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Marcheteau E, Farge T, Pérès M, Labrousse G, Tenet J, Delmas S, Chusseau M, Duprez-Paumier R, Franchet C, Dalenc F, Imbert C, Noujarède J, Colacios C, Prats H, Cabon F, Ségui B. Thrombospondin-1 Silencing Improves Lymphocyte Infiltration in Tumors and Response to Anti-PD-1 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4059. [PMID: 34439212 PMCID: PMC8391594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is notoriously aggressive with a high metastatic potential, and targeted therapies are lacking. Using transcriptomic and histologic analysis of TNBC samples, we found that a high expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), a potent endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and an activator of latent transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), is associated with (i) gene signatures of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and TGF-β signaling, (ii) metastasis and (iii) a reduced survival in TNBC patients. In contrast, in tumors expressing low levels of TSP1, gene signatures of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) signaling and lymphocyte activation were enriched. In TNBC biopsies, TSP1 expression inversely correlated with the CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) content. In the 4T1 metastatic mouse model of TNBC, TSP1 silencing did not affect primary tumor development but, strikingly, impaired metastasis in immunocompetent but not in immunodeficient nude mice. Moreover, TSP1 knockdown increased tumor vascularization and T lymphocyte infiltration and decreased TGF-β activation in immunocompetent mice. Noteworthy was the finding that TSP1 knockdown increased CD8+ TILs and their programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression and sensitized 4T1 tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy. TSP1 inhibition might thus represent an innovative targeted approach to impair TGF-β activation and breast cancer cell metastasis and improve lymphocyte infiltration in tumors, and immunotherapy efficacy in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Marcheteau
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- SeleXel, 1 Place Pierre Potier, BP 50624, CEDEX 1, 31106 Toulouse, France; (S.D.); (M.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Farge
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Michaël Pérès
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Guillaume Labrousse
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Tenet
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Delmas
- SeleXel, 1 Place Pierre Potier, BP 50624, CEDEX 1, 31106 Toulouse, France; (S.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Maud Chusseau
- SeleXel, 1 Place Pierre Potier, BP 50624, CEDEX 1, 31106 Toulouse, France; (S.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Raphaëlle Duprez-Paumier
- Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 1 Av. Irène Joliot-Curie, 31100 Toulouse, France; (R.D.-P.); (C.F.); (F.D.)
| | - Camille Franchet
- Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 1 Av. Irène Joliot-Curie, 31100 Toulouse, France; (R.D.-P.); (C.F.); (F.D.)
| | - Florence Dalenc
- Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 1 Av. Irène Joliot-Curie, 31100 Toulouse, France; (R.D.-P.); (C.F.); (F.D.)
| | - Caroline Imbert
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Justine Noujarède
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Prats
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Cabon
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- SeleXel, 1 Place Pierre Potier, BP 50624, CEDEX 1, 31106 Toulouse, France; (S.D.); (M.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, 2 Aavenue Hubert Curien, CEDEX 1, 31047 Toulouse, France; (E.M.); (T.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.); (J.T.); (C.I.); (J.N.); (C.C.); (H.P.); (F.C.)
- Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC—Association Pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, 94803 Villejuif, France
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2
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Lee NH, Nikfarjam M, He H. Functions of the CXC ligand family in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Pancreatology 2018; 18:705-716. [PMID: 30078614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance is the major contributor to the poor prognosis of and low survival from pancreatic cancer (PC). Cancer progression is a complex process reliant on interactions between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Members of the CXCL family of chemokines are present in the pancreatic TME and seem to play a vital role in regulating PC progression. As pancreatic tumors interact with the TME and with PC stem cells (CSCs), determining the roles of specific members of the CXCL family is vital to the development of improved therapies. This review highlights the roles of selected CXCLs in the interactions between pancreatic tumor and its stroma, and in CSC phenotypes, which can be used to identify potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Hung Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Park S, Park JH, Jung HJ, Jang JH, Ahn S, Kim Y, Suh PG, Chae S, Yoon JH, Ryu SH, Hwang D. A secretome profile indicative of oleate-induced proliferation of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 30076294 PMCID: PMC6076227 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased fatty acid (FA) is often observed in highly proliferative tumors. FAs have been shown to modulate the secretion of proteins from tumor cells, contributing to tumor survival. However, the secreted factors affected by FA have not been systematically explored. Here, we found that treatment of oleate, a monounsaturated omega-9 FA, promoted the proliferation of HepG2 cells. To examine the secreted factors associated with oleate-induced cell proliferation, we performed a comprehensive secretome profiling of oleate-treated and untreated HepG2 cells. A comparison of the secretomes identified 349 differentially secreted proteins (DSPs; 145 upregulated and 192 downregulated) in oleate-treated samples, compared to untreated samples. The functional enrichment and network analyses of the DSPs revealed that the 145 upregulated secreted proteins by oleate treatment were mainly associated with cell proliferation-related processes, such as lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and ER stress. Based on the network models of the DSPs, we selected six DSPs (MIF, THBS1, PDIA3, APOA1, FASN, and EEF2) that can represent such processes related to cell proliferation. Thus, our results provided a secretome profile indicative of an oleate-induced proliferation of HepG2 cells. By exposing liver cancer cells to oleate, an unsaturated fatty acid, researchers have discovered a group of secreted proteins that may help explain why fatty acids increase proliferative capacity in tumors. Soyeon Park from Pohang University of Science and Technology in South Korea and coworkers treated liver cancer cells with oleate and then measured all the proteins released from the cells. Comparison with untreated cells revealed 145 proteins secreted at elevated levels—most of which were involved in metabolism, stress responses and other proliferation-related processes—and another 192 proteins secreted at reduced levels. The researchers ran additional biochemical analyses on six secreted proteins to validate the changes following exposure to oleate. The authors suggest that these validated proteins could now serve as biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness or as future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Park
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Jung
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeok Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ahn
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Younah Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. .,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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Huang X, Zhi X, Gao Y, Ta N, Jiang H, Zheng J. LncRNAs in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57379-57390. [PMID: 27429196 PMCID: PMC5302996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death. The underlying mechanism of PC is not completely understood at present. Studies in recent years have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have multiple biological functions in cell growth, differentiation and proliferation. Notably, expressions of some lncRNAs undergo significant changes in the initiation and progression of cancers. In addition, lncRNAs are reported to be involved in various steps of PC development and have a potential value in the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic prediction of PC. In this review, we highlight recent evidence related to the molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in growth, survival, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and apoptosis of PC cells, and discuss the potential clinical application of lncRNAs to the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic prediction of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Huang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosong Zhi
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisha Gao
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Zheng B, Peng J, Mollayup A, Bakri A, Guo L, Zheng J, Xu H. Construction of a prognostic prediction system for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to investigate the key prognostic genes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:216-224. [PMID: 29115420 PMCID: PMC5780129 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is associated with high mortality rates and poor prognoses. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of PC, and almost all cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aim of the current study was to reveal the genes involved in the prognosis of PDAC. Five datasets, including GSE71729 (145 PDAC samples and 46 normal samples), GSE15471 (39 PDAC samples and 39 normal samples), GSE1542 (24 PDAC samples and 25 normal samples), GSE28735 (45 PDAC samples and 45 normal samples) and GSE62452 (69 PDAC samples and 69 normal samples) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Using the MetaDE.ES method in the MetaDE package, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the five datasets. Furthermore, prognosis‑associated genes were screened using the Cox regression analysis in the survival package, and co‑expression network and module analyses were performed separately using Cytoscape software and GraphWeb tool, respectively. After a prognostic prediction system was constructed and validated, enrichment analysis of the signature genes was performed using the clusterProfiler package. A total of 480 DEGs were identified from the five datasets and 259 prognosis‑associated genes were screened from GSE28735 and GSE62452. In addition, the prognostic prediction system composed of 67 signature genes [including basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3), serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11), thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38) and secretin receptor (SCTR)] was constructed and validated. The signature genes involved in the co‑expression network were enriched in five pathways. In particular, STK11 was involved in three signaling pathways, and THBS1 was enriched in the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase‑Akt signaling pathway. Thus, BTF3, STK11, THBS1, RPL38 and SCTR may influence the prognosis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Zheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Jie Peng
- Emergency Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ablikim Mollayup
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Ahmat Bakri
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Jianjiang Zheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
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Kim Y, Kang M, Han D, Kim H, Lee K, Kim SW, Kim Y, Park T, Jang JY, Kim Y. Biomarker Development for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2015; 15:100-13. [PMID: 26561977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a common precursor of pancreatic cancer (PC). Much clinical attention has been directed toward IPMNs due to the increase in the prevalence of PC. The diagnosis of IPMN depends primarily on a radiological examination, but the diagnostic accuracy of this tool is not satisfactory, necessitating the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for IPMN to prevent PC. Recently, high-throughput targeted proteomic quantification methods have accelerated the discovery of biomarkers, rendering them powerful platforms for the evolution of IPMN diagnostic biomarkers. In this study, a robust multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) pipeline was applied to discovery and verify IPMN biomarker candidates in a large cohort of plasma samples. Through highly reproducible MRM assays and a stringent statistical analysis, 11 proteins were selected as IPMN marker candidates with high confidence in 184 plasma samples, comprising a training (n = 84) and test set (n = 100). To improve the discriminatory power, we constructed a six-protein panel by combining marker candidates. The multimarker panel had high discriminatory power in distinguishing between IPMN and controls, including other benign diseases. Consequently, the diagnostic accuracy of IPMN can be improved dramatically with this novel plasma-based panel in combination with a radiological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikwon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - MeeJoo Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - KyoungBun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sun-Whe Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, and §Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 Korea.,Department of Statistics and ⊥Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University , Daehak-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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7
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe protocols for tumor imaging technologies in mouse models. These models utilize human cancer cell lines which have been genetically engineered to selectively express high levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP). Tumors with fluorescent genetic reporters are established subcutaneously in nude mice, and fragments of the subcutaneous tumors are then surgically transplanted onto the orthotopic organ. Locoregional tumor growth and distant metastasis of these orthotopic implants occur spontaneously and rapidly throughout the abdomen in a manner consistent with clinical human disease. Highly specific, high-resolution, real-time quantitative fluorescence imaging of tumor growth and metastasis may be achieved in vivo without the need for contrast agents, invasive techniques, or expensive imaging equipment. Transplantation of RFP-expressing tumor fragments onto the pancreas of GFP- or cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-expressing transgenic nude mice was used to facilitate visualization of tumor-host interaction between the pancreatic cancer cells and host-derived stroma and vasculature. Such in vivo models have enabled us to visualize in real time and acquire images of the progression of pancreatic cancer in the live animal, and to demonstrate the real-time antitumor and antimetastatic effects of several novel therapeutic strategies on a variety of malignancies. We discuss studies from our laboratory that demonstrate that fluorescence imaging in mice is complementary to other modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound. These fluorescent models are powerful and reliable tools with which to investigate metastatic human cancer and novel therapeutic strategies directed against it.
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8
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Campone M, Valo I, Jézéquel P, Moreau M, Boissard A, Campion L, Loussouarn D, Verriele V, Coqueret O, Guette C. Prediction of Recurrence and Survival for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) by a Protein Signature in Tissue Samples. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015. [PMID: 26209610 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is no available targeted therapy for patients who are diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). The aim of this study was to identify a new specific target for specific treatments. Frozen primary tumors were collected from 83 adjuvant therapy-naive TNBC patients. These samples were used for global proteome profiling by iTRAQ-OFFGEL-LC-MS/MS approach in two series: a training cohort (n = 42) and a test set (n = 41). Patients who remains free of local or distant metastasis for a minimum of 5 years after surgery were classified in the no-relapse group; the others were in the relapse group. OPLS and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to select candidate markers, which were validated by immunohistochemistry. Three proteins were identified in the training set and validated in the test set by Kaplan-Meier method and immunohistochemistry (IHC): TrpRS as a good prognostic markers and DP and TSP1 as bad prognostic markers. We propose the establishment of an IHC test to calculate the score of TrpRS, DP, and TSP1 in TNBC tumors to evaluate the degree of aggressiveness of the tumors. Finally, we propose that DP and TSP1 could provide therapeutic targets for specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Campone
- ‡René Gauducheau ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, Bd J. Monod, 44805 Saint Herblain Cedex, France; §Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, 2 rue Moll, 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Valo
- §Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, 2 rue Moll, 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Pascal Jézéquel
- ‡René Gauducheau ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, Bd J. Monod, 44805 Saint Herblain Cedex, France
| | - Marie Moreau
- ¶Angers University, 4 Boulevard de Lavoisier, Angers, 49000, France
| | - Alice Boissard
- §Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, 2 rue Moll, 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Loic Campion
- ‡René Gauducheau ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, Bd J. Monod, 44805 Saint Herblain Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- ‖INSERM U892, CNRS 6299, IRT-UN, 8 quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Verriele
- §Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, 2 rue Moll, 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Coqueret
- §Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, 2 rue Moll, 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France; ¶Angers University, 4 Boulevard de Lavoisier, Angers, 49000, France
| | - Catherine Guette
- §Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, Inserm U892, CNRS 6299, 2 rue Moll, 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France;
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9
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Kawabe S, Mizutani T, Ishikane S, Martinez ME, Kiyono Y, Miura K, Hosoda H, Imamichi Y, Kangawa K, Miyamoto K, Yoshida Y. Establishment and characterization of a novel orthotopic mouse model for human uterine sarcoma with different metastatic potentials. Cancer Lett 2015; 366:182-90. [PMID: 26164209 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Uterine sarcomas are rare and aggressive gynecologic tumors with a poor prognosis because of recurrence and metastasis. However, the mechanisms of uterine sarcoma metastasis are largely unknown. To investigate this mechanism, we developed a novel uterine sarcoma tissue-derived orthotopic and metastatic model in KSN nude mice using a green fluorescent protein stably expressed uterine sarcoma cell line, MES-SA. Histological analysis showed that all orthotopic primary tumors were undifferentiated sarcoma. Primary tumors were characterized by high (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake with a positive correlation to the number of pulmonary metastases. In addition, we generated uterine sarcoma cell sublines with high or low metastatic potentials by serial in vivo selection. Microarray analysis between orthotopic tumors with high and low metastatic potentials revealed differential expression of genes related to cell proliferation and migration (TNNT1, COL1A2, and ZIC1). Our model would be useful to compensate for the limited clinical cases of uterine sarcoma and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of metastatic uterine sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kawabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Shin Ishikane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Miguel Ernesto Martinez
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kiyono
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Koichi Miura
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kaoru Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yoshida
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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10
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Das MK, Basak S, Ahmed MS, Attramadal H, Duttaroy AK. Connective tissue growth factor induces tube formation and IL-8 production in first trimester human placental trophoblast cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 181:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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The tumor-educated-macrophage increase of malignancy of human pancreatic cancer is prevented by zoledronic acid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103382. [PMID: 25116261 PMCID: PMC4130525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously defined macrophages harvested from the peritoneal cavity of nude mice with subcutaneous human pancreatic tumors as “tumor-educated-macrophages” (Edu) and macrophages harvested from mice without tumors as “naïve-macrophages” (Naïve), and demonstrated that Edu-macrophages promoted tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, Edu- and Naïve-macrophages were compared for their ability to enhance pancreatic cancer malignancy at the cellular level in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory efficacy of Zoledronic acid (ZA) on Edu-macrophage-enhanced metastasis was also determined. XPA1 human pancreatic cancer cells in Gelfoam co-cultured with Edu-macrophages proliferated to a greater extent compared to XPA1 cells cultured with Naïve-macrophages (P = 0.014). XPA1 cells exposed to conditioned medium harvested from Edu culture significantly increased proliferation (P = 0.016) and had more migration stimulation capability (P<0.001) compared to cultured cancer cells treated with the conditioned medium from Naïve. The mitotic index of the XPA1 cells, expressing GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm, significantly increased in vivo in the presence of Edu- compared to Naïve-macrophages (P = 0.001). Zoledronic acid (ZA) killed both Edu and Naïve in vitro. Edu promoted tumor growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model of the XPA1 human pancreatic cancer cell line. ZA reduced primary tumor growth (P = 0.006) and prevented metastasis (P = 0.025) promoted by Edu-macrophages. These results indicate that ZA inhibits enhanced primary tumor growth and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer induced by Edu-macrophages.
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Expression profiling using a cDNA array and immunohistochemistry for the extracellular matrix genes FN-1, ITGA-3, ITGB-5, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in colorectal carcinoma progression and dissemination. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:102541. [PMID: 24737953 PMCID: PMC3967625 DOI: 10.1155/2014/102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer dissemination depends on extracellular matrix genes related to remodeling and degradation of the matrix structure. This investigation intended to evaluate the association between FN-1, ITGA-3, ITGB-5, MMP-2, and MMP-9 gene and protein expression levels in tumor tissue with clinical and histopathological neoplastic parameters of cancer dissemination. The expression associations between ECM molecules and selected epithelial markers EGFR, VEGF, Bcl2, P53, and KI-67 have also been examined in 114 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent primary tumor resection. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry tissue microarray methods were performed in samples from the primary tumors. The gene expression results showed that the ITGA-3 and ITGB-5 genes were overexpressed in tumors with lymph node and distant metastasis (III/IV-stage tumors compared with I/II tumors). The MMP-2 gene showed significant overexpression in mucinous type tumors, and MMP-9 was overexpressed in villous adenocarcinoma histologic type tumors. The ECM genes MMP9 and ITGA-3 have shown a significant expression correlation with EGFR epithelial marker. The overexpression of the matrix extracellular genes ITGA-3 and ITGB-5 is associated with advanced stage tumors, and the genes MMP-2 and MMP-9 are overexpressed in mucinous and villous adenocarcinoma type tumors, respectively. The epithelial marker EGFR overactivity has been shown to be associated with the ECM genes MMP-9 and ITGA-3 expression.
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TSP-1-1223 A/G Polymorphism as a Potential Predictor of the Recurrence Risk of Bladder Cancer in a Chinese Population. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:473242. [PMID: 24367787 PMCID: PMC3866825 DOI: 10.1155/2013/473242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds. TSP-1 is a glycoprotein that functions in the biology of bladder cancer. We investigated the relationship between the distribution of TSP-1-1223 A/G polymorphism (rs2169830) and the clinical characteristics of bladder cancer. Materials and Methods. TaqMan assay was performed to determine the genotype of 609 cases and 670 control subjects in a Chinese population. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between the polymorphism and the risk of bladder cancer. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine TSP-1 mRNA expression. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results. No significant differences were detected in the genotype frequencies of healthy control subjects and patients with bladder cancer. By contrast, the time until the first recurrence differed significantly between genotypes (P = 0.017). The expression of TSP-1 mRNA in bladder cancer tissues was lower in patients with an AG genotype than in those with an AA genotype. The lowest expression was observed in patients with a GG genotype. Conclusions. In conclusion, TSP-1-1223 A/G polymorphism may contribute to the recurrence of bladder cancer in Chinese population.
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14
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Leptin induces tube formation in first-trimester extravillous trophoblast cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 164:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bouvet M, Hoffman RM. In vivo imaging of pancreatic cancer with fluorescent proteins in mouse models. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 872:51-67. [PMID: 22700403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-797-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe protocols for clinically-relevant, metastatic orthotopic mouse models of pancreatic cancer, made imageable with genetic reporters. These models utilize human pancreatic-cancer cell lines which have been genetically engineered to selectively express high levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP). Tumors with fluorescent genetic reporters are established subcutaneously in nude mice by injection of the GFP- or RFP-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines, and fragments of the subcutaneous tumors are then surgically transplanted onto the pancreas of additional nude mice. Loco-regional tumor growth and distant metastasis of these orthotopic tumors occurs spontaneously and rapidly throughout the abdomen in a manner consistent with clinical human disease. Highly-specific, high-resolution, real-time quantitative fluorescence imaging of tumor growth, and metastasis is achieved in vivo without the need for contrast agents, invasive techniques, or expensive imaging equipment. Transplantation of RFP-expressing tumor fragments onto the pancreas of GFP- or cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-expressing transgenic nude mice was used to facilitate visualization of tumor-host interaction between the pancreatic cancer cells and host-derived stroma and vasculature. Such in vivo models have enabled us to visualize in real time and acquire images of the progression of pancreatic cancer in the live animal. These models can demonstrate the real-time antitumor and antimetastatic effects of novel therapeutic strategies on pancreatic malignancy. These fluorescent models are therefore powerful and reliable tools with which to investigate metastatic human pancreatic cancer and novel therapeutic strategies directed against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bouvet
- GI Cancer Unit, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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16
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Pan S, Chen R, Crispin DA, May D, Stevens T, McIntosh MW, Bronner MP, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H, Brentnall TA. Protein alterations associated with pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis found in human plasma using global quantitative proteomics profiling. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2359-76. [PMID: 21443201 DOI: 10.1021/pr101148r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease that is difficult to diagnose at early stages when curable treatments are effective. Biomarkers that can improve current pancreatic cancer detection would have great value in improving patient management and survival rate. A large scale quantitative proteomics study was performed to search for the plasma protein alterations associated with pancreatic cancer. The enormous complexity of the plasma proteome and the vast dynamic range of protein concentration therein present major challenges for quantitative global profiling of plasma. To address these challenges, multidimensional fractionation at both protein and peptide levels was applied to enhance the depth of proteomics analysis. Employing stringent criteria, more than 1300 proteins total were identified in plasma across 8-orders of magnitude in protein concentration. Differential proteins associated with pancreatic cancer were identified, and their relationship with the proteome of pancreatic tissue and pancreatic juice from our previous studies was discussed. A subgroup of differentially expressed proteins was selected for biomarker testing using an independent cohort of plasma and serum samples from well-diagnosed patients with pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and nonpancreatic disease controls. Using ELISA methodology, the performance of each of these protein candidates was benchmarked against CA19-9, the current gold standard for a pancreatic cancer blood test. A composite marker of TIMP1 and ICAM1 demonstrate significantly better performance than CA19-9 in distinguishing pancreatic cancer from the nonpancreatic disease controls and chronic pancreatitis controls. In addition, protein AZGP1 was identified as a biomarker candidate for chronic pancreatitis. The discovery and technical challenges associated with plasma-based quantitative proteomics are discussed and may benefit the development of plasma proteomics technology in general. The protein candidates identified in this study provide a biomarker candidate pool for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Pan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Schütte U, Bisht S, Brossart P, Feldmann G. Recent developments of transgenic and xenograft mouse models of pancreatic cancer for translational research. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 6:33-48. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.534453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Yam C, Zhao M, Hayashi K, Ma H, Kishimoto H, McElroy M, Bouvet M, Hoffman RM. Monotherapy with a tumor-targeting mutant of S. typhimurium inhibits liver metastasis in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. J Surg Res 2009; 164:248-55. [PMID: 19766244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the exocrine pancreas is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Currently, surgical resection is the only hope for cure. The majority of patients present with locally-advanced or metastatic disease. The most common site for distant metastasis is the liver. We report here a modified auxotrophic strain of S. typhimurium that can target and inhibit the growth of liver metastasis in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. This strain of S. typhimurium is auxotrophic (leucine-arginine dependent) but apparently receives sufficient nutritional support from tumor tissue. To increase tumor targeting ability and tumor killing efficacy, this strain was further modified by re-isolation from a tumor growing in a nude mouse and termed A1-R. In the present study, we demonstrate the efficacy of locally- as well as systemically-administered A1-R on liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Mice treated with A1-R given locally via intrasplenic injection or systemically via tail vein injection had a much lower hepatic and splenic tumor burden compared with control mice. Systemic treatment with intravenous A1-R also increased survival time. All results were statistically significant. This study suggests the clinical potential of bacterial treatment of a critical metastatic target of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Yam
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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