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Cook I, Leyh TS. Sulfotransferase 2B1b, Sterol Sulfonation, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:521-531. [PMID: 36549865 PMCID: PMC10158503 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of human sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) is to sulfonate cholesterol and closely related sterols. SULT2B1b sterols perform a number of essential cellular functions. Many are signaling molecules whose activities are redefined by sulfonation-allosteric properties are switched "on" or "off," agonists are transformed into antagonists, and vice versa. Sterol sulfonation is tightly coupled to cholesterol homeostasis, and sulfonation imbalances are causally linked to cholesterol-related diseases including certain cancers, Alzheimer disease, and recessive X-linked ichthyosis-an orphan skin disease. Numerous studies link SULT2B1b activity to disease-relevant molecular processes. Here, these multifaceted processes are integrated into metabolic maps that highlight their interdependence and how their actions are regulated and coordinated by SULT2B1b oxysterol sulfonation. The maps help explain why SULT2B1b inhibition arrests the growth of certain cancers and make the novel prediction that SULT2B1b inhibition will suppress production of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau fibrils while simultaneously stimulating Aβ plaque phagocytosis. SULT2B1b harbors a sterol-selective allosteric site whose structure is discussed as a template for creating inhibitors to regulate SULT2B1b and its associated biology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) produces sterol-sulfate signaling molecules that maintain the homeostasis of otherwise pro-disease processes in cancer, Alzheimer disease, and X-linked ichthyosis-an orphan skin disease. The functions of sterol sulfates in each disease are considered and codified into metabolic maps that explain the interdependencies of the sterol-regulated networks and their coordinate regulation by SULT2B1b. The structure of the SULT2B1b sterol-sensing allosteric site is discussed as a means of controlling sterol sulfate biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Thomas S Leyh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Kulathunga SC, Morato NM, Zhou Q, Cooks RG, Mesecar AD. Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Assay for Label-Free Characterization of SULT2B1b Enzyme Kinetics. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200043. [PMID: 35080134 PMCID: PMC10112463 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The sulfotransferase (SULT) 2B1b, which catalyzes the sulfonation of 3β-hydroxysteroids, has been identified as a potential target for prostate cancer treatment. However, a major limitation for SULT2B1b-targeted drug discovery is the lack of robust assays compatible with high-throughput screening and inconsistency in reported kinetic data. For this reason, we developed a novel label-free assay based on high-throughput (>1 Hz) desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) for the direct quantitation of the sulfoconjugated product (CV<10 %; <1 ng analyte). The performance of this DESI-based assay was compared against a new fluorometric coupled-enzyme method that we also developed. Both methodologies provided consistent kinetic data for the reaction of SULT2B1b with its major substrates, indicating the affinity trend pregnenolone>DHEA>cholesterol, for both the phospho-mimetic and wild-type SULT2B1b forms. The novel DESI-MS assay developed here is likely generalizable to other drug discovery efforts and is particularly promising for identification of SULT2B1b inhibitors with potential as prostate cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadhi C Kulathunga
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry, Bindley Bioscience Center, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, Wetherill Laboratory of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Bindley Bioscience Center, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, Wetherill Laboratory of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Inter-platform assessment of performance of high-throughput desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Vickman RE, Broman MM, Lanman NA, Franco OE, Sudyanti PAG, Ni Y, Ji Y, Helfand BT, Petkewicz J, Paterakos MC, Crawford SE, Ratliff TL, Hayward SW. Heterogeneity of human prostate carcinoma-associated fibroblasts implicates a role for subpopulations in myeloid cell recruitment. Prostate 2020; 80:173-185. [PMID: 31763714 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a heterogeneous group of cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can promote tumorigenesis in the prostate. By understanding the mechanism(s) by which CAF contributes to tumor growth, new therapeutic targets for the management of this disease may be identified. These studies determined whether unique sub-populations of human prostate CAF can be identified and functionally characterized. METHODS Single-cell RNA-seq of primary human prostate CAF followed by unsupervised clustering was utilized to generate cell clusters based on differentially expressed (DE) gene profiles. Potential communication between CAF and immune cells was analyzed using in vivo tissue recombination by combining CAF or normal prostate fibroblasts (NPF) with non-tumorigenic, initiated prostate epithelial BPH-1 cells. Resultant grafts were assessed for inflammatory cell recruitment. RESULTS Clustering of 3321 CAF allows for visualization of six subpopulations, demonstrating heterogeneity within CAF. Sub-renal capsule recombination assays show that the presence of CAF significantly increases myeloid cell recruitment to resultant tumors. This is supported by significantly increased expression of chemotactic chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 in large clusters compared to other subpopulations. Bayesian analysis topologies also support differential communication signals between chemokine-related genes of individual clusters. Migration of THP-1 monocyte cells in vitro is stimulated in the presence of CAF conditioned medium (CM) compared with NPF CM. Further in vitro analyses suggest that CAF-derived chemokine CCL2 may be responsible for CAF-stimulated migration of THP-1 cells, since neutralization of this chemokine abrogates migration capacity. CONCLUSIONS CAF clustering based on DE gene expression supports the concept that clusters have unique functions within the TME, including a role in immune/inflammatory cell recruitment. These data suggest that CCL2 produced by CAF may be involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, but may also directly regulate the growth of the tumor. Further studies aimed at characterizing the subpopulation(s) of CAF which promote immune cell recruitment to the TME and/or stimulate prostate cancer growth and progression will be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nadia A Lanman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Yang Ni
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Michael C Paterakos
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
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Park S, Song CS, Lin CL, Jiang S, Osmulski PA, Wang CM, Marck BT, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, Gaczynska ME, Chen Y, Mostaghel EA, Chatterjee B. Inhibitory Interplay of SULT2B1b Sulfotransferase with AKR1C3 Aldo-keto Reductase in Prostate Cancer. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqz042. [PMID: 31894239 PMCID: PMC7341717 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SULT2B1b (SULT2B) is a prostate-expressed hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase, which may regulate intracrine androgen homeostasis by mediating 3β-sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the precursor for 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) biosynthesis. The aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C3 regulates androgen receptor (AR) activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by promoting tumor tissue androgen biosynthesis from adrenal DHEA and also by functioning as an AR-selective coactivator. Herein we report that SULT2B-depleted CRPC cells, arising from stable RNA interference or gene knockout (KO), are markedly upregulated for AKR1C3, activated for ERK1/2 survival signal, and induced for epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT)-like changes. EMT was evident from increased mesenchymal proteins and elevated EMT-inducing transcription factors SNAI1 and TWIST1 in immunoblot and single-cell mass cytometry analyses. SULT2B KO cells showed greater motility and invasion in vitro; growth escalation in xenograft study; and enhanced metastatic potential predicted on the basis of decreased cell stiffness and adhesion revealed from atomic force microscopy analysis. While AR and androgen levels were unchanged, AR activity was elevated, since PSA and FKBP5 mRNA induction by DHT-activated AR was several-fold higher in SULT2B-silenced cells. AKR1C3 silencing prevented ERK1/2 activation and SNAI1 induction in SULT2B-depleted cells. SULT2B was undetectable in nearly all CRPC metastases from 50 autopsy cases. Primary tumors showed variable and Gleason score (GS)-independent SULT2B levels. CRPC metastases lacking SULT2B expressed AKR1C3. Since AKR1C3 is frequently elevated in advanced prostate cancer, the inhibitory influence of SULT2B on AKR1C3 upregulation, ERK1/2 activation, EMT-like induction, and on cell motility and invasiveness may be clinically significant. Pathways regulating the inhibitory SULT2B-AKR1C3 axis may inform new avenue(s) for targeting SULT2B-deficient prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgi Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, South Korea
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chung-Seog Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Lin Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shoulei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Pawel A Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chiou-Miin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Brett T Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria E Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Greehy Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Bandana Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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Li Y, Ding Q, Xiong Z, Wen H, Feng C. Overexpression of steroid sulfotransferase genes is associated with worsened prognosis and with immune exclusion in clear cell-renal cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9209-9219. [PMID: 31655797 PMCID: PMC6834411 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Steroid sulfotransferase (SULT) plays physiological roles but its role in clear cell-renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. We therefore investigated genetic alteration of steroid SULT genes in ccRCC. Results: Overexpression of any of SULT genes occurred in ~8% of ccRCC patients. Overexpression of steroid SULT genes was associated with worsened prognosis. Steroid SULT gene-upregulated ccRCC cases showed mutual exclusivity with mutations of VHL, SETD2 and PBRM1, and with focal deletions of 3p and 9p, respectively. Expressions of SULT genes were negatively correlated with that of VHL, SETD2 and PBRM1, respectively. While no cancer-intrinsic pathway was enriched, immune signatures were significantly enriched in SULT gene-overexpressed cases, resulting in significantly fewer infiltration of lymphocytes. Targeting SULT1B1 significantly inhibited growth of ccRCC cells. Conclusion: Steroid SULT genes were associated with worsened prognosis and with immune exclusion in ccRCC. Methods: In silico reproduction of TGGA and GTEx datasets was performed. Data were processed comprehensively using the platforms of cBioPotal, GEPIA, Human Protein Atlas, TIMER, respectively. Functional annotation was analyzed using platforms of NET-GE and GSEA, respectively. In vitro assays were performed for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Zuquan Xiong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Hui Wen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
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