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Guo Q, Jin Y, Lin M, Zeng C, Zhang J. NF-κB signaling in therapy resistance of breast cancer: Mechanisms, approaches, and challenges. Life Sci 2024; 348:122684. [PMID: 38710275 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, and radiotherapy are all effective in destroying tumor cells, but they also activate the defense and protection systems of cancer cells, leading to treatment resistance. Breast cancer is characterized by a highly inflammatory tumor microenvironment. The NF-κB pathway is essential for connecting inflammation and cancer, as well as for tumor growth and therapy resistance. An increase in NF-κB signaling boosts the growth potential of breast cancer cells and facilitates the spread of tumors to bone, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which chemotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, and radiotherapy induce breast cancer resistance through NF-κB signaling. Additionally, we investigate therapeutic regimens, including single agents or in combination with target inhibitors, plant extracts, nanomedicines, and miRNAs, that have been reported in clinical trials, in vivo, and in vitro to reverse resistance. In particular, NF-κB inhibitors combined with tamoxifen were shown to significantly increase the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Combination therapy of miRNA-34a with doxorubicin was also found to synergistically inhibit the progression of doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer by inhibiting Notch/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizi Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxi Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Zhang L, Wu M, Su R, Zhang D, Yang G. The efficacy and mechanism of proteasome inhibitors in solid tumor treatment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:268-283. [PMID: 34856915 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666211202154536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is critical in cellular protein degradation and widely involved in the regulations of cancer hallmarks. Targeting the UPS pathway has emerged as a promising novel treatment in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. OBJECTIVE This review mainly focuses on the preclinical results of proteasome inhibitors in solid tumors. METHODS We analyzed the published articles associated with the anticancer results of proteasome inhibitors alone or combination chemotherapy in solid tumors. Important data presented in abstract form were also discussed in this review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib and carfilzomib, are highly effective in treating solid tumors. The anticancer efficacy is not limited to affect the proteasomal inhibition-associated signaling pathways but also widely involves the signaling pathways related to cell cycle, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, proteasome inhibitors overcome the conventional chemo-resistance of standard chemotherapeutics by inhibiting signaling pathways, such as NF-κB or PI3K/Akt. Combination chemotherapy of proteasome inhibitors and standard chemotherapeutics are widely investigated in multiple relapsed or chemo-resistant solid tumor types, such as breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. The proteasome inhibitors re-sensitize the standard chemotherapeutic regimens and induce synergistic anticancer effects. The development of novel proteasome inhibitors and delivery systems also improves the proteasome inhibitors' anticancer efficacy in solid tumors. This review summarizes the current preclinical results of proteasome inhibitors in solid tumors and reveals the potential anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118. China
| | - Mengyang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118. China
| | - Ruicong Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118. China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118. China
| | - Guilian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118. China
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3
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Zhu Z, Zheng Z, Liu J. Comparison of COVID-19 and Lung Cancer via Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling. Front Oncol 2021; 11:708263. [PMID: 34277453 PMCID: PMC8283805 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.708263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and lung cancer are two severe pulmonary diseases that cause millions of deaths globally each year. Understanding the dysregulated signaling pathways between them can benefit treating the related patients. Recent studies suggest the critical role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both diseases, indicating an interplay between them. Here we reviewed references showing that ROS and ROS-associated signaling pathways, specifically via NRF2, HIF-1, and Nf-κB pathways, may bridge mutual impact between COVID-19 and lung cancer. As expected, typical ROS-associated inflammation pathways (HIF-1 and Nf-κB) are activated in both diseases. The activation of both pathways in immune cells leads to an overloading immune response and exacerbates inflammation in COVID-19. In lung cancer, HIF-1 activation facilitates immune escape, while Nf-κB activation in T cells suppresses tumor growth. However, the altered NRF2 pathway show opposite trends between them, NRF2 pathways exert immunosuppressive effects in both diseases, as it represses the immune response in COVID-19 patients while facilitates the immune escape of tumor cells. Furthermore, we summarized the therapeutic targets (e.g., phytochemicals) on these ROS pathways. In sum, our review focus on the understanding of ROS Signaling in COVID-19 and lung cancer, showing that modulating ROS signaling pathways may alleviate the potentially mutual impacts between COVID-19 and lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Ziyi Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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Rajagopal K, Sri VB, Byran G, Gomathi S. Pyrazole Substituted 9-Anilinoacridines as HER2 Inhibitors Targeting Breast Cancer - An In-Silico Approach. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 14:61-72. [PMID: 34139975 DOI: 10.2174/2589977513666210617160302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the malignant tumours which mainly affect the female population. Total 20% of the cases of breast cancer are due to overexpression of Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), which is the dominant tyrosine kinase receptor. In general, 9-anilinoacridine derivatives play an important role as antitumor agents due to their DNA-intercalating properties. OBJECTIVE Some novel 9-anilinoacridines substituted with pyrazole moiety(1a-z) were designed, and their HER2enzyme (PDB id-3PP0) inhibition activity was evaluated by molecular docking studies using the Glide module of Schrodinger suite 2019-4. METHODS Glide module of the Schrodinger suite was used to perform docking studies, qikprop module was used for in-silico ADMET screening, and the Prime-MM-GBSA module was used for free binding energy calculations. Using GLIDE scoring functions, we can determine the binding affinity of ligands (1a-z) towards HER2. RESULTS The inhibitory activity of ligands against HER2 was mainly due to the strong hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Almost all the compounds 1a-z have a good binding affinity with Glide scores in the range of -4.9 to -9.75 compared to the standard drugs CK0403(-4.105) and Tamoxifen (-3.78). From the results of in-silico ADMET properties, most of the compounds fall within the recommended values. MM-GBSA binding calculations of the most potent inhibitors are more favourable. CONCLUSION The results of in-silico studies provide strong evidence for the consideration of valuable ligands in pyrazole substituted 9-anilinoacridines as potential HER2 inhibitors, and the compounds, 1v,s,r,d, a,o with significant Glide scores may produce significant anti-breast cancer activity for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalirajan Rajagopal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty 643001, [JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research-(Deemed to be University)], The Nilgiris (Tamilnadu), India
| | - Vulsi Bodhya Sri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty 643001, [JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research-(Deemed to be University)], The Nilgiris (Tamilnadu), India
| | - Gowramma Byran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty 643001, [JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research-(Deemed to be University)], The Nilgiris (Tamilnadu), India
| | - Swaminathan Gomathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty 643001, [JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research-(Deemed to be University)], The Nilgiris (Tamilnadu), India
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Mercogliano MF, Bruni S, Elizalde PV, Schillaci R. Tumor Necrosis Factor α Blockade: An Opportunity to Tackle Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:584. [PMID: 32391269 PMCID: PMC7189060 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the principal cause of mortality by malignancy in women and represents a main problem for public health worldwide. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose expression is increased in a variety of cancers. In particular, in breast cancer it correlates with augmented tumor cell proliferation, higher malignancy grade, increased occurrence of metastasis and general poor prognosis for the patient. These characteristics highlight TNFα as an attractive therapeutic target, and consequently, the study of soluble and transmembrane TNFα effects and its receptors in breast cancer is an area of active research. In this review we summarize the recent findings on TNFα participation in luminal, HER2-positive and triple negative breast cancer progression and metastasis. Also, we describe TNFα role in immune response against tumors and in chemotherapy, hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy and anti-immune checkpoint therapy resistance in breast cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the use of TNFα blocking strategies as potential therapies and their clinical relevance for breast cancer. These TNFα blocking agents have long been used in the clinical setting to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. TNFα blockade can be achieved by monoclonal antibodies (such as infliximab, adalimumab, etc.), fusion proteins (etanercept) and dominant negative proteins (INB03). Here we address the different effects of each compound and also analyze the use of potential biomarkers in the selection of patients who would benefit from a combination of TNFα blocking agents with HER2-targeted treatments to prevent or overcome therapy resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Mercogliano
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica de Proteínas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Bruni
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia V Elizalde
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kalirajan R, Pandiselvi A, Gowramma B, Balachandran P. In-silico Design, ADMET Screening, MM-GBSA Binding Free Energy of Some Novel Isoxazole Substituted 9-Anilinoacridines as HER2 Inhibitors Targeting Breast Cancer. Curr Drug Res Rev 2019; 11:118-128. [PMID: 31513003 DOI: 10.2174/2589977511666190912154817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Epidermal development factor Receptor-2 (HER2) is a membrane tyrosine kinase which is overexpressed and gene amplified in human breast cancers. HER2 amplification and overexpression have been linked to important tumor cell proliferation and survival pathways for 20% of instances of breast cancer. 9-aminoacridines are significant DNA-intercalating agents because of their antiproliferative properties. OBJECTIVE Some novel isoxazole substituted 9-anilinoacridines(1a-z) were designed by in-silico technique for their HER2 inhibitory activity. Docking investigations of compounds 1a-z are performed against HER2 (PDB id-3PP0) by using Schrodinger suit 2016-2. METHODS Molecular docking study for the designed molecules 1a-z are performed by Glide module, in-silico ADMET screening by QikProp module and binding free energy by Prime-MMGBSA module of Schrodinger suit. The binding affinity of designed molecules 1a-z towards HER2 was chosen based on GLIDE score. RESULTS Many compounds showed good hydrophobic communications and hydrogen bonding associations to hinder HER2. The compounds 1a-z, aside from 1z have significant Glide scores in the scope of - 4.91 to - 10.59 when compared with the standard Ethacridine (- 4.23) and Tamoxifen (- 3.78). The in-silico ADMET properties are inside the suggested about drug likeness. MM-GBSA binding of the most intense inhibitor is positive. CONCLUSION The outcomes reveal that this study provides evidence for the consideration of isoxazole substituted 9-aminoacridine derivatives as potential HER2 inhibitors. The compounds, 1s,x,v,a,j,r with significant Glide scores may produce significant anti breast cancer activity and further in vitro and in vivo investigations may prove their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal Kalirajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research-(Deemed to be University), Udhagamandalam - 643001 (Tamilnadu), India
| | - Arumugasamy Pandiselvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research-(Deemed to be University), Udhagamandalam - 643001 (Tamilnadu), India
| | - Byran Gowramma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research-(Deemed to be University), Udhagamandalam - 643001 (Tamilnadu), India
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Demirdöğen RE, Emen FM, Ocakoglu K, Murugan P, Sudesh K, Avşar G. Green Nanotechnology for Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) nanoparticles for sustained bortezomib release using supercritical CO2 assisted particle formation combined with electrodeposition. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:436-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Leucovorin Enhances the Anti-cancer Effect of Bortezomib in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:682. [PMID: 28386133 PMCID: PMC5429730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cancer type worldwide. 5-fluorouracil, often given with leucovorin, is the most commonly used drug in colorectal cancer chemotherapy, yet development of drug resistance to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer cells is the primary cause of chemotherapy failure. Most patients receiving intravenous 5-fluorouracil develop side effects. Leucovorin, due to its vitamin-like profile, has few side-effects. Drug repurposing is the application of approved drugs to treat new indications. In this study, we performed a novel drug-repurposing screening to identify Food and Drug Administration-approved chemotherapeutic compounds possessing synergistic activity with leucovorin against colorectal cancer cells. We found that the combination of bortezomib and leucovorin enhanced caspase activation and increased apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells better than either agent alone. Further, the synergistic induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor growth were also observed in mouse colorectal cancer xenografts. These data support leucovorin enhances the anti-cancer effect of bortezomib and present this novel combinatorial treatment against colorectal cancer.
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Mercogliano MF, De Martino M, Venturutti L, Rivas MA, Proietti CJ, Inurrigarro G, Frahm I, Allemand DH, Deza EG, Ares S, Gercovich FG, Guzmán P, Roa JC, Elizalde PV, Schillaci R. TNFα-Induced Mucin 4 Expression Elicits Trastuzumab Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:636-648. [PMID: 27698002 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although trastuzumab administration improved the outcome of HER2-positive breast cancer patients, resistance events hamper its clinical benefits. We demonstrated that TNFα stimulation in vitro induces trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines. Here, we explored the mechanism of TNFα-induced trastuzumab resistance and the therapeutic strategies to overcome it. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cells, genetically engineered to stably overexpress TNFα, and de novo trastuzumab-resistant tumors, were used to evaluate trastuzumab response and TNFα-blocking antibodies effectiveness respectively. Immunohistochemistry and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), together with siRNA strategy, were used to explore TNFα influence on the expression and function of its downstream target, mucin 4 (MUC4). The clinical relevance of MUC4 expression was studied in a cohort of 78 HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab. RESULTS TNFα overexpression turned trastuzumab-sensitive cells and tumors into resistant ones. Histopathologic findings revealed mucin foci in TNFα-producing tumors. TNFα induced upregulation of MUC4 that reduced trastuzumab binding to its epitope and impaired ADCC. Silencing MUC4 enhanced trastuzumab binding, increased ADCC, and overcame trastuzumab and trastuzumab-emtansine antiproliferative effects in TNFα-overexpressing cells. Accordingly, administration of TNFα-blocking antibodies downregulated MUC4 and sensitized de novo trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells and tumors to trastuzumab. In HER2-positive breast cancer samples, MUC4 expression was found to be an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS We identified TNFα-induced MUC4 expression as a novel trastuzumab resistance mechanism. We propose MUC4 expression as a predictive biomarker of trastuzumab efficacy and a guide to combination therapy of TNFα-blocking antibodies with trastuzumab. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 636-48. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Mercogliano
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mara De Martino
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Venturutti
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Cecilia J Proietti
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Isabel Frahm
- Servicio de Patología, Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Allemand
- Unidad de Patología Mamaria, Hospital General de Agudos "Juan A. Fernández," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Sandra Ares
- Instituto Oncológico Henry Moore, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Pablo Guzmán
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Juan C Roa
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Pathology. Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Patricia V Elizalde
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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RANKL Signaling and ErbB Receptors in Breast Carcinogenesis. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:839-850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kanzaki H, Mukhopadhya NK, Cui X, Ramanujan VK, Murali R. Trastuzumab-Resistant Luminal B Breast Cancer Cells Show Basal-Like Cell Growth Features Through NF-κB-Activation. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 35:1-11. [PMID: 26871511 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2015.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A major clinical problem in the treatment of breast cancer is mortality due to metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with metastasis should aid in designing new therapeutic approaches for breast cancer. Trastuzumab is the main therapeutic option for HER2+ breast cancer patients; however, the molecular basis for trastuzumab resistance (TZR) and subsequent metastasis is not known. Earlier, we found expression of basal-like molecular markers in TZR tissues from patients with invasive breast cancer.(( 1 )) The basal-like phenotype is a particularly aggressive form of breast cancer. This observation suggests that TZR might contribute to an aggressive phenotype. To understand if resistance to TZR can lead to basal-like phenotype, we generated a trastuzumab-resistant human breast cancer cell line (BT-474-R) that maintained human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and HER2 mediated signaling. Analysis showed that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was constitutively activated in the BT-474-R cells, a feature similar to the basal-like tumor phenotype. Pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB improved sensitivity of BT-474-R cells to trastuzumab. Interestingly, activation of HER2 independent NF-κB is not shown in luminal B breast cancer cells. Our study suggests that by activating the NF-κB pathway, luminal B cells may acquire a HER2+ basal-like phenotype in which NF-κB is constitutively activated; this notion is consistent with the recently proposed "progression through grade" or "evolution of resistance" hypothesis. Furthermore, we identified IKK-α/IKK-β and nuclear accumulation of RelA/p65 as the major determinants in the resistant cells. Thus our study additionally suggests that the nuclear accumulation of p65 may be a useful marker for identifying metastasis-initiating tumor cells and targeting RelA/p65 may limit metastasis of breast and other cancers associated with NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kanzaki
- 1 Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,5 Current address: Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital , Okayama, Japan
| | - Nishit K Mukhopadhya
- 1 Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,6 University of Illinois at Chicago , Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- 2 Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - V Krishnan Ramanujan
- 2 Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,4 Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- 1 Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,2 Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
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Huang JQ, Liang HL, Zhang XC, Xie Z, Jin TE. Synergistic antitumor activity of pro-apoptotic agent PAC-1 with cisplatinum by the activation of CASP3 in pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line H1299. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2015; 12:41-51. [PMID: 26620316 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-qing Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hong-ling Liang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xu-chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute; Guangdong General Hospital; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhi Xie
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute; Guangdong General Hospital; Guangzhou China
| | - Tian-en Jin
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
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13
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Scherbakov AM, Krasil'nikov MA, Kushlinskii NE. Molecular mechanisms of hormone resistance of breast cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 155:384-95. [PMID: 24137610 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
More than 70% malignant mammary tumors contain steroid hormone receptors; this suggests the possibility of hormone therapy in the majority of patients with breast cancer (BC). The main cause of inefficiency of hormone therapy in BC is hormone resistance (tumor resistance to hormonal cytostatics). Here we discuss the main mechanisms of hormone resistance of BC and the mechanisms underlying the formation of hormone resistance of the tumors are analyzed at the molecular level. The data on the signal pathways of estrogen receptors (ER), the key regulators of BC cell proliferation, are presented. The most important factors of BC hormone resistance are: high activity/expression of receptor tyrosine kinases; high activity of proteins regulating cell defense mechanisms (Akt PI3K, mTOR); changes in the activities of cell cycle regulator proteins (Myc, c-Fos, Cyclin D1). Our experiments have demonstrated that estrogen-independent BC cell growth is supported by VEGF/VEGFR2 and EGF/EGFR mitogenic signal pathways. Our data indicate that NF-kappaB transcription factor is directly involved in the regulation of hormone-resistant BC cell growth and survival, while NF-kappaB suppression determines cell sensitivity to apoptotic activity of antitumor compounds. On the whole, the results indicate good prospects of using EGFR, HER-2/neu, mTOR, VEGFR, PI3K/Akt molecular pathways as targets for BC therapy, including therapy for BC resistant forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Scherbakov
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Mao Y, Zhang Y, Qu Q, Zhao M, Lou Y, Liu J, huang O, Chen X, Wu J, Shen K. Cancer-associated fibroblasts induce trastuzumab resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1029-40. [PMID: 25648538 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CAFs isolated from HER2+ patients secreted higher levels of IL6 which expanded cancer stem cells and activated multiple pathways, then induced trastuzumab resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer cells.
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15
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Chitosan magnetic nanoparticles for pH responsive Bortezomib release in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:641-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Roy SS, Kirma NB, Santhamma B, Tekmal RR, Agyin JK. Effects of a novel proteasome inhibitor BU-32 on multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:1263-71. [PMID: 24728817 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibition is associated with substantial antitumor effects in preclinical models of multiple myeloma (MM) as well as in patients. However, results of recent clinical trials to evaluate the effect of the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade(®), also called PS-341) in MM patients have shown limited activity when used as a single agent. This underscores the need to find new efficacious and less toxic proteasome inhibitors. Recently, carfilzomib was approved for the treatment of refractory/relapsed MM and several new agents have been introduced into the clinic, including marizomib and MLN9708, and trials investigating these second-generation proteasome inhibitors have demonstrated promising results. We have recently synthesized a novel proteasome inhibitor, BU-32, and tested its growth inhibitory effects in different human MM cells including RPMI8226, MM.1S, MM.1R, and U266. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of the novel proteasome inhibitor BU-32 (NSC D750499) using an in vitro MM model. BU-32 exhibits strong cytotoxicity in a panel of MM cell lines--RPMI8226, MM1S, MM1R, and U266. In addition, we demonstrate by proteasome inhibition assay that BU-32 potently inhibits the chymotryptic- and caspase-like activities of the 26S proteasome. We further show from Annexin V-FITC binding studies that BU-32, like Bortezomib, induces apoptosis in a panel of MM cell lines but the effect is more pronounced with BU-32-treated cells. Invasion assay with the MM.1S cell line indicates that BU-32 inhibits the invasiveness of myeloma cells. Results from our studies using real-time PCR array analyses show that BU-32 effectively downregulates an array of angiogenesis and inflammatory markers. Our results suggest that BU-32 might be a potential chemotherapeutic agent with promising antitumor activity for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa S Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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17
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NF-κB and cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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18
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Nowsheen S, Cooper T, Bonner JA, LoBuglio AF, Yang ES. HER2 overexpression renders human breast cancers sensitive to PARP inhibition independently of any defect in homologous recombination DNA repair. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4796-806. [PMID: 22987487 PMCID: PMC3458582 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
HER2 overexpression in breast cancer confers increased tumor aggressiveness. Although anti-HER2 therapies have improved patient outcome, resistance ultimately occurs. PARP inhibitors target homologous recombination (HR)-deficient tumors, such as the BRCA-associated breast and ovarian cancers. In this study, we show that HER2+ breast cancers are susceptible to PARP inhibition independent of an HR deficiency. HER2 overexpression in HER2 negative breast cancer cells was sufficient to render cells susceptible to the PARP inhibitors ABT-888 and AZD-2281 both in vitro and in vivo, which was abrogated by HER2 reduction. In addition, ABT-888 significantly inhibited NF-κB (p65/RelA) transcriptional activity in HER2+ but not HER2 negative breast cancer cells. This corresponded with a reduction in phosphorylated p65 and total IKKα levels, with a concomitant increase in IκBα. Overexpression of p65 abrogated cellular sensitivity to ABT-888, whereas IκBα overexpression reduced cell viability to a similar extent as ABT-888. Therefore, susceptibility of HER2+ breast cancer cells to PARP inhibition may be because of inhibition of NF-κB signaling driven by HER2. Our findings indicate that PARP inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic strategy for sporadic HER2+ breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaira Nowsheen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - Tiffiny Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - James A. Bonner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - Albert F. LoBuglio
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
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Maynadier M, Shi J, Vaillant O, Gary-Bobo M, Basile I, Gleizes M, Cathiard AM, Wah JLT, Sheikh MS, Garcia M. Roles of estrogen receptor and p21(Waf1) in bortezomib-induced growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1473-81. [PMID: 22964432 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib constitute novel therapeutic agents that are currently in clinical use and in clinical trials. In some neoplasms, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI) such as p21(WAF1) have been proposed as key targets of proteasome inhibitors. p21(WAF1) expression can be modulated by p53, a tumor suppressor, and especially in breast cancer cells, by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), which is highly relevant to cancer growth. We investigated the effects of bortezomib using a panel of six cancer cell lines with variable status of ERα or p53 and found that bortezomib inhibited the growth of all cell lines in the same concentration range irrespective of the ERα expression or the mutational status of p53. Bortezomib treatment significantly enhanced p21(WAF1) protein levels in all cell lines but with different mechanisms according to ERα status. In ERα-positive cells, bortezomib treatment caused a strong increase in p21(WAF1) mRNA, whereas in ERα-negative cells it predominantly enhanced p21(WAF1) protein levels suggesting a posttranslational mechanism of p21(WAF1) regulation in the ERα-negative cells. Moreover, the antiproliferative activity of bortezomib was prevented by ERα silencing or p21(WAF1) knockdown in ERα-positive cells. Collectively, our results highlight the potential roles of ERα and p21(WAF1) in growth inhibition of cancer cells mediated by proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Maynadier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
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Cap-dependent mRNA translation and the ubiquitin-proteasome system cooperate to promote ERBB2-dependent esophageal cancer phenotype. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:609-18. [PMID: 22767218 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathological post-transcriptional control of the proteome composition is a central feature of malignancy. Two steps in this pathway, eIF4F-driven cap-dependent mRNA translation and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), are deregulated in most if not all cancers. We tested a hypothesis that eIF4F is aberrantly activated in human esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and requires elevated rates of protein turnover and proteolysis and thereby activated UPS for its pro-neoplastic function. Here, we show that 80% of tumors and cell lines featuring amplified ERBB2 display an aberrantly activated eIF4F. Direct genetic targeting of the eIF4F in ERBB2-amplified EAC cells with a constitutively active form of the eIF4F repressor 4E-BP1 decreased colony formation and proliferation and triggered apoptosis. In contrast, suppression of m-TOR-kinase activity towards 4E-BP1with rapamycin only modestly inhibited eIF4F-driven cap-dependent translation and EAC malignant phenotype; and promoted feedback activation of other cancer pathways. Our data show that co-treatment with 2 FDA-approved agents, the m-TOR inhibitor rapamycin and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, leads to strong synergistic growth-inhibitory effects. Moreover, direct targeting of eIF4F with constitutively active 4E-BP1 is significantly more potent in collaboration with bortezomib than rapamycin. These data support the hypothesis that a finely tuned balance between eIF4F-driven protein synthesis and proteasome-mediated protein degradation is required for the maintenance of ERBB2-mediated EAC malignant phenotype. Altogether, our study supports the development of pharmaceuticals to directly target eIF4F as most efficient strategy; and provides a clear rationale for the clinical evaluation of combination therapy with m-TOR inhibitors and bortezomib for EAC treatment.
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Nahta R. New developments in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2012; 4:53-64. [PMID: 23869176 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20%-30% of metastatic breast cancers show increased expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase. Two HER2-specific therapies are currently approved for clinical treatment of patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against HER2 and is approved for first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Lapatinib is a small molecule dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 tyrosine kinases, and is approved for trastuzumab-refractory disease. Although trastuzumab is a highly effective therapy for patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer, a significant number of patients in the initial clinical trials of trastuzumab monotherapy showed resistance to trastuzumab-based therapy. Further, among those who did respond, the initial trials indicated that the median time to progression was less than 1 year. Similarly, lapatinib is effective in a subset of trastuzumab-refractory cases, but the majority of patients display resistance. This review discusses the multiple molecular mechanisms of resistance that have been proposed in the literature. In addition, novel agents that are being tested for efficacy against HER2-positive breast cancer, including the antibodies pertuzumab and trastuzumab-DM1 and the immunotoxin affitoxin, are reviewed. The introduction of trastuzumab has revolutionized the clinical care of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and has resulted in dramatic reductions in recurrences of early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer. The development and implementation of gene- and protein-based assays that measure potential molecular predictors of trastuzumab resistance will allow individualization of HER2-targeted therapeutic approaches, and may ultimately improve treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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De Mattos-Arruda L, Cortes J. Advances in first-line treatment for patients with HER-2+ metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 2012; 17:631-44. [PMID: 22523199 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for breast cancer patients overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 has changed with anti-HER-2-targeted therapy. Although anti-HER-2 therapy with trastuzumab and chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment, the best therapeutic regimen has yet to be defined, and new strategies are evolving. METHODS A literature review of well-established and recently published trials, reviews, and ongoing clinical trials addressing first-line treatment for HER-2(+) metastatic breast cancer patients was performed. RESULTS Taxanes are the agents most commonly used in combination with trastuzumab, but other chemotherapy drugs, such as anthracyclines, vinorelbine, and gemcitabine and triple-combination therapies including platinum compounds, capecitabine, and taxanes have been studied. The combination of aromatase inhibitors with anti-HER-2 therapies is a new therapeutic option for some patients who coexpress HER-2 and hormone receptors, although its activity observed in randomized clinical trials seems to be inferior to that of chemotherapy plus anti-HER-2 therapies. In addition, new anti-HER-2 therapies have shown activity in HER-2(+) tumors, both alone and in combination with trastuzumab. CONCLUSIONS Trastuzumab plus chemotherapy is the current standard of care for the upfront treatment of HER-2(+) breast cancer patients, though other anti-HER-2-targeting agents may appear as new standards in the upcoming years.
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Komatsu S, Miyazawa K, Moriya S, Takase A, Naito M, Inazu M, Kohno N, Itoh M, Tomoda A. Clarithromycin enhances bortezomib-induced cytotoxicity via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated CHOP (GADD153) induction and autophagy in breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1029-39. [PMID: 22200786 PMCID: PMC3584821 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific 26S proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BZ) potently induces apoptosis as well as autophagy in metastatic breast cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. The combined treatment of clarithromycin (CAM) and BZ significantly enhances cytotoxicity in these cell lines. Although treatment with up to 100 μg/ml CAM alone had little effect on cell growth inhibition, the accumulation of autophagosomes and p62 was observed after treatment with 25 μg/ml CAM. This result indicated that CAM blocked autophagy flux. However, the combined treatment of BZ and CAM resulted in more pronounced autophagy induction, as assessed by increased expression ratios of LC3B-II to LC3B-I and clearance of intracellular p62, than treatment with BZ alone. This combination further enhanced induction of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP (CADD153) and the chaperone protein GRP78. Knockdown of CHOP by siRNA attenuated the death-promoting effect of BZ in MDA-MB-231 cells. A wild-type murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line also exhibited enhanced BZ-induced cytotoxicity with the addition of CAM, whereas a Chop knockout MEF cell line completely abolished this enhancement and exhibited resistance to BZ treatment. These data suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress mediated CHOP induction is involved in pronounced cytotoxicity by combining these reagents. Simultaneously targeting two major intracellular protein degradation pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system by BZ and the autophagy-lysosome pathway by CAM may improve the therapeutic outcome in breast cancer patients via ER-stress mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Komatsu
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Lee M, Theodoropoulou M, Graw J, Roncaroli F, Zatelli MC, Pellegata NS. Levels of p27 sensitize to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1450-9. [PMID: 21646547 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade occurs in a variety of human malignancies, where it sustains tumor cell proliferation and survival. Pharmacologic blockade of this pathway exerts antineoplastic activity by triggering apoptosis and/or cell-cycle arrest. Pituitary adenomas show activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, but only a fraction of them respond in vitro to the antiproliferative action of rapamycin and RAD001 (mTOR inhibitors), possibly because of the described negative feedback loop on AKT which reactivates the signaling cascade. Rats affected by the multiple endocrine neoplasia-like syndrome (MENX) develop pituitary adenomas showing increased activated AKT. In this study, we comparatively investigated the antitumor potential of the novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 and the single mTOR inhibitor RAD001 on rat pituitary adenoma cells in primary culture. NVP-BEZ235 inhibits the PI3K pathway both upstream and downstream of AKT, thereby preventing the negative feedback loop. NVP-BEZ235 was more effective than RAD001 in reducing cell viability of pituitary adenomas. Consistently, NVP-BEZ235 treatment decreased Akt and S6 phosphorylation and triggered apoptosis. Because MENX is caused by a germline loss-of-function mutation in the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kip1, we investigated the relationship between this defect and response to NVP-BEZ235 treatment. The levels of p27Kip1 positively correlate with the response to NVP-BEZ235 treatment. Combined treatment with NVP-BEZ235 and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which increases p27Kip1 amount, shows synergistic antiproliferative effects on pituitary adenoma cells. Our data suggest that NVP-BEZ235 may represent an effective therapeutic modality for pituitary adenomas and that p27Kip1 levels represent a potential predictor of response to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misu Lee
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Cheyne RW, Trembleau L, McLaughlin A, Smith TA. Changes in 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose incorporation, hexokinase activity and lactate production by breast cancer cells responding to treatment with the anti-HER-2 antibody trastuzumab. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:339-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Irvin WJ, Orlowski RZ, Chiu WK, Carey LA, Collichio FA, Bernard PS, Stijleman IJ, Perou C, Ivanova A, Dees EC. Phase II study of bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2011; 10:465-70. [PMID: 21147690 DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2010.n.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on preclinical studies and a phase I trial of the combination of bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), which both showed activity in breast cancer, we conducted a phase II study of this regimen in patients with metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of an every-21-day cycle, along with PLD 30 mg/m2 on day 4. The primary objective was to evaluate the response rate of this combination, while secondary objectives were to obtain further safety data about this combination, to evaluate the time to disease progression (TTP), and to evaluate response by the breast cancer subtype. RESULTS One of 12 evaluable patients had a partial response (8%), while 3 (25%) had stable disease. At 26 months follow-up, the median overall survival was 4.3 months (95% CI, 1.2-26.2) and the median TTP was 1.3 months (95% CI, 0.8-14.0 months). The combination was well tolerated, with the most common events including low-grade nausea and vomiting, neutropenia, and neuropathy, and no cardiac toxicity was seen. Of the 7 tumors subtyped, no association was seen between intrinsic subtype or receptor status and response. CONCLUSION The combination of PLD and bortezomib was well tolerated but has minimal activity in heavily pretreated unselected metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Irvin
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Milani A, Montemurro F, Gioeni L, Aglietta M, Valabrega G. Role of trastuzumab in the management of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2010; 2:93-109. [PMID: 24367170 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s6070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major health issue in developed countries. Overexpression of HER2, a member of epidermal growth factor receptor family, occurs in 20%-30% of breast cancers. HER2 drives the cancer cells to develop a more aggressive phenotype, to metastasize to viscera and central nervous system, and to be less sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of HER2. As single agent or with chemotherapy, trastuzumab improves survival of HER2-positive breast cancers. In the past years, trastuzumab has completely revolutionized the scenario of the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, representing one of the most remarkable examples of targeted therapy in oncology. However, issues such as the best chemotherapeutic companion to associate with trastuzumab, cardiac toxicities, and clinical resistance still require tremendous efforts by researchers. Here, we review pharmacology, efficacy studies, and toxicities of trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer. Moreover, we provide some insights on resistance to therapy. Finally, we briefly discuss trastuzumab's place in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milani
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy ; University of Turin Medical School, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Montemurro
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Gioeni
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy ; University of Turin Medical School, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy ; University of Turin Medical School, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
Trastuzumab is the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic targeting a HER-family receptor tyrosine kinase (HER2/ErbB2/neu). Although trastuzumab is effective in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, a substantial proportion of patients will not respond to trastuzumab-based regimens (primary resistance), and those who do respond will often lose clinical benefits (i.e., secondary resistance). Although multiple mechanisms underlying the development of secondary trastuzumab resistance have been identified, few studies have specifically examined the basis of primary trastuzumab resistance. Here, we review these studies, which together demonstrate that trastuzumab induces phenotypic changes in tumor cells, even when they are not growth inhibited by trastuzumab, including changes in gene expression. These changes have important clinical implications, including the sensitization of malignant cells to other therapeutic drugs. In light of these observations, we propose that the conventional definition of resistance as it pertains to trastuzumab and, perhaps, to other targeted therapeutics, may require revision. The results of these studies will be useful in informing the direction of future basic and clinical research focused on overcoming primary trastuzumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Wilken
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Ma C, Niu X, Luo J, Shao Z, Shen K. Combined effects of lapatinib and bortezomib in human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancer cells and activity of bortezomib against lapatinib-resistant breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2220-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wright JJ. Combination therapy of bortezomib with novel targeted agents: an emerging treatment strategy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4094-104. [PMID: 20682705 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials evaluating combinations of targeted agents with bortezomib, the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor, have been initiated, with the objective of enhancing its single agent activity in hematologic malignancies (myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma), as well as expanding its efficacy in solid tumors. In most cases, preclinical studies have provided a supportive rationale for designing these doublet combination studies. Novel, small molecule-targeted agents being investigated with bortezomib in clinical trials include protein deacetylase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, heat-shock protein 90 inhibitors, pan-Bcl-2 family inhibitors, and other classes of targeted inhibitors. Preliminary clinical data, available from a number of ongoing trials, suggest that most of these combinations are well tolerated and some have promising clinical efficacy that will require subsequent confirmation. Translational studies, conducted as part of the trials, may provide important insights into the putative mechanism of action delineated by preclinical studies of the combinations. The emergence of novel proteasome inhibitors may also expand the opportunities for optimizing these combination therapies. There is potential for an increasingly broad clinical trials program to investigate this therapeutic approach in a range of tumor types, as well as to consider additional agents in sequence or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Wright
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Lin Y, Bai L, Chen W, Xu S. The NF-kappaB activation pathways, emerging molecular targets for cancer prevention and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:45-55. [PMID: 20001209 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903431069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is activated by a variety of cancer-promoting agents. The reciprocal activation between NF-kappaB and inflammatory cytokines makes NF-kappaB important for inflammation-associated cancer development. Both the constitutive and anticancer therapeutic-induced NF-kappaB activation blunts the anticancer activities of the therapy. Elucidating the roles of NF-kappaB in cancer facilitates developing approaches for cancer prevention and therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW By searching PubMed, we summarize the progress of studies on NF-kappaB in carcinogenesis and cancer cells' drug resistance in recent 10 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The mechanisms by which NF-kappaB activation pathways are activated; the roles and mechanisms of NF-kappaB in cell survival and proliferation, and in carcinogenesis and cancer cells' response to therapy; recent development of NF-kappaB-modulating means and their application in cancer prevention and therapy. TAKE HOME MESSAGE NF-kappaB is involved in cancer development, modulating NF-kappaB activation pathways has important implications in cancer prevention and therapy. Due to the complexity of NF-kappaB roles in different cancers, careful evaluation of NF-kappaB's in each cancer type is crucial in this regard. More cancer cell-specific NF-kappaB inhibiting means are desired for improving anticancer efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Wu WKK, Cho CH, Lee CW, Wu K, Fan D, Yu J, Sung JJY. Proteasome inhibition: a new therapeutic strategy to cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:15-22. [PMID: 20133049 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a major pathway for protein degradation. Targeting this pathway using proteasome inhibitors represents a novel approach for the treatment of cancer. Proteasome inhibitors lower cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in solid and hematologic malignancies through multiple mechanisms, including stabilization of cell cycle regulators and pro-apoptotic factors, stimulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, inhibition of protein translation, and sensitization to ligand-induced apoptosis. In this connection, proteasome inhibition activates macroautophagy, a compensatory protein degradation system, as well as other pro-survival signaling pathways. Inhibition of these auto-protective responses sensitizes cancer cells to the anti-proliferative effects of proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ka Kei Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Ling X, Calinski D, Chanan-Khan AA, Zhou M, Li F. Cancer cell sensitivity to bortezomib is associated with survivin expression and p53 status but not cancer cell types. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:8. [PMID: 20096120 PMCID: PMC2826345 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Survivin is known playing a role in drug resistance. However, its role in bortezomib-mediated inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis is unclear. There are conflicting reports for the effect of bortezomib on survivin expression, which lacks of a plausible explanation. Methods: In this study, we tested cancer cells with both p53 wild type and mutant/null background for the relationship of bortezomib resistance with survivin expression and p53 status using MTT assay, flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, western blots and RNAi technology. Results We found that cancer cells with wild type p53 show a low level expression of survivin and are sensitive to treatment with bortezomib, while cancer cells with a mutant or null p53 show a high level expression of survivin and are resistant to bortezomib-mediated apoptosis induction. However, silencing of survivin expression utilizing survivin mRNA-specific siRNA/shRNA in p53 mutant or null cells sensitized cancer cells to bortezomib mediated apoptosis induction, suggesting a role for survivin in bortezomib resistance. We further noted that modulation of survivin expression by bortezomib is dependent on p53 status but independent of cancer cell types. In cancer cells with mutated p53 or p53 null, bortezomib appears to induce survivin expression, while in cancer cells with wild type p53, bortezomib downregulates or shows no significant effect on survivin expression, which is dependent on the drug concentration, cell line and exposure time. Conclusions Our findings, for the first time, unify the current inconsistent findings for bortezomib treatment and survivin expression, and linked the effect of bortezomib on survivin expression, apoptosis induction and bortezomib resistance in the relationship with p53 status, which is independent of cancer cell types. Further mechanistic studies along with this line may impact the optimal clinical application of bortezomib in solid cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ling
- Departments of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Abstract
HER2 is a transmembrane oncoprotein encoded by the HER2/neu gene and is overexpressed in approximately 20 to 25% of invasive breast cancers. It can be therapeutically targeted by trastuzumab, a humanized IgG1 kappa light chain monoclonal antibody. Although trastuzumab is currently considered one of the most effective treatments in oncology, a significant number of patients with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer do not benefit from it. Understanding the mechanisms of action and resistance to trastuzumab is therefore crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review discusses proposed trastuzumab mode of action as well as proposed mechanisms for resistance. Mechanisms for resistance are grouped into four main categories: (1) obstacles preventing trastuzumab binding to HER2; (2) upregulation of HER2 downstream signaling pathways; (3) signaling through alternate pathways; and (4) failure to trigger an immune-mediated mechanism to destroy tumor cells. These potential mechanisms through which trastuzumab resistance may arise have been used as a guide to develop drugs, presently in clinical trials, to overcome resistance. The mechanisms conferring trastuzumab resistance, when completely understood, will provide insight on how best to treat HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. The understanding of each mechanism of resistance is therefore critical for the educated development of strategies to overcome it, as well as for the development of tools that would allow definitive and efficient patient selection for each therapy. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7479-91).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Pohlmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ingrid A. Mayer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ray Mernaugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Proteasome inhibition represses ERalpha gene expression in ER+ cells: a new link between proteasome activity and estrogen signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene 2009; 29:1509-18. [PMID: 19946334 PMCID: PMC2837136 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) is a major therapeutic target of hormonal therapies in breast cancer and its expression in tumors is predictive of clinical response. Protein levels of ERα are tightly controlled by the 26S proteasome, yet how the clinical proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, impacts ERα regulation has not been studied. Bortezomib selectively inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome. Unlike other laboratory proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib failed to stabilize ERα protein at a dose exceeding 90% inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity. Unexpectedly, however, chronic bortezomib exposure caused a reduction of ERα levels in multiple ER+ breast cancer cell lines. This response can be explained by the fact that bortezomib induced a dramatic decrease in ERα mRNA due to direct transcriptional inhibition and loss of RNA polymerase II recruitment on the ERα gene promoter. Bortezomib treatment resulted in promoter-specific changes in estrogen-induced gene transcription that related to occupancy of ERα and RNA PolII on endogenous promoters. In addition, bortezomib inhibited estrogen-dependent growth in soft agar. These results reveal a novel link between proteasome activity and expression of ERα in breast cancer and uncover distinct roles of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome in the regulation of the ERα pathway.
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Daroczi B, Kari G, Ren Q, Dicker AP, Rodeck U. Nuclear factor kappaB inhibitors alleviate and the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 exacerbates radiation toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2625-34. [PMID: 19723885 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory changes are a major component of the normal tissue response to ionizing radiation, and increased nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity is an important mediator of inflammatory responses. Here, we used zebrafish embryos to assess the capacity of two different classes of pharmacologic agents known to target NF-kappaB to modify radiation toxicity in the vertebrate organism. These were proteasome inhibitors, including lactacystin, MG132, and PS-341 (Bortezomib/VELCADE), and direct inhibitors of NF-kappaB activity, including ethyl pyruvate (EP) and the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-TFEA (RTA401), among others. The proteasome inhibitors either did not significantly affect radiation sensitivity of zebrafish embryos (MG132, lactacystin) or rendered zebrafish embryos more sensitive to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation (PS-341). Radiosensitization by PS-341 was reduced in fish with impaired p53 expression or function but not associated with enhanced expression of select p53 target genes. In contrast, the direct NF-kappaB inhibitors EP and CDDO-TFEA significantly improved overall survival of lethally irradiated zebrafish embryos. In addition, direct NF-kappaB inhibition reduced radiation-induced apoptosis in the central nervous system, abrogated aberrations in body axis development, restored metabolization and secretion of a reporter lipid through the gastrointestinal system, and improved renal clearance compromised by radiation. In contrast to amifostine, EP and CDDO-TFEA not only protected against but also mitigated radiation toxicity when given 1 to 2 hours postexposure. Finally, four additional IkappaB kinase inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action similarly improved overall survival of lethally irradiated zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, inhibitors of canonical pathways to NF-kappaB activation may be useful in alleviating radiation toxicity in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbala Daroczi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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In vitro evaluation of pan-PI3-kinase inhibitor SF1126 in trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant HER2-over-expressing breast cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 65:697-706. [PMID: 19636556 PMCID: PMC2808522 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the current study is to determine the in vitro cytotoxic effects of the novel pan-PI3-kinase inhibitor SF1126 in HER2-over-expressing breast cancer cells. Methods Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were examined by MTS colorimetric assay, FACS analysis, colony formation assay, and immunoblotting. Phosphoinositol-3-kinase signaling was assessed by immunoblotting for phosphorylated Akt. Combination effects of trastuzumab and SF1126 were examined in resistant cells by MTS and soft agar assay. Results SF1126 inhibited proliferation, and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis of SKBR3 and BT474 parental and trastuzumab-resistant HER2-over-expressing cells. Colony formation was inhibited by SF1126, caspase 3 and PARP proteins were cleaved, and survivin was down-regulated. Inhibition of PI3-kinase was confirmed by reduced phosphorylation of Akt. Finally, the combination of SF1126 and trastuzumab synergistically inhibited proliferation of resistant cells, with SF1126-treated cells showing reduced anchorage-independent growth. Conclusions These results provide evidence that a clinically relevant pan-PI-3 kinase inhibitor can reverse trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer cells, and support further study of PI3-kinase inhibitor SF1126 in HER2-over-expressing breast cancer cells, including those that have progressed on trastuzumab.
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Loussouarn D, Campion L, Leclair F, Campone M, Charbonnel C, Ricolleau G, Gouraud W, Bataille R, Jézéquel P. Validation of UBE2C protein as a prognostic marker in node-positive breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:166-73. [PMID: 19513072 PMCID: PMC2713693 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We recently identified and validated UBE2C RNA as a prognostic marker in 252 node-positive (N+) breast cancers by means of a microarray study. The aim of this study was to validate UBE2C protein as a prognostic marker in N+ breast cancer by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: To this end, 92 paraffin-embedded blocks were used. The impact of UBE2C IHC value on metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) was evaluated and compared with Ki-67 and Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) performances. Results: In accordance with genomic data, UBE2C IHC had a significant impact both on MFS and OS (hazard ratio=6.79 – P=0.002; hazard ratio=7.14 – P=0.009, respectively). Akaike information criterion proved that the prognostic power of UBE2C IHC was stronger than that of Ki-67 (and close to that of NPI). Furthermore, multivariate analyses with NPI showed that, contrary to Ki-67 IHC, UBE2C IHC remained an independent factor, both for MFS (adjusted P=0.02) and OS (adjusted P=0.04). Conclusion: We confirmed that UBE2C protein measured by IHC could be used as a prognostic marker in N+ breast cancer. The potential predictive interest of UBE2C as a marker of proteasome activity needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Loussouarn
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique B, Hôpital G&R Laënnec, Bd J Monod, Nantes, Saint Herblain Cedex, France
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Liu H, Buus R, Clague MJ, Urbé S. Regulation of ErbB2 receptor status by the proteasomal DUB POH1. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5544. [PMID: 19436748 PMCID: PMC2677670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors, which control ErbB2 and EGF receptor (EGFR) status in cells is likely to inform future therapeutic approaches directed at these potent oncogenes. ErbB2 is resistant to stimulus-induced degradation and high levels of over-expression can inhibit EGF receptor down-regulation. We now show that for HeLa cells expressing similar numbers of EGFR and ErbB2, EGFR down-regulation is efficient and insensitive to reduction of ErbB2 levels. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) may extend protein half-lives by rescuing ubiquitinated substrates from proteasomal degradation or from ubiquitin-dependent lysosomal sorting. Using a siRNA library directed at the full complement of human DUBs, we identified POH1 (also known as Rpn11 or PSMD14), a component of the proteasome lid, as a critical DUB controlling the apparent ErbB2 levels. Moreover, the effects on ErbB2 levels can be reproduced by administration of proteasomal inhibitors such as epoxomicin used at maximally tolerated doses. However, the extent of this apparent loss and specificity for ErbB2 versus EGFR could not be accounted for by changes in transcription or degradation rate. Further investigation revealed that cell surface ErbB2 levels are only mildly affected by POH1 knock-down and that the apparent loss can at least partially be explained by the accumulation of higher molecular weight ubiquitinated forms of ErbB2 that are detectable with an extracellular but not intracellular domain directed antibody. We propose that POH1 may deubiquitinate ErbB2 and that this activity is not necessarily coupled to proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Buus
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Clague
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJC); (SU)
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJC); (SU)
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Milacic V, Dou QP. The tumor proteasome as a novel target for gold(III) complexes: implications for breast cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2009; 253:1649-1660. [PMID: 20047011 PMCID: PMC2675785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although cisplatin plays a vital role in the treatment of several types of human cancer, its wide use is limited by the development of drug resistance and associated toxic side effects. Gold and gold complexes have been used to treat a wide range of ailments for many centuries. In recent years, the use of gold(III) complexes as an alternative to cisplatin treatment was proposed due to the similarities of gold and platinum. Gold(III) is isoelectronic with platinum(II) and gold(III) complexes have the same square-planar geometries as platinum(II) complexes, such as cisplatin. Although it was originally thought that gold(III) complexes might have the same molecular target as cisplatin, several lines of data indicated that proteins, rather than DNA, are targeted by gold complexes. We have recently evaluated cytotoxic and anti-cancer effects of several gold(III) dithiocarbamates against human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We have identified the tumor proteasome as an important target for gold(III) complexes and have shown that proteasome inhibition by gold(III) complexes is associated with apoptosis induction in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, treatment of human breast tumor-bearing nude mice with a gold(III) dithiocarbamate complex was associated with tumor growth inhibition, supporting the significance of its potential development for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milacic
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Sato K, Rajendra E, Ohta T. The UPS: a promising target for breast cancer treatment. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 9 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 19007432 PMCID: PMC2582803 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, progress in endocrine therapy and the use of trastuzumab has significantly contributed to the decline in breast cancer mortality for hormone receptor-positive and ERBB2 (HER2)-positive cases, respectively. As a result of these advances, a breast cancer cluster with poor prognosis that is negative for the estrogen receptor (ESR1), the progesterone receptor (PRGR) and ERBB2 (triple negative) has come to the forefront of medical therapeutic attention. DNA microarray analyses have revealed that this cluster is phenotypically most like the basal-like breast cancer that is caused by deficiencies in the BRCA1 pathways. To gain further improvements in breast cancer survival, new types of drugs might be required, and small molecules targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system have moved into the spotlight. The success of bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma has sent encouraging signals that proteasome inhibitors could be used to treat other types of cancers. In addition, ubiquitin E3s involved in ESR1, ERBB2 or BRCA1 pathways could be ideal targets for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the ubiquitin proteasome pathways related to these proteins and discusses the possibility of new drugs for the treatment of breast cancers. PUBLICATION HISTORY : Republished from Current BioData's Targeted Proteins database (TPdb; http://www.targetedproteinsdb.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sato
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
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Schlotter CM, Vogt U, Allgayer H, Brandt B. Molecular targeted therapies for breast cancer treatment. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:211. [PMID: 18671839 PMCID: PMC2575526 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the oestrogen receptor, HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) and vascular endothelial growth factor has markedly improved breast cancer therapy. New targeted therapeutic approaches to induction of apoptosis or inhibition of anti-apoptosis, cell cycle progression, signal transduction and angiogenesis are described. The molecular pathways and their inhibitory or repair mechanisms are discussed in the preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus M Schlotter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Centre Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University Bonn, Luedenscheid, Paulmannshoeher Str, 14 - 58515 Luedenscheid Germany
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Kamer S, Ren Q, Dicker AP. Differential radiation sensitization of human cervical cancer cell lines by the proteasome inhibitor velcade (bortezomib, PS-341). Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 279:41-6. [PMID: 18461345 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-008-0667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Cervical cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in women with a death toll of 230,000 worldwide each year, nearly 80% in developing countries. Radiotherapy (RT) is a major treatment modality for advanced cervical cancer but the local relapse rate is 30-44% in patients treated with RT alone and 19-25% in patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Previous studies have shown that the transcription factor NF-kappaB is constitutively expressed in human cervical squamous cell carcinomas. NF-kappaB activation also contributes to the resistance of cervical cancer cells to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Therefore, inhibition of NF-kappaB in tumor cells may render them more sensitive to chemo/radiation therapies. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of radiosensitization of NF-kappaB inhibition by Velcade in human cervical cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa and SiHa. Both are highly radioresistant and chemoresistant as compared to other cervical cancer cell lines. These cells had been treated with Velcade before they were irradiated with different doses of ionizing radiation. MTT metabolic assays and clonogenic cell survival assays were performed to evaluate the effects of Velcade on radiation resistance. RESULTS Inhibition of NF-kappaB by Velcade alone decreased metabolic potential (MTT) and clonogenic survival in SiHa, but not in HeLa cells. Furthermore, pre-treatment of SiHa, but not HeLa cells with Velcade enhanced radiation sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of NF-kappaB by the proteasome inhibitor Velcade enhances radiosensitivity of certain human cervical carcinoma cancer cells in vitro. These results raise the possibility that inhibition of NF-kappaB will result in radiosensitization only in those tumor cells which are more dependent on NF-kappaB for their metabolism and survival, however, the radiosensitivity of "NF-kappaB independent" cells are not likely influenced by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Kamer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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44
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Awada A, Albanell J, Canney PA, Dirix LY, Gil T, Cardoso F, Gascon P, Piccart MJ, Baselga J. Bortezomib/docetaxel combination therapy in patients with anthracycline-pretreated advanced/metastatic breast cancer: a phase I/II dose-escalation study. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1500-7. [PMID: 18454159 PMCID: PMC2391111 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of bortezomib plus docetaxel in patients with anthracycline-pretreated advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Forty-eight patients received up to eight 21-day cycles of docetaxel (60-100 mg m(-2) on day 1) plus bortezomib (1.0-1.5 mg m(-2) on days 1, 4, 8, and 11). Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed in a subset of patients. Five patients experienced DLTs: grade 3 bone pain (n=1) and febrile neutropenia (n=4). The MTD was bortezomib 1.5 mg m(-2) plus docetaxel 75 mg m(-2). All 48 patients were assessable for safety and efficacy. The most common adverse events were diarrhoea, nausea, alopecia, asthenia, and vomiting. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (44%), and febrile neutropenia and diarrhoea (each 19%). Overall patient response rate was 29%. Median time to progression was 5.4 months. In patients with confirmed response, median time to response was 1.3 months and median duration of response was 3.2 months. At the MTD, response rate was 38%. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of bortezomib/docetaxel were comparable with single-agent data. Addition of docetaxel appeared not to affect bortezomib inhibition of 20S proteasome activity. Mean alpha-1 acid glycoprotein concentrations increased from baseline at nearly all time points across different bortezomib dose levels. Bortezomib plus docetaxel is an active combination for anthracycline-pretreated advanced/metastatic breast cancer. The safety profile is manageable and consistent with the side effects of the individual agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Awada
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium.
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Tongbai R, Idelman G, Nordgard SH, Cui W, Jacobs JL, Haggerty CM, Chanock SJ, Børresen-Dale AL, Livingston G, Shaunessy P, Chiang CH, Kristensen VN, Bilke S, Gardner K. Transcriptional networks inferred from molecular signatures of breast cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:495-509. [PMID: 18187569 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.061079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Global genomic approaches in cancer research have provided new and innovative strategies for the identification of signatures that differentiate various types of human cancers. Computational analysis of the promoter composition of the genes within these signatures may provide a powerful method for deducing the regulatory transcriptional networks that mediate their collective function. In this study we have systematically analyzed the promoter composition of gene classes derived from previously established genetic signatures that recently have been shown to reliably and reproducibly distinguish five molecular subtypes of breast cancer associated with distinct clinical outcomes. Inferences made from the trends of transcription factor binding site enrichment in the promoters of these gene groups led to the identification of regulatory pathways that implicate discrete transcriptional networks associated with specific molecular subtypes of breast cancer. One of these inferred pathways predicted a role for nuclear factor-kappaB in a novel feed-forward, self-amplifying, autoregulatory module regulated by the ERBB family of growth factor receptors. The existence of this pathway was verified in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation and shown to be deregulated in breast cancer cells overexpressing ERBB2. This analysis indicates that approaches of this type can provide unique insights into the differential regulatory molecular programs associated with breast cancer and will aid in identifying specific transcriptional networks and pathways as potential targets for tumor subtype-specific therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Tongbai
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065, USA
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Fujita T, Doihara H, Washio K, Ino H, Murakami M, Naito M, Shimizu N. Antitumor effects and drug interactions of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341) in gastric cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:677-86. [PMID: 17762396 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32808bf9d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341) inhibits the function of the 26S proteasome and has been extensively investigated in the clinical setting of hematologic malignancies. Remarkable efficacy has been reported in the treatment of multiple myeloma, but there have been few studies of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancy, especially gastric cancer. Here, we demonstrate its efficacy, both alone and in combination with other cytotoxic agents, in gastric cancer cell lines. The human gastric cancer cell lines AZ521, MKN45 and NUGC3 were used as experimental models. Bortezomib produced significant growth inhibition in these cells (mean IC50 values: 1.26, 9.44 and 8.63 micromol/l, respectively) and was also observed to decrease the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt signal pathways, increasing the accumulation of p21. Cell-cycle analysis revealed that a low concentration of bortezomib (10-100 nmol/l) increased accumulation in the G1 phase. Moreover, bortezomib showed synergistic growth inhibition in combination with the conventional cytotoxic agents 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, doxorubicin and SN-38, and also downregulates the activity of nuclear factor -kappaB, which is induced by these agents. Our results demonstrate that bortezomib could be an effective antitumor agent in the treatment of gastric cancer, both as single-agent therapy and in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Fujita
- Department of Cancer and Thoracic Surgery, Okayama University School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
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Yan H, Wang YC, Li D, Wang Y, Liu W, Wu YL, Chen GQ. Arsenic trioxide and proteasome inhibitor bortezomib synergistically induce apoptosis in leukemic cells: the role of protein kinase Cδ. Leukemia 2007; 21:1488-95. [PMID: 17495969 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) and proteasome inhibitor bortezomib have been successfully applied to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and multiple myeloma (MM), respectively. Their synergistic effects with other anticancer drugs have been widely studied. Here, we investigated the potential synergy of bortezomib and ATO on Bcr-Abl(+) leukemic K562 cells. The results showed that cotreatment of bortezomib at 32 nM, a half concentration for growth arrest, and ATO at 1 microM, a dose with no significant cytotoxic effect, synergistically induced apoptosis in the cell line, followed by enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction, release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-3 cleavage and degradation of poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase together with the decreased Bcr-Abl protein. These two drugs synergistically induced proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) with enhanced activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases phospho-c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38. The specific PKCdelta inhibitor rottlerin markedly decreased bortezomib plus ATO-induced apoptosis, suggesting that PKCdelta plays an important role in bortezomib plus ATO-induced apoptosis. Moreover, apoptosis synergy of bortezomib and ATO could also be seen in some kinds of acute leukemic cell lines and primary cells. Totally, our results indicate that combined regimen of bortezomib and ATO might be a potential therapeutic remedy for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai, China
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