Cspg4. Deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor gene in these cells resulted in the bone and soft tissue sarcomas that closely resemble human sarcomas, while stabilizing β-catenin in this same cell type caused desmoid tumors. Comparing expression between Ng2/Cspg4-expressing pericytes lacking Trp53 and sarcomas that arose from deletion of Trp53 showed inhibition of β-catenin signaling in the sarcomas. Activation of β-catenin inhibited the formation and growth of sarcomas. Thus, pericytes can be a cell of origin for mesenchymal tumors, and β-catenin dysregulation plays an important role in the neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sato
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental, University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuning J Tang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qingxia Wei
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Angela Weng
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Ilkyu Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental, University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Takeda
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Puvindran Nadesan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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8
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Parafioriti A, Bason C, Armiraglio E, Calciano L, Daolio PA, Berardocco M, Di Bernardo A, Colosimo A, Luksch R, Berardi AC. Ewing's Sarcoma: An Analysis of miRNA Expression Profiles and Target Genes in Paraffin-Embedded Primary Tumor Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050656. [PMID: 27144561 PMCID: PMC4881482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism responsible for Ewing’s Sarcoma (ES) remains largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs able to regulate gene expression, are deregulated in tumors and may serve as a tool for diagnosis and prediction. However, the status of miRNAs in ES has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study compared global miRNAs expression in paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples from 20 ES patients, affected by primary untreated tumors, with miRNAs expressed in normal human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) by microarray analysis. A miRTarBase database was used to identify the predicted target genes for differentially expressed miRNAs. The miRNAs microarray analysis revealed distinct patterns of miRNAs expression between ES samples and normal MSCs. 58 of the 954 analyzed miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in ES samples compared to MSCs. Moreover, the qRT-PCR analysis carried out on three selected miRNAs showed that miR-181b, miR-1915 and miR-1275 were significantly aberrantly regulated, confirming the microarray results. Bio-database analysis identified BCL-2 as a bona fide target gene of the miR-21, miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-497, miR-195, miR-let-7a, miR-34a and miR-1915. Using paraffin-embedded tissues from ES patients, this study has identified several potential target miRNAs and one gene that might be considered a novel critical biomarker for ES pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Parafioriti
- Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milano 20122, Italy.
| | - Caterina Bason
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Sezione di Medicina Interna B, Università di Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Armiraglio
- Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milano 20122, Italy.
| | - Lucia Calciano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Medicina di Comunità, Sezione di Epidemiologia e Statistica Medica, Università di Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Primo Andrea Daolio
- Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Chirurgia Ortopedica Oncologica, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milano 20122, Italy.
| | - Martina Berardocco
- Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Immunoematologia-Medicina Trasfusionale e Laboratorio di Ematologia, Laboratorio di Ricerca "Cellule Staminali" Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-Ospedale Santo Spirito, Pescara 65125, Italy.
| | - Andrea Di Bernardo
- Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milano 20122, Italy.
| | - Alessia Colosimo
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy.
| | - Roberto Luksch
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-(IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Anna C Berardi
- Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milano 20122, Italy.
- Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Immunoematologia-Medicina Trasfusionale e Laboratorio di Ematologia, Laboratorio di Ricerca "Cellule Staminali" Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-Ospedale Santo Spirito, Pescara 65125, Italy.
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9
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Harmsen S, Huang R, Wall MA, Karabeber H, Samii JM, Spaliviero M, White JR, Monette S, O'Connor R, Pitter KL, Sastra SA, Saborowski M, Holland EC, Singer S, Olive KP, Lowe SW, Blasberg RG, Kircher MF. Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering nanostars for high-precision cancer imaging. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:271ra7. [PMID: 25609167 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The inability to visualize the true extent of cancers represents a significant challenge in many areas of oncology. The margins of most cancer types are not well demarcated because the cancer diffusely infiltrates the surrounding tissues. Furthermore, cancers may be multifocal and characterized by the presence of microscopic satellite lesions. Such microscopic foci represent a major reason for persistence of cancer, local recurrences, and metastatic spread, and are usually impossible to visualize with currently available imaging technologies. An imaging method to reveal the true extent of tumors is desired clinically and surgically. We show the precise visualization of tumor margins, microscopic tumor invasion, and multifocal locoregional tumor spread using a new generation of surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) nanoparticles, which are termed SERRS nanostars. The SERRS nanostars feature a star-shaped gold core, a Raman reporter resonant in the near-infrared spectrum, and a primer-free silication method. In genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and sarcoma, and in one human sarcoma xenograft model, SERRS nanostars enabled accurate detection of macroscopic malignant lesions, as well as microscopic disease, without the need for a targeting moiety. Moreover, the sensitivity (1.5 fM limit of detection) of SERRS nanostars allowed imaging of premalignant lesions of pancreatic and prostatic neoplasias. High sensitivity and broad applicability, in conjunction with their inert gold-silica composition, render SERRS nanostars a promising imaging agent for more precise cancer imaging and resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Harmsen
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew A Wall
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hazem Karabeber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason M Samii
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Massimiliano Spaliviero
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julie R White
- Tri-Institutional Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Tri-Institutional Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rachael O'Connor
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenneth L Pitter
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephen A Sastra
- Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Saborowski
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division and Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenneth P Olive
- Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ronald G Blasberg
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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10
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Grisendi G, Spano C, D'souza N, Rasini V, Veronesi E, Prapa M, Petrachi T, Piccinno S, Rossignoli F, Burns JS, Fiorcari S, Granchi D, Baldini N, Horwitz EM, Guarneri V, Conte P, Paolucci P, Dominici M. Mesenchymal Progenitors Expressing TRAIL Induce Apoptosis in Sarcomas. Stem Cells 2015; 33:859-69. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Carlotta Spano
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Naomi D'souza
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Valeria Rasini
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Elena Veronesi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Malvina Prapa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Tiziana Petrachi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Serena Piccinno
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Jorge S. Burns
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Stefania Fiorcari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Donatella Granchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - Edwin M. Horwitz
- The Research Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT; Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS; Padova Italy
| | - Pierfranco Conte
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS; Padova Italy
| | - Paolo Paolucci
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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11
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Inagaki Y, Kashima TG, Hookway ES, Tanaka Y, Hassan AB, Oppermann U, Athanasou NA. Dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) is a marker of bone formation and mineralisation in soft tissue tumours. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:445-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Endoglin is a homodimeric cell membrane glycoprotein receptor for transforming growth factor β and bone morphogenetic proteins. Endoglin is essential for angiogenesis, being densely expressed on proliferating endothelial cells and upregulated during hypoxia. Its expression is implicated in development of resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition. TRC105 is an antibody that binds endoglin and prevents endothelial cell activation. Targeting endoglin and the VEGF pathway concurrently improves treatment in vitro and appears to reverse resistance to bevacizumab in some refractory cancer patients. Randomized trials are under way to assess the clinical benefit of adding TRC105 therapy to bevacizumab therapy. Further trials are under way to assess the activity of TRC105 with small-molecule inhibitors of the VEGF pathway in renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and soft tissue sarcoma. Stratification of soft tissue sarcomas based on endoglin expression levels is proposed to identify patients most likely to benefit from TRC105 treatment. The development of a TRC105 antibody-drug conjugate is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Rosen
- Hematology-Oncology, UCLA Medical Center Santa Monica, 2020 Santa Monica Blvd, Ste 600, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA,
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13
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Ambati SR, Lopes EC, Kosugi K, Mony U, Zehir A, Shah SK, Taldone T, Moreira AL, Meyers PA, Chiosis G, Moore MAS. Pre-clinical efficacy of PU-H71, a novel HSP90 inhibitor, alone and in combination with bortezomib in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:323-36. [PMID: 24388362 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is characterized by multiple deregulated pathways that mediate cell survival and proliferation. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a critical component of the multi-chaperone complexes that regulate the disposition and activity of a large number of proteins involved in cell-signaling systems. We tested the efficacy of PU-H71, a novel HSP90 inhibitor in Ewing sarcoma cell lines, primary samples, benign mesenchymal stromal cells and hematopoietic stem cells. We performed cell cycle analysis, clonogenic assay, immunoblot analysis and reverse phase protein array in Ewing cell lines and in vivo experiments in NSG and nude mice using the A673 cell line. We noted a significant therapeutic window in the activity of PU-H71 against Ewing cell lines and benign cells. PU-H71 treatment resulted in G2/M phase arrest. Exposure to PU-H71 resulted in depletion of critical proteins including AKT, pERK, RAF-1, c-MYC, c-KIT, IGF1R, hTERT and EWS-FLI1 in Ewing cell lines. Our results indicated that Ewing sarcoma tumor growth and the metastatic burden were significantly reduced in the mice injected with PU-H71 compared to the control mice. We also investigated the effects of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, alone and in combination with PU-H71 in Ewing sarcoma. Combination index (CI)-Fa plots and normalized isobolograms indicated synergism between PU-H71 and bortezomib. Ewing sarcoma xenografts were significantly inhibited when mice were treated with the combination compared to vehicle or either drug alone. This provides a strong rationale for clinical evaluation of PU-H71 alone and in combination with bortezomib in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth R Ambati
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Eloisi Caldas Lopes
- Department of Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kohji Kosugi
- Department of Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ullas Mony
- Department of Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Smit K Shah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tony Taldone
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul A Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Malcolm A S Moore
- Department of Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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14
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Talasila KM, Brekka N, Mangseth K, Stieber D, Evensen L, Rosland GV, Torsvik A, Wagner M, Niclou SP, Mahesparan R, Vintermyr OK, Bjerkvig R, Nigro JM, Miletic H. Tumor versus stromal cells in culture--survival of the fittest? PLoS One 2013; 8:e81183. [PMID: 24349039 PMCID: PMC3857854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the signature genetic events that occur in human gliomas, EGFR amplification and IDH mutation, are poorly represented in experimental models in vitro. EGFR amplification, for example, occurs in 40 to 50% of GBM, and yet, EGFR amplification is rarely preserved in cell cultures derived from human tumors. To analyze the fate of EGFR amplified and IDH mutated cells in culture, we followed the development over time of cultures derived from human xenografts in nude rats enriched for tumor cells with EGFR amplification and of cultures derived from patient samples with IDH mutations, in serum monolayer and spheroid suspension culture, under serum and serum free conditions. We observed under serum monolayer conditions, that nestin positive or nestin and SMA double positive rat stromal cells outgrew EGFR amplified tumor cells, while serum spheroid cultures preserved tumor cells with EGFR amplification. Serum free suspension culture exhibited a more variable cell composition in that the resultant cell populations were either predominantly nestin/SOX2 co-expressing rat stromal cells or human tumor cells, or a mixture of both. The selection for nestin/SMA positive stromal cells under serum monolayer conditions was also consistently observed in human oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas with IDH mutations. Our results highlight for the first time that serum monolayer conditions can select for stromal cells instead of tumor cells in certain brain tumor subtypes. This result has an important impact on the establishment of new tumor cell cultures from brain tumors and raises the question of the proper conditions for the growth of the tumor cell populations of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narve Brekka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjersti Mangseth
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Stieber
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Lasse Evensen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gro V. Rosland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anja Torsvik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marek Wagner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Olav K. Vintermyr
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Janice M. Nigro
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhang Y, Young ED, Bill K, Belousov R, Peng T, Lazar AJ, Pollock RE, Simmons PJ, Lev D, Kolonin MG. Heterogeneity and immunophenotypic plasticity of malignant cells in human liposarcomas. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:772-81. [PMID: 23770802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposarcomas are tumors arising in white adipose tissue (WAT) with avidity for local recurrence. Aggressive dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLS) may arise from well-differentiated subtypes (WDLS) upon disease progression, however, this key issue is unresolved due in large part to knowledge gaps about liposarcoma cellular composition. Here, we wished to improve insights into liposarcoma cellular hierarchy. Tumor section analysis indicated that the populations, distinguishable based on the expression of CD34 (a marker of adipocyte progenitors) and CD36 (a marker of adipocyte differentiation), occupy distinct intra-tumoral locations in both WDLS and DDLS. Taking advantage of these markers, we separated cells from a panel of fresh human surgical specimens by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Based on chromosome analysis and the culture phenotypes of the composing populations, we demonstrate that malignant cells comprise four mesenchymal populations distinguished by the expression of CD34 and CD36, while vascular (CD31+) and hematopoietic (CD45+) components are non-neoplastic. Finally, we show that mouse xenografts are derivable from both CD36-negative and CD36-positive DDLS cells, and that each population recreates the heterogeneity of CD36 expression in vivo. Combined, our results show that malignant cells in WDLS and DDLS can be classified according to distinct stages of adipogenesis and indicate immunophenotypic plasticity of malignant liposarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Lou E, Fujisawa S, Barlas A, Romin Y, Manova-Todorova K, Moore MAS, Subramanian S. Tunneling Nanotubes: A new paradigm for studying intercellular communication and therapeutics in cancer. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 5:399-403. [PMID: 23060969 PMCID: PMC3460850 DOI: 10.4161/cib.20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes are actin-based cytoplasmic extensions that function as intercellular channels in a wide variety of cell types.There is a renewed and keen interest in the examination of modes of intercellular communication in cells of all types, especially in the field of cancer biology. Tunneling nanotubes –which in the literature have also been referred to as “membrane nanotubes,” “’intercellular’ or ‘epithelial’ bridges,” or “cytoplasmic extensions” – are under active investigation for their role in facilitating direct intercellular communication. These structures have not, until recently, been scrutinized as a unique and previously unrecognized form of direct cell-to-cell transmission of cellular cargo in the context of human cancer. Our recent study of tunneling nanotubes in human malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinomas demonstrated efficient transfer of cellular contents, including proteins, Golgi vesicles, and mitochondria, between cells derived from several well-established cancer cell lines. Further, we provided effective demonstration that such nanotubes can form between primary malignant cells from human patients. For the first time, we also demonstrated the in vivo relevance of these structures in humans, having effectively imaged nanotubes in intact solid tumors from patients. Here we provide further analysis and discussion on our findings, and offer a prospective ‘road map’ for studying tunneling nanotubes in the context of human cancer. We hope that further understanding of the mechanisms, methods of transfer, and particularly the role of nanotubes in tumor-stromal cross-talk will lead to identification of new selective targets for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology; Oncology and Transplantation; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis, MN USA
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17
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Burns JS, Safwat A, Grisendi G, Kassem M, Dominici M. Sarcomas as a mise en abyme of mesenchymal stem cells: exploiting interrelationships for cell mediated anticancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:1-10. [PMID: 22659735 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mise en abyme meaning "placed into abyss or infinite recurrence" is an apt paradigm for the relentless growth of sarcoma cells. Its alternative meaning, "self-reflexive embedding" fits the central role attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs). Diversely sourced and defined, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be the cells of sarcoma origin, evolve a CSC phenotype and/or contribute to tumor growth through inherent qualities for homing, neovascularization, paracrine cross-feeding, microvesicle secretion, cell fusion, entosis and immune modulation. Exploiting these qualities, MSC expressing modified forms of the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) are being developed to complement more conventional radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Burns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Advanced Cancer Therapies, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Disease, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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18
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Hedgehog and Notch Signaling Regulate Self-Renewal of Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcomas. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1013-22. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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