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Ishihara Y, Nakamura K, Nakagawa S, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto M, Furukawa T, Kawahara K. Nucleolar Stress Response via Ribosomal Protein L11 Regulates Topoisomerase Inhibitor Sensitivity of P53-Intact Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415986. [PMID: 36555627 PMCID: PMC9784028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar stress response is caused by perturbations in ribosome biogenesis, induced by the inhibition of ribosomal RNA processing and synthesis, as well as ribosome assembly. This response induces p53 stabilization and activation via ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11), suppressing tumor progression. However, anticancer agents that kill cells via this mechanism, and their relationship with the therapeutic efficiency of these agents, remain largely unknown. Here, we sought to investigate whether topoisomerase inhibitors can induce nucleolar stress response as they reportedly block ribosomal RNA transcription. Using rhabdomyosarcoma and rhabdoid tumor cell lines that are sensitive to the nucleolar stress response, we evaluated whether nucleolar stress response is associated with sensitivity to topoisomerase inhibitors ellipticine, doxorubicin, etoposide, topotecan, and anthracyclines. Cell proliferation assay indicated that small interfering RNA-mediated RPL11 depletion resulted in decreased sensitivity to topoisomerase inhibitors. Furthermore, the expression of p53 and its downstream target proteins via western blotting showed the suppression of p53 pathway activation upon RPL11 knockdown. These results suggest that the sensitivity of cancer cells to topoisomerase inhibitors is regulated by RPL11-mediated nucleolar stress responses. Thus, RPL11 expression may contribute to the prediction of the therapeutic efficacy of topoisomerase inhibitors and increase their therapeutic effect of topoisomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ishihara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kiyoshiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Masatatsu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5490
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Hu X, Li J, Zhang H, Yu Q, Wang Y, Li X, Long L, Jiang W, Wang Z. Discovery of dual inhibitors of topoisomerase I and Cyclooxygenase-2 for colon cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Ruiz-Bañobre J, Goel A. Genomic and epigenomic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: From diagnosis to therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 151:231-304. [PMID: 34148615 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Despite ongoing efforts aimed at increasing screening for CRC and early detection, and development of more effective therapeutic regimens, the overall morbidity and mortality from this malignancy remains a clinical challenge. Therefore, identifying and developing genomic and epigenomic biomarkers that can improve CRC diagnosis and help predict response to current therapies are of paramount importance for improving survival outcomes in CRC patients, sparing patients from toxicity associated with current regimens, and reducing the economic burden associated with these treatments. Although efforts to develop biomarkers over the past decades have achieved some success, the recent availability of high-throughput analytical tools, together with the use of machine learning algorithms, will likely hasten the development of more robust diagnostic biomarkers and improved guidance for clinical decision-making in the coming years. In this chapter, we provide a systematic and comprehensive overview on the current status of genomic and epigenomic biomarkers in CRC, and comment on their potential clinical significance in the management of patients with this fatal malignancy, including in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ruiz-Bañobre
- Medical Oncology Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), CIBERONC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), CIBERONC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
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4
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Mei C, Lei L, Tan LM, Xu XJ, He BM, Luo C, Yin JY, Li X, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. The role of single strand break repair pathways in cellular responses to camptothecin induced DNA damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Fu Q, Yang F, Liao M, Feeney NJ, Deng K, Serifis N, Wei L, Yang H, Chen K, Deng S, Markmann JF. Rap GTPase Interactor: A Potential Marker for Cancer Prognosis Following Kidney Transplantation. Front Oncol 2019; 9:737. [PMID: 31448237 PMCID: PMC6692533 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant (post-Tx) kidney cancer has become the second-highest cause of death in kidney recipients. Late diagnosis and treatment are the main reasons for high mortality. Further research into early diagnosis and potential treatment is therefore required. In this current study, through genome-wide RNA-Seq profile analysis of post-Tx malignant blood samples and post-Tx non-malignant control blood samples (CTRL-Tx), we found Rap GTPase Interactor (RADIL) and Aprataxin (APTX) to be the most meaningful markers for cancer diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the RADIL-APTX signature model was 0.92 (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the AUC of RADIL alone was 0.91 (P < 0.0001) and that of APTX was 0.81 (P = 0.001). Additionally, using a semi-supervised method, we found that RADIL alone could better predict malignancies in kidney transplantation recipients than APTX alone. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that RADIL was expressed significantly higher in the early stages (I and II) of kidney, liver, stomach, and pancreatic cancer, suggesting the potential use of RADIL in early diagnosis. Multivariable Cox regression analysis found that RADIL together with other factors (including age, stage III, stage IV and CD8+ T cells) play a key role in kidney cancer development. Among those factors, RADIL could promote kidney cancer development (HR > 1, P < 0.05) while CD8+ T cells could inhibit kidney cancer development (HR < 1, P < 0.05). RADIL may be a new immunotherapy target for kidney cancer post kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Organ Transplantation Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Women and Children Health Care Center of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Minxue Liao
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Noel J Feeney
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Deng
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nikolaos Serifis
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Liang Wei
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongji Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Organ Transplantation Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - James F Markmann
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Ruiz-Bañobre J, Kandimalla R, Goel A. Predictive Biomarkers in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:PO.18.00260. [PMID: 32914007 PMCID: PMC7446314 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The development and use of predictive biomarkers to guide treatment decisions are paramount not only for improving survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), but also for sparing them from unnecessary toxicity and reducing the economic burden of expensive treatments. We conducted a systematic review of published studies and evaluated the predictive biomarker landscape in the mCRC setting from a molecular and clinical viewpoint. METHODS Studies analyzing predictive biomarkers for approved therapies in patients with mCRC were identified systematically using electronic databases. Preclinical studies and those providing no relevant information were excluded. RESULTS A total of 173 studies comprising 148 biomarkers were selected for final analysis. Of all the biomarkers analyzed, 1.4% (two of 148) were explored in a prospective manner, whereas 98.6% (146 of 148) were evaluated in retrospective studies. Of the latter group, 78.8% (115 of 146) were not tested in subsequent phases, 9.6% (14 of 146) were tested in other retrospective cohorts, 8.9% (13 of 146) were retrospectively tested in at least one or more randomized cohorts, and only 2.7% (four of 146) were prospectively tested in a clinical trial. Finally, only 1.4% (two of 148) were validated sufficiently and are recognized as biomarkers for guiding treatment decision making in patients with mCRC. These markers were RAS mutational status for anti-EGFR antibodies and microsatellite instability status for anti-programmed cell death-1 drugs. CONCLUSION Despite notable efforts to identify predictive biomarkers for various therapies used in the mCRC setting, because of a lack of data beyond retrospective studies and successful biomarker-driven approaches, only two molecular biomarkers have thus far found their translation into the clinic, highlighting the imperative need for implementing novel strategies and additional research in this clinically important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ruiz-Bañobre
- Arquitecto Marcide University Hospital, Ferrol, Spain
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- ONCOMET, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, CIBERONC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Ajay Goel
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Pataer A, Shao R, Correa AM, Behrens C, Roth JA, Vaporciyan AA, Wistuba II, Swisher SG. Major pathologic response and RAD51 predict survival in lung cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2405-2414. [PMID: 29673125 PMCID: PMC6010873 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we determined that major pathologic response (MPR) as indicated by the percentage of residual viable tumor cells predicted overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this study, we assessed whether two genes and five protein biomarkers could predict MPR and OS in 98 patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We collected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of resected NSCLC tumors from 98 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We identified mutations in KRAS and EGFR genes using pyrosequencing and examined the expression of protein markers VEGFR2, EZH2, ERCC1, RAD51, and PKR using immunohistochemistry. We assessed whether gene mutation status or protein expression was associated with MPR or OS. We observed that KRAS mutation tended to be associated with OS (P = .06), but EGFR mutation was not associated with OS. We found that patients with high RAD51 expression levels had a poorer prognosis than did those with low RAD51 expression. We also observed that RAD51 expression was associated with MPR. MPR and RAD51 expression were associated with OS in univariate and multivariate analyses (P = .04 and P = .02, respectively). Combination of MPR with RAD51 is a significant predictor of prognosis in patients with NSCLC who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We demonstrated that MPR or RAD51 expression was associated with OS in patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prediction of a patient's prognosis could be improved by combined assessment of MPR and RAD51 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apar Pataer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ruping Shao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Arlene M. Correa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Jack A. Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ara A. Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Stephen G. Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
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8
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Horton JK, Stefanick DF, Çağlayan M, Zhao ML, Janoshazi AK, Prasad R, Gassman NR, Wilson SH. XRCC1 phosphorylation affects aprataxin recruitment and DNA deadenylation activity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 64:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Wang X, Li Q, Jin H, Zou H, Xia W, Dai N, Dai XY, Wang D, Xu CX, Qing Y. miR-424 acts as a tumor radiosensitizer by targeting aprataxin in cervical cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77508-77515. [PMID: 27769049 PMCID: PMC5363600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that some dysregulated miRNAs are involved in radioresistance of tumor cells. Here, we identified significantly decreased miR-424 expression in radioresistant cervical cancer cells and specimens from cervical cancer patients with radioresistance compared to their radiosensitive parental cells and specimens from radiosensitive patients, respectively. Ectopic expression of miR-424 significantly increased radiation-induced DNA damage, cell apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in radioresistant cervical cancer cells. Notably, miR-424 agomiR treatment can sensitize radioresistant cervical cancer cells to radiation in a xenograft model. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-424 regulated radiosensitivity by directly targeting aprataxin. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-424 acts as a radiosensitizing miRNA and reveal a new therapeutic strategy for radioresistant cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hua Zou
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Nan Dai
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dai
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Cheng-Xiong Xu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yi Qing
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Shen J, Kong W, Wu Y, Ren H, Wei J, Yang Y, Yang Y, Yu L, Guan W, Liu B. Plasma mRNA as liquid biopsy predicts chemo-sensitivity in advanced gastric cancer patients. J Cancer 2017; 8:434-442. [PMID: 28261345 PMCID: PMC5332895 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers based individualized chemotherapy can improve efficacy. However, for those advanced patients, it may be impossible to obtain the tissues from operation. Tissues from biopsy may not be always enough for gene detection. Thus, biomarker from blood could be a non-invasive and useful tool to provide real-time information in the procedure of treatment. To further understand the role of plasma mRNA in chemo-efficiency prediction, several mRNA expression levels were assessed in plasma and paired tumor tissues from 133 locally advanced gastric cancer patients (stage III), and mRNA levels were correlated with chemosensitivity to docetaxel, pemetrexed, platinum, and irinotecan. mRNA expression level in 64 advanced gastric cancer patients (stage IV) was also examined (55 in test group, and 9 in control), and chemotherapy in the test group were given according to the plasma gene detection. As a result, in the 133 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (Stage III), correlations were observed between the mRNA expression of plasma/tumor BRCA1 levels and docetaxel sensitivity (P<0.001), plasma/tumor TS and pemetrexed sensitivity (P<0.001), plasma/tumor BRCA1 and platinum sensitivity (plasma, P=0.016; tumor, P<0.001), and plasma/tumor TOPO1 and irinotecan sensitivity (plasma, P=0.015; tumor, P=0.011). Among another 64 patients with advanced cancer (Stage IV), the median OS of test group was 15.5m (95% CI=10.1 to 20.9m), the PFS was 9.1m (95% CI=8.0 to 10.2m), which were significant longer than the control (P=0.047 for OS, P=0.038 for PFS). The mortality risk was higher in the control than patients treated according to the plasma gene detection (HR in the control=2.34, 95% CI=0.93 to 5.88, P=0.071). Plasma mRNA as liquid biopsy could be ideal recourse for examination to predict chemo-sensitivity in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Weiwei Kong
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuanna Wu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Yang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210008, China
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Palshof JA, Høgdall EVS, Poulsen TS, Linnemann D, Jensen BV, Pfeiffer P, Tarpgaard LS, Brünner N, Stenvang J, Yilmaz M, Nielsen DL. Topoisomerase I copy number alterations as biomarker for irinotecan efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:48. [PMID: 28077117 PMCID: PMC5225543 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No biomarker exists to guide the optimal choice of chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. We examined the copy numbers (CN) of topoisomerase I (TOP1) as well as the ratios of TOP1/CEN-20 and TOP1/CEN-2 as biomarkers for irinotecan efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods From a national cohort, we identified 163 patients treated every third week with irinotecan 350 mg/m2 as second-line therapy. Among these 108 were eligible for analyses and thus entered the study. Primary tumors samples were collected and tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were produced. FISH analysis was performed using two probe-mixes: TOP1/CEN-20 and TOP1/CEN-2. Only samples harboring all three signals (TOP1, CEN-20 and CEN-2) using FISH were included in the analyses. Results In the TOP1/CEN-20 probe-mix the median TOP1- and CEN-20 CN were 4.46 (range: 1.5–9.5) and 2.00 (range: 0.55–4.55), respectively. The median TOP1- and CEN-2 CN in the TOP1/CEN-2 probe-mix, were 4.57 (range: 1.82–10.43) and 1.98 (range: 1.22–6.14), respectively. The median TOP1/CEN-20 ratio and TOP1/CEN-2 ratio were 1.25 (range: 0.92–2.90) and 2.05 (range: 1.00–6.00), respectively. None of the markers TOP1 CN, TOP1/CEN-20-ratio or TOP1/CEN-2-ratio were associated with progression free survival, overall survival or baseline characteristics. Yet, we observed a borderline association for a stepwise increase of the TOP1 CN in relation to objective response as hazard ratio were 1.35 (95% CI 0.96–1.90; p = 0.081). Conclusions We verified a borderline significant association between increasing TOP1 CN and objective response as previously reported. Applying the probes representing CEN-20 and CEN-2, in order to investigate the ratios of TOP1/CEN-20 and TOP1/CEN-2 provided no further information in search of a biomarker driven patient stratification. Other biomarkers to be paired with TOP1 CN are therefore highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Andreas Palshof
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Estrid Vilma Solyom Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Tim Svenstrup Poulsen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Dorte Linnemann
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Benny Vittrup Jensen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Line Schmidt Tarpgaard
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Nils Brünner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Stenvang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Yilmaz
- Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Lisbet Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
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12
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Abstract
Schlafen-11 (SLFN11) showed a highly significant positive correlation with the response of topoisomerase inhibitors in cancer cell lines derived from prostate, lung, etc. However, this finding has not been validated in colorectal cancers (CRCs). Although irinotecan (CPT-11), a topoisomerase inhibitor, is one of the most important drugs in the treatment of advanced and/or metastatic CRC, resistance is a critical drawback to its clinical effectiveness. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of SLFN11 in the response of CRC cell lines to SN-38 (an active CPT-11 metabolite) treatment. Western blotting was used to measure protein expression levels of SLFN11 in human CRC cell lines. Then, SLFN11 expression was modulated by transfecting human CRC cell lines with vectors carrying the SLFN11 gene or specific SLFN11 small interfering RNAs. The effects of SN-38 treatment on CRC cells with different SLFN11 expression levels were detected, including inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. This study showed that SLFN11 expression varied between the CRC cell lines and high-level SLFN11 expression promoted SN-38-induced antiproliferative activity, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Our results suggest that SLFN11 plays a key role in cell cycle arrest and/or induction of apoptosis in response to exogenous SN-38-induced DNA damage and might be used as a new predictive biomarker for CRC treatment.
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Nicolas E, Arora S, Zhou Y, Serebriiskii IG, Andrake MD, Handorf ED, Bodian DL, Vockley JG, Dunbrack RL, Ross EA, Egleston BL, Hall MJ, Golemis EA, Giri VN, Daly MB. Systematic evaluation of underlying defects in DNA repair as an approach to case-only assessment of familial prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:39614-33. [PMID: 26485759 PMCID: PMC4741850 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk assessment for prostate cancer is challenging due to its genetic heterogeneity. In this study, our goal was to develop an operational framework to select and evaluate gene variants that may contribute to familial prostate cancer risk. Drawing on orthogonal sources, we developed a candidate list of genes relevant to prostate cancer, then analyzed germline exomes from 12 case-only prostate cancer patients from high-risk families to identify patterns of protein-damaging gene variants. We described an average of 5 potentially disruptive variants in each individual and annotated them in the context of public databases representing human variation. Novel damaging variants were found in several genes of relevance to prostate cancer. Almost all patients had variants associated with defects in DNA damage response. Many also had variants linked to androgen signaling. Treatment of primary T-lymphocytes from these prostate cancer patients versus controls with DNA damaging agents showed elevated levels of the DNA double strand break (DSB) marker γH2AX (p < 0.05), supporting the idea of an underlying defect in DNA repair. This work suggests the value of focusing on underlying defects in DNA damage in familial prostate cancer risk assessment and demonstrates an operational framework for exome sequencing in case-only prostate cancer genetic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjeevani Arora
- Programs in Molecular Therapeutics Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Programs in Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilya G. Serebriiskii
- Programs in Molecular Therapeutics Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mark D. Andrake
- Programs in Molecular Therapeutics Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Dale L. Bodian
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Joseph G. Vockley
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Roland L. Dunbrack
- Programs in Molecular Therapeutics Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric A. Ross
- Programs in Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian L. Egleston
- Programs in Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Hall
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Programs in Molecular Therapeutics Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veda N. Giri
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary B. Daly
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Predictive and prognostic markers in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): personalized medicine at work. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2015; 29:43-60. [PMID: 25475572 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article clarifies prognostic and predictive markers in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Multiple chemotherapeutic drugs are approved for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), but available guidelines are often not helpful in directing drug selections. It would be desirable to define patient populations before chemotherapy by biomarkers that predict outcome and toxicities. RAS mutational evaluation remains the only established biomarker analysis in the treatment of mCRC. BRAF mutant tumors are associated with poor outcome. Chemotherapeutic combination therapies still remain the most active treatments in the armamentarium, and future trials should address the need to prospectively investigate and validate biomarkers.
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15
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Bazzocco S, Dopeso H, Carton-Garcia F, Macaya I, Andretta E, Chionh F, Rodrigues P, Garrido M, Alazzouzi H, Nieto R, Sanchez A, Schwartz S, Bilic J, Mariadason JM, Arango D. Highly Expressed Genes in Rapidly Proliferating Tumor Cells as New Targets for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3695-704. [PMID: 25944804 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical management of colorectal cancer patients has significantly improved because of the identification of novel therapeutic targets such as EGFR and VEGF. Because rapid tumor proliferation is associated with poor patient prognosis, here we characterized the transcriptional signature of rapidly proliferating colorectal cancer cells in an attempt to identify novel candidate therapeutic targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The doubling time of 52 colorectal cancer cell lines was determined and genome-wide expression profiling of a subset of these lines was assessed by microarray analysis. We then investigated the potential of genes highly expressed in cancer cells with faster growth as new therapeutic targets. RESULTS Faster proliferation rates were associated with microsatellite instability and poorly differentiated histology. The expression of 1,290 genes was significantly correlated with the growth rates of colorectal cancer cells. These included genes involved in cell cycle, RNA processing/splicing, and protein transport. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) were shown to have higher expression in faster growing cell lines and primary tumors. Pharmacologic or siRNA-based inhibition of GAPDH or PPOX reduced the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, using a mouse xenograft model, we show that treatment with the specific PPOX inhibitor acifluorfen significantly reduced the growth of three of the seven (42.8%) colon cancer lines investigated. CONCLUSIONS We have characterized at the transcriptomic level the differences between colorectal cancer cells that vary in their growth rates, and identified novel candidate chemotherapeutic targets for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bazzocco
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Higinio Dopeso
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Carton-Garcia
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irati Macaya
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Andretta
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fiona Chionh
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Melbourne-Austin Branch and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miriam Garrido
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hafid Alazzouzi
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocio Nieto
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez
- Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain. Departament d'Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simo Schwartz
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain. Group of Drug Delivery and Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josipa Bilic
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - John M Mariadason
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Melbourne-Austin Branch and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
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16
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Meisenberg C, Gilbert DC, Chalmers A, Haley V, Gollins S, Ward SE, El-Khamisy SF. Clinical and cellular roles for TDP1 and TOP1 in modulating colorectal cancer response to irinotecan. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:575-85. [PMID: 25522766 PMCID: PMC4340569 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. Despite surgery, up to 50% of patients relapse with incurable disease. First-line chemotherapy uses the topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) poison irinotecan, which triggers cell death by trapping TOP1 on DNA. The removal of TOP1 peptide from TOP1-DNA breaks is conducted by tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). Despite putative roles for TDP1 and TOP1 in colorectal cancer, their role in cellular and clinical responses to TOP1-targeting therapies remains unclear. Here, we show varying expression levels of TOP1 and TDP1 polypeptides in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines and in clinical colorectal cancer samples. TDP1 overexpression or TOP1 depletion is protective. Conversely, TDP1 depletion increases DNA-strand breakage and hypersensitivity to irinotecan in a TOP1-dependent manner, presenting a potential therapeutic opportunity in colorectal cancer. TDP1 protein levels correlate well with mRNA and with TDP1 catalytic activity. However, no correlation is observed between inherent TDP1 or TOP1 levels alone and irinotecan sensitivity, pointing at their limited utility as predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer. These findings establish TDP1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer and question the validity of TOP1 or TDP1 on their own as predictive biomarkers for irinotecan response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Meisenberg
- The Wellcome Trust DNA Repair Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan C Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vikki Haley
- Faculty of Science, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gollins
- North Wales Cancer Treatment Centre, Betsi Cadwaladr University of Health Board, Ysbty Glan Clwyd, Bodelwyddan, Rhyl, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Ward
- Translational Drug Discovery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- The Wellcome Trust DNA Repair Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom. Mammalian Genome Stability Group, Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Center of Genomics, Helmy Institute, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
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Nagel ZD, Chaim IA, Samson LD. Inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity: a need for multi-pathway functional assays to promote translational DNA repair research. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 19:199-213. [PMID: 24780560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Why does a constant barrage of DNA damage lead to disease in some individuals, while others remain healthy? This article surveys current work addressing the implications of inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity for human health, and discusses the status of DNA repair assays as potential clinical tools for personalized prevention or treatment of disease. In particular, we highlight research showing that there are significant inter-individual variations in DNA repair capacity (DRC), and that measuring these differences provides important biological insight regarding disease susceptibility and cancer treatment efficacy. We emphasize work showing that it is important to measure repair capacity in multiple pathways, and that functional assays are required to fill a gap left by genome wide association studies, global gene expression and proteomics. Finally, we discuss research that will be needed to overcome barriers that currently limit the use of DNA repair assays in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Wang L, Xie L, Wang J, Shen J, Liu B. Correlation between the methylation of SULF2 and WRN promoter and the irinotecan chemosensitivity in gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:173. [PMID: 24359226 PMCID: PMC3877991 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, no study has compared the correlation between SULF2, WRN promoter methylation and clinicopathological parameters of patients with gastric cancer and the sensitivity to irinotecan (CPT-11). Methods We collected 102 fresh tumor tissues from pathologically diagnosed gastric carcinoma patients. Methylation specific PCR was used to detect the promoter methylation of SULF2 and WRN. The chemosensitivity of irinotecan to gastric tomor was tested by MTT. Then we compared the chemosensitivity difference of the methylated group with unmethylated group. Results The rates of SULF2, WRN methylation were 28.3% (29/102) and 23.6% (24/102), separately. Patients with SULF2 methylation were more sensitive to CPT-11 than those without SULF2 methylation (P < 0.01). Patients with both SULF2 and WRN methylation were also more sensitive to CPT-11 than others ( P < 0.05). Conclusion SULF2 and WRN promoter methylation detection indicates potential predictive biomarkers to identify and target the most sensitive gastric cancer subpopulation for personalized CPT-11 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Ogino S, Liao X, Imamura Y, Yamauchi M, McCleary NJ, Ng K, Niedzwiecki D, Saltz LB, Mayer RJ, Whittom R, Hantel A, Benson AB, Mowat RB, Spiegelman D, Goldberg RM, Bertagnolli MM, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS. Predictive and prognostic analysis of PIK3CA mutation in stage III colon cancer intergroup trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1789-98. [PMID: 24231454 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic mutations in PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphonate 3-kinase [PI3K], catalytic subunit alpha gene) activate the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and contribute to pathogenesis of various malignancies, including colorectal cancer. METHODS We examined associations of PIK3CA oncogene mutation with relapse, survival, and treatment efficacy in 627 stage III colon carcinoma case subjects within a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial (5-fluorouracil and leucovorin [FU/LV] vs irinotecan [CPT11], fluorouracil and leucovorin [IFL]; Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89803 [Alliance]). We detected PIK3CA mutation in exons 9 and 20 by polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess prognostic and predictive role of PIK3CA mutation, adjusting for clinical features and status of routine standard molecular pathology features, including KRAS and BRAF mutations and microsatellite instability (mismatch repair deficiency). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Compared with PIK3CA wild-type cases, overall status of PIK3CA mutation positivity or the presence of PIK3CA mutation in either exon 9 or 20 alone was not statistically significantly associated with recurrence-free, disease-free, or overall survival (log-rank P > .70; P > .40 in multivariable regression models). There was no statistically significant interaction between PIK3CA and KRAS (or BRAF) mutation status in survival analysis (P(interaction) > .18). PIK3CA mutation status did not appear to predict better or worse response to IFL therapy compared with FU/LV therapy (P(interaction) > .16). CONCLUSIONS Overall tumor PIK3CA mutation status is not associated with stage III colon cancer prognosis. PIK3CA mutation does not appear to serve as a predictive tumor molecular biomarker for response to irinotecan-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (SO, XL, YI, MY, NJM, KN, RJM, JAM, CSF); Department of Pathology (SO), Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (DS, CSF), and Department of Surgery (MMB), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (SO); Department of Epidemiology (SO, DS) and Department of Biostatistics (DS) , Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (DN); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (LBS); Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada (RW); Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL (AH); current: Edward Cancer Center, Naperville, IL (AH); Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (ABB); Toledo Community Hospital Oncology Program, Toledo, OH (RBM); Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH (RMG)
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20
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Weiss GJ, Liang WS, Demeure MJ, Kiefer JA, Hostetter G, Izatt T, Sinari S, Christoforides A, Aldrich J, Kurdoglu A, Phillips L, Benson H, Reiman R, Baker A, Marsh V, Von Hoff DD, Carpten JD, Craig DW. A pilot study using next-generation sequencing in advanced cancers: feasibility and challenges. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76438. [PMID: 24204627 PMCID: PMC3813699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE New anticancer agents that target a single cell surface receptor, up-regulated or amplified gene product, or mutated gene, have met with some success in treating advanced cancers. However, patients' tumors still eventually progress on these therapies. If it were possible to identify a larger number of targetable vulnerabilities in an individual's tumor, multiple targets could be exploited with the use of specific therapeutic agents, thus possibly giving the patient viable therapeutic alternatives. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this exploratory study, we used next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) including whole genome sequencing (WGS), and where feasible, whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) to identify genomic events and associated expression changes in advanced cancer patients. RESULTS WGS on paired tumor and normal samples from nine advanced cancer patients and WTS on six of these patients' tumors was completed. One patient's treatment was based on targets and pathways identified by NGS and the patient had a short-lived PET/CT response with a significant reduction in his tumor-related pain. To design treatment plans based on information garnered from NGS, several challenges were encountered: NGS reporting delays, communication of results to out-of-state participants and their treating oncologists, and chain of custody handling for fresh biopsy samples for Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) target validation. CONCLUSION While the initial effort was a slower process than anticipated due to a variety of issues, we demonstrate the feasibility of using NGS in advanced cancer patients so that treatments for patients with progressing tumors may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen J. Weiss
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center Clinical Trials at Scottsdale Healthcare (VGPCC), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Winnie S. Liang
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Demeure
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center Clinical Trials at Scottsdale Healthcare (VGPCC), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeff A. Kiefer
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Galen Hostetter
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tyler Izatt
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shripad Sinari
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alexis Christoforides
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jessica Aldrich
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ahmet Kurdoglu
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lori Phillips
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Hollie Benson
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Reiman
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Angela Baker
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Vickie Marsh
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center Clinical Trials at Scottsdale Healthcare (VGPCC), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Von Hoff
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center Clinical Trials at Scottsdale Healthcare (VGPCC), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John D. Carpten
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David W. Craig
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
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Bellstedt P, Seiboth T, Häfner S, Kutscha H, Ramachandran R, Görlach M. Resonance assignment for a particularly challenging protein based on systematic unlabeling of amino acids to complement incomplete NMR data sets. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 57:65-72. [PMID: 23943084 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
NMR-based structure determination of a protein requires the assignment of resonances as indispensable first step. Even though heteronuclear through-bond correlation methods are available for that purpose, challenging situations arise in cases where the protein in question only yields samples of limited concentration and/or stability. Here we present a strategy based upon specific individual unlabeling of all 20 standard amino acids to complement standard NMR experiments and to achieve unambiguous backbone assignments for the fast precipitating 23 kDa catalytic domain of human aprataxin of which only incomplete standard NMR data sets could be obtained. Together with the validation of this approach utilizing the protein GB1 as a model, a comprehensive insight into metabolic interconversion ("scrambling") of NH and CO groups in a standard Escherichia coli expression host is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellstedt
- Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Synergistic anticancer effects of polyphyllin I and evodiamine on freshly-removed human gastric tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65164. [PMID: 23762305 PMCID: PMC3676398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was designed to examine the anticancer effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine of polyphyllin I (PPI) and evodiamine (EVO) on freshly–removed gastric tumor tissues. Methods Sixty freshly–removed gastric tumor tissues were collected. Their sensitivity to PPI, EVO, platinum (Pt), 5-FU, irinotecan (CPT-11) were determined by histoculture drug response assay (HDRA). Those samples were also formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, which were used to examine the mRNA expression levels of aprataxin(APTX), excision repair cross-complementing 1(ERCC1), thymidylate synthase(TS) and topoisomerase I(TOPO1) by quantitative RT-PCR. The association of the gene expression levels and in vitro sensitivity were analyzed. Results PPI, EVO, Pt, 5-FU and CPT-11 had anticancer effects on the freshly-removed gastric tumor tissues with average inhibition rates of 20.64%±14.25% for PPI, 21.14%±13.43% for EVO, 50.57%±22.37% for Pt, 53.54%±22.03% for 5-FU, and 39.33%±24.79% for CPT-11, respectively. Combination of PPI and Pt, EVO and Pt, EVO and 5-FU had higher inhibition rates than any single drug of them (P<0.001, P = 0.028, P = 0.017, respectively). The mRNA expression levels of ERCC1 were correlated with Pt sensitivity (rho = −0.645, P<0.001); the mRNA expression levels of TS were correlated with 5-FU sensitivity (rho = −0.803, P<0.001). There were also weak but significant correlations between APTX mRNA expression levels and CPT-11 sensitivity (rho = −0.376, P = 0.017) or EVO sensitivity (rho = −0.322, P = 0.036). ERCC1 mRNA expression levels was markedly suppressed by the presentation of PPI (P = 0.001) and slightly suppressed by the presentation of EVO (P = 0.04); whereas, TS mRNA expression levels was markedly decreased by the presentation of EVO (P = 0.017) and slightly decreased by the presentation of PPI (P = 0.047). Conclusion PPI and EVO both could inhibit the activity of freshly-removed gastric tumor, and they could enhance the anticancer effect of Pt and 5-FU by reducing the mRNA expression levels of ERCC1 and TS.
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Shen J, Wei J, Wang H, Yue G, Yu L, Yang Y, Xie L, Zou Z, Qian X, Ding Y, Guan W, Liu B. A three-gene signature as potential predictive biomarker for irinotecan sensitivity in gastric cancer. J Transl Med 2013; 11:73. [PMID: 23517622 PMCID: PMC3639168 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Personalized chemotherapy based on molecular biomarkers can maximize anticancer efficiency. We aim to investigate predictive biomarkers capable of predicting response to irinotecan-based treatment in gastric cancer. Methods We examined gene expression of APTX, BRCA1, ERCC1, ISG15, Topo1 and methylation of SULF2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric cancer tissues from 175 patients and evaluated the association between gene expression levels or methylation status and in vitro sensitivity to irinotecan. We used multiple linear regression analysis to develop a gene-expression model to predict irinotecan sensitivity in gastric cancer and validated this model in vitro and vivo. Results Gene expression levels of APTX, BRCA1 and ERCC1 were significantly lower in irinotecan-sensitive gastric cancer samples than those irinotecan-resistant samples (P < 0.001 for all genes), while ISG15 (P = 0.047) and Topo1 (P = 0.002) were significantly higher. Based on those genes, a three-gene signature were established, which was calculated as follows: Index =0.488 - 0.020× expression level of APTX + 0.015× expression level of Topo1 - 0.011 × expression level of BRCA1. The three-gene signature was significantly associated with irinotecan sensitivity (rho = 0.71, P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of irinotecan sensitivity based on the three-gene signature reached 73% and 86%, respectively. In another independent testing set, the irinotecan inhibition rates in gastric samples with sensitive-signature were much higher than those with resistant-signature (65% vs. 22%, P < 0.001). Irinotecan therapy with 20 mg/kg per week to immunodeficient mice carrying xenografts with sensitive-signature dramatically arrested the growth of tumors (P < 0.001), but had no effect on mice carrying xenografts with resistant-signature. Conclusions The three-gene signature established herein is a potential predictive biomarker for irinotecan sensitivity in gastric cancer.
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Ogino S, Shima K, Meyerhardt JA, McCleary NJ, Ng K, Hollis D, Saltz LB, Mayer RJ, Schaefer P, Whittom R, Hantel A, Benson AB, Spiegelman D, Goldberg RM, Bertagnolli MM, Fuchs CS. Predictive and prognostic roles of BRAF mutation in stage III colon cancer: results from intergroup trial CALGB 89803. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:890-900. [PMID: 22147942 PMCID: PMC3271172 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alterations in the RAS-RAF-MAP2K (MEK)-MAPK signaling pathway are major drivers in colorectal carcinogenesis. In colorectal cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), and typically predicts inferior prognosis. We examined the effect of BRAF mutation on survival and treatment efficacy in patients with stage III colon cancer. METHODS We assessed status of BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation and MSI in 506 stage III colon cancer patients enrolled in a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial [5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FU/LV) vs. irinotecan (CPT11), FU and LV (IFL); CALGB 89803]. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the prognostic role of BRAF mutation, adjusting for clinical features, adjuvant chemotherapy arm, and MSI status. RESULTS Compared with 431 BRAF wild-type patients, 75 BRAF-mutated patients experienced significantly worse overall survival [OS; log-rank P = 0.015; multivariate HR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.05-2.63]. By assessing combined status of BRAF and MSI, it seemed that BRAF-mutated MSS (microsatellite stable) tumor was an unfavorable subtype, whereas BRAF wild-type MSI-high tumor was a favorable subtype, and BRAF-mutated MSI-high tumor and BRAF wild-type MSS tumor were intermediate subtypes. Among patients with BRAF-mutated tumors, a nonsignificant trend toward improved OS was observed for IFL versus FU/LV arm (multivariate HR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.25-1.10). Among patients with BRAF wild-type cancer, IFL conferred no suggestion of benefit beyond FU/LV alone (multivariate HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.72-1.46). CONCLUSIONS BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer. Additional studies are necessary to assess whether there is any predictive role of BRAF mutation for irinotecan-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Abstract
The topoisomerase I (Top 1) poison irinotecan is an important component of the modern treatment of colorectal cancer. By stabilising Top 1-DNA complexes, irinotecan generates Top 1-linked DNA single-strand breaks that can evolve into double-strand breaks and ultimately cause cell death. However, cancer cells may overcome cell killing by releasing the stalled topoisomerase from DNA termini, thereby reducing the efficacy of Top 1 poisons in clinics. Thus, understanding the DNA repair mechanisms involved in the repair of Top 1-mediated DNA damage provides a useful tool to identify potential biomarkers that predict response to this class of chemotherapy. Furthermore, targeting these pathways could enhance the therapeutic benefits of Top 1 poisons. In this review, we describe the cellular mechanisms and consequences of targeting Top 1 activity in cells. We summarise preclinical data and discuss the potential clinical utility of small-molecule inhibitors of the key proteins.
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Structure of an aprataxin-DNA complex with insights into AOA1 neurodegenerative disease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:1189-95. [PMID: 21984210 PMCID: PMC3210380 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA ligases finalize DNA replication and repair through DNA nick-sealing reactions that can abort to generate cytotoxic 5'-adenylation DNA damage. Aprataxin (Aptx) catalyzes direct reversal of 5'-adenylate adducts to protect genome integrity. Here the structure of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe Aptx-DNA-AMP-Zn(2+) complex reveals active site and DNA interaction clefts formed by fusing a histidine triad (HIT) nucleotide hydrolase with a DNA minor groove-binding C(2)HE zinc finger (Znf). An Aptx helical 'wedge' interrogates the base stack for sensing DNA ends or DNA nicks. The HIT-Znf, the wedge and an '[F/Y]PK' pivot motif cooperate to distort terminal DNA base-pairing and direct 5'-adenylate into the active site pocket. Structural and mutational data support a wedge-pivot-cut HIT-Znf catalytic mechanism for 5'-adenylate adduct recognition and removal and suggest that mutations affecting protein folding, the active site pocket and the pivot motif underlie Aptx dysfunction in the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 1 (AOA1).
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Jalal S, Earley JN, Turchi JJ. DNA repair: from genome maintenance to biomarker and therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6973-84. [PMID: 21908578 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A critical link exists between an individual's ability to repair cellular DNA damage and cancer development, progression, and response to therapy. Knowledge gained about the proteins involved and types of damage repaired by the individual DNA repair pathways has led to the development of a variety of assays aimed at determining an individual's DNA repair capacity. These assays and their use in the analysis of clinical samples have yielded useful though somewhat conflicting data. In this review article, we discuss the major DNA repair pathways, the proteins and genes required for each, assays used to analyze activity, and the relevant clinical studies to date. With the recent results from clinical trials targeting specific DNA repair proteins for the treatment of cancer, accurate, reproducible, and relevant analysis of DNA repair takes on an even greater significance. We highlight the strengths and limitations of these DNA repair studies and assays, with respect to the clinical assessment of DNA repair capacity to determine cancer development and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia Jalal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Topoisomerase I expression in tumors as a biological marker for CPT-11 chemosensitivity in patients with colorectal cancer. Surg Today 2011; 41:1196-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-011-4546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kim JE, Hong YS, Ryu MH, Lee JL, Chang HM, Lim SB, Kim JH, Jang SJ, Kim MJ, Yu CS, Kang YK, Kim JC, Kim TW. Association between deficient mismatch repair system and efficacy to irinotecan-containing chemotherapy in metastatic colon cancer. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1706-11. [PMID: 21679278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) and efficacy outcomes of irinotecan-based first-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Among 297 patients with sporadic mCRC receiving an irinotecan-containing regimen as first-line chemotherapy, 197 with available paraffin-embedded tissues were included in the current analysis. Tumors displaying loss of MMR protein (MLH1 or MSH2) and/or a microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) genotype by PCR were classified as dMMR. Deficient mismatch repair was found in 23 evaluable tumors, among which eight displayed negativity for MLH1 expression, 11 for MSH2 expression, and four for both. The overall response rate was 47.2% (46.0% in proficient MMR (pMMR) and 56.5% in dMMR), with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.569). Median progression-free survival was 8.85 months in patients with dMMR tumors and 6.82 months in patients with pMMR tumors, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.089). Median overall survival was not different between the two groups (P = 0.413). Efficacy outcomes of first-line irinotecan-based chemotherapy did not differ significantly between mCRC patients with pMMR and those with dMMR. Our data collectively indicate that MMR status is not effective as a single predictive marker for response to irinotecan-based chemotherapy in mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Martin J, St-Pierre MV, Dufour JF. Hit proteins, mitochondria and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:626-32. [PMID: 21316334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The histidine triad (HIT) superfamily comprises proteins that share the histidine triad motif, His-ϕ-His-ϕ-His-ϕ-ϕ, where ϕ is a hydrophobic amino acid. HIT proteins are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. HIT proteins bind nucleotides and exert dinucleotidyl hydrolase, nucleotidylyl transferase or phosphoramidate hydrolase enzymatic activity. In humans, 5 families of HIT proteins are recognized. The accumulated epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that two branches of the superfamily, the HINT (Histidine Triad Nucleotide Binding) members and FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad), have tumor suppressor properties but a conclusive physiological role can still not be assigned to these proteins. Aprataxin forms another discrete branch of the HIT superfamily, is implicated in DNA repair mechanisms and unlike the HINT and FHIT members, a defective protein can be conclusively linked to a disease, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1. The scavenger mRNA decapping enzyme, DcpS, forms a fourth branch of the HIT superfamily. Finally, the GalT enzymes, which exert specific nucleoside monophosphate transferase activity, form a fifth branch that is not implicated in tumorigenesis. The molecular mechanisms by which the HINT and FHIT proteins participate in bioenergetics of cancer are just beginning to be unraveled. Their purported actions as tumor suppressors are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Martin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Visceral Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
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