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Fu S, Ke H, Yuan H, Xu H, Chen W, Zhao L. Dual role of pregnancy in breast cancer risk. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 352:114501. [PMID: 38527592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive history is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer in women. Pregnancy can promote short-term breast cancer risk, but also reduce a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. Changes in hormone levels before and after pregnancy are one of the key factors in breast cancer risk. This article summarizes the changes in hormone levels before and after pregnancy, and the roles of hormones in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. Other factors, such as changes in breast morphology and mammary gland differentiation, changes in the proportion of mammary stem cells (MaSCs), changes in the immune and inflammatory environment, and changes in lactation before and after pregnancy, also play key roles in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. This review discusses the dual effects and the potential mechanisms of pregnancy on breast cancer risk from the above aspects, which is helpful to understand the complexity of female breast cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Fu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | | | - Huaimeng Xu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China.
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2
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Yaghjyan L, Heng YJ, Baker GM, Bret-Mounet VC, Murthy D, Mahoney MB, Rosner B, Tamimi RM. Associations of reproductive breast cancer risk factors with expression of stem cell markers in benign breast tissue. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1354094. [PMID: 38577336 PMCID: PMC10991780 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1354094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the associations of reproductive factors known to influence breast cancer risk with the expression of breast stem cell markers CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 in benign breast biopsy samples. Methods We included 439 cancer-free women with biopsy-confirmed benign breast disease within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. The data on reproductive and other breast cancer risk factors were obtained from biennial questionnaires. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue microarrays. For each core, the IHC expression was assessed using a semi-automated platform and expressed as % of cells that stained positive for a specific marker out of the total cell count. Generalized linear regression was used to examine the associations of reproductive factors with a log-transformed expression of each marker (in epithelium and stroma), adjusted for other breast cancer risk factors. Results In multivariate analysis, the time between menarche and age at first birth was inversely associated with CD44 in epithelium (β per 5 years = -0.38, 95% CI -0.69; -0.06). Age at first birth and the time between menarche and age at first birth were inversely associated with ALDH1A1 (stroma: β per 5 years = -0.43, 95% CI -0.76; -0.10 and β = -0.47, 95% CI -0.79; -0.15, respectively; epithelium: β = -0.15, 95% CI -0.30; -0.01 and β = -0.17, 95% CI -0.30; -0.03, respectively). Time since last pregnancy was inversely associated with stromal ALDH1A1 (β per 5 years = -0.55, 95% CI -0.98; -0.11). No associations were found for CD24. The observed associations were similar in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, lifetime duration of breastfeeding was inversely associated with stromal ALDH1A1 expression (β for ≥24 vs. 0 to <1 months = -2.24, 95% CI 3.96; -0.51, p-trend = 0.01). Conclusion Early-life reproductive factors may influence CD44 and ALDH1A1 expression in benign breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yujing J. Heng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle M. Baker
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vanessa C. Bret-Mounet
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Divya Murthy
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matt B. Mahoney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rulla M. Tamimi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Stordal B. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer: A call for action in high-income countries with low rates of breastfeeding. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4616-4625. [PMID: 36164270 PMCID: PMC9972148 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Women in the UK have a 15% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Like other high-income countries, women in the UK are having children later in life which increases their risk. The risk of breast cancer is reduced by 4.3% for every 12 months of breastfeeding, this is in addition to the 7.0% decrease in risk observed for each birth. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (20%) and in carriers of BRCA1 mutations (22-55%). The mechanisms of reduced risk as a result of pregnancy are related to changes in RNA processing and cellular differentiation. The UK has a low rate of breastfeeding (81%) and this is contrasted to countries with higher (Sweden, Australia) and lower rates (Ireland). The low UK rate is in part due to a lack of experience in the population, todays grandmothers have less experience with breastfeeding (62%) than their daughters. An estimated 4.7% of breast cancer cases in the UK are caused by not breastfeeding. The UK only has 43% of maternity services with full Baby-Friendly accreditation which promotes compliance with the WHO 'Ten Steps to Successful Breast Feeding'. Legislation in the UK and Europe is far short of the WHO Guidance on restricting the advertising of formula milk. Expansion of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, stricter laws on the advertising of formula milk and legislation to support nursing mothers in the workplace have the potential to increase breastfeeding in the UK. Women with a family history of breast cancer should particularly be supported to breastfeed as a way of reducing their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Stordal
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University London, London, UK
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4
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Krum-Hansen S, Standahl Olsen K, Anderssen E, Frantzen JO, Lund E, Paulssen RH. Associations of breast cancer related exposures and gene expression profiles in normal breast tissue-The Norwegian Women and Cancer normal breast tissue study. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1777. [PMID: 36617746 PMCID: PMC10075301 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal breast tissue is utilized in tissue-based studies of breast carcinogenesis. While gene expression in breast tumor tissue is well explored, our knowledge of transcriptomic signatures in normal breast tissue is still incomplete. The aim of this study was to investigate variability of gene expression in a large sample of normal breast tissue biopsies, according to breast cancer related exposures (obesity, smoking, alcohol, hormone therapy, and parity). METHODS We analyzed gene expression profiles from 311 normal breast tissue biopsies from cancer-free, post-menopausal women, using Illumina bead chip arrays. Principal component analysis and K-means clustering was used for initial analysis of the dataset. The association of exposures and covariates with gene expression was determined using linear models for microarrays. RESULTS Heterogeneity of the breast tissue and cell composition had the strongest influence on gene expression profiles. After adjusting for cell composition, obesity, smoking, and alcohol showed the highest numbers of associated genes and pathways, whereas hormone therapy and parity were associated with negligible gene expression differences. CONCLUSION Our results provide insight into associations between major exposures and gene expression profiles and provide an informative baseline for improved understanding of exposure-related molecular events in normal breast tissue of cancer-free, post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Krum-Hansen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Karina Standahl Olsen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Endre Anderssen
- Genomics Support Center Tromsø (GSCT), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Ole Frantzen
- Narvik Hospital, University Hospital of North Norway, Narvik, Norway
| | - Eiliv Lund
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ruth H Paulssen
- Genomics Support Center Tromsø (GSCT), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Mogus JP, LaPlante CD, Bansal R, Matouskova K, Schneider BR, Daniele E, Silva SJ, Hagen MJ, Dunphy KA, Jerry DJ, Schneider SS, Vandenberg LN. Exposure to Propylparaben During Pregnancy and Lactation Induces Long-Term Alterations to the Mammary Gland in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6170911. [PMID: 33724348 PMCID: PMC8121128 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a hormone sensitive organ that is susceptible to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the vulnerable periods of parous reorganization (ie, pregnancy, lactation, and involution). Pregnancy is believed to have long-term protective effects against breast cancer development; however, it is unknown if EDCs can alter this effect. We examined the long-term effects of propylparaben, a common preservative used in personal care products and foods, with estrogenic properties, on the parous mouse mammary gland. Pregnant BALB/c mice were treated with 0, 20, 100, or 10 000 µg/kg/day propylparaben throughout pregnancy and lactation. Unexposed nulliparous females were also evaluated. Five weeks post-involution, mammary glands were collected and assessed for changes in histomorphology, hormone receptor expression, immune cell number, and gene expression. For several parameters of mammary gland morphology, propylparaben reduced the effects of parity. Propylparaben also increased proliferation, but not stem cell number, and induced modest alterations to expression of ERα-mediated genes. Finally, propylparaben altered the effect of parity on the number of several immune cell types in the mammary gland. These results suggest that propylparaben, at levels relevant to human exposure, can interfere with the effects of parity on the mouse mammary gland and induce long-term alterations to mammary gland structure. Future studies should address if propylparaben exposures negate the protective effects of pregnancy on mammary cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Mogus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Charlotte D LaPlante
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin R Schneider
- Biospecimen Resource and Molecular Analysis Facility, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Elizabeth Daniele
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shannon J Silva
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mary J Hagen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Karen A Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- Biospecimen Resource and Molecular Analysis Facility, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Correspondence: Laura N. Vandenberg, PhD, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 171C Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
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6
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Gutiérrez-Díez PJ, Gomez-Pilar J, Hornero R, Martínez-Rodríguez J, López-Marcos MA, Russo J. The role of gene to gene interaction in the breast's genomic signature of pregnancy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2643. [PMID: 33514799 PMCID: PMC7846553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-term pregnancy at an early age confers long-term protection against breast cancer. Published data shows a specific transcriptomic profile controlling chromatin remodeling that could play a relevant role in the pregnancy-induced protection. This process of chromatin remodeling, induced by the breast differentiation caused by the first full-term pregnancy, has mainly been measured by the expression level of genes individually considered. However, genes equally expressed during the process of chromatin remodeling may behave differently in their interaction with other genes. These changes at the gene cluster level could constitute an additional dimension of chromatin remodeling and therefore of the pregnancy-induced protection. In this research, we apply Information and Graph Theories, Differential Co-expression Network Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis, specially designed to examine structural and informational aspects of data sets, to analyze this question. Our findings demonstrate that, independently of the changes in the gene expression at the individual level, there are significant changes in gene-gene interactions and gene cluster behaviors. These changes indicate that the parous breast, through the process of early full-term pregnancy, generates more modules in the networks, with higher density, and a genomic structure performing additional and more complex functions than those found in the nulliparous breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Gutiérrez-Díez
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Pilar
- Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Hornero
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julia Martínez-Rodríguez
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel A López-Marcos
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, USA
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7
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John EM, Phipps AI, Hines LM, Koo J, Ingles SA, Baumgartner KB, Slattery ML, Wu AH. Menstrual and reproductive characteristics and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status and ethnicity: The Breast Cancer Etiology in Minorities study. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1808-1822. [PMID: 32064598 PMCID: PMC8784189 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We pooled multiethnic data from four population-based studies and examined associations of menstrual and reproductive characteristics with breast cancer (BC) risk by tumor hormone receptor (HR) status [defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)]. We estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression, stratified by age (<50, ≥50 years) and ethnicity, for 5,186 HR+ (ER+ or PR+) cases, 1,365 HR- (ER- and PR-) cases and 7,480 controls. For HR+ BC, later menarche and earlier menopause were associated with lower risk in non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) and Hispanics, and higher parity and longer breast-feeding were associated with lower risk in Hispanics and Asian Americans, and suggestively in NHWs. Positive associations with later first full-term pregnancy (FTP), longer interval between menarche and first FTP and shorter time since last FTP were limited to younger Hispanics and Asian Americans. Except for nulliparity, reproductive characteristics were not associated with risk in African Americans. For HR- BC, lower risk was associated with later menarche, except in African Americans and older Asian Americans and with longer breast-feeding in Hispanics and Asian Americans only. In younger African Americans, HR- BC risk associated with higher parity (≥3 vs. 1 FTP) was increased fourfold in women who never breast-fed, but not in those with a breast-feeding history, suggesting that breast-feeding may mitigate the adverse effect of higher parity in younger African American women. Further work needs to evaluate why menstrual and reproductive risk factors vary in importance according to age and ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. John
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amanda I. Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lisa M. Hines
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO
| | - Jocelyn Koo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Sue A. Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathy B. Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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8
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Barton M, Santucci-Pereira J, Vaccaro OG, Nguyen T, Su Y, Russo J. BC200 overexpression contributes to luminal and triple negative breast cancer pathogenesis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:994. [PMID: 31646972 PMCID: PMC6813071 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins, but regulate the transcription of genes involved in different cellular processes, including cancer. Epidemiological analyses have demonstrated that parous women have a decreased risk of developing breast cancer in postmenopausal years if they went through a full term pregnancy in their early twenties. We here provide evidence of the role of BC200 in breast cancer and, potentially, in pregnancy’s preventive effect in reducing the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Methods Transcriptome analysis of normal breast of parous and nulliparous postmenopausal women revealed that several lncRNAs are differentially expressed in the parous breast. RNA sequencing of healthy postmenopausal breast tissue biopsies from eight parous and eight nulliparous women showed that there are 42 novel lncRNAs differentially expressed between these two groups. Screening of several of these 42 lncRNAs by RT-qPCR in different breast cancer cell lines, provided evidence that one in particular, lncEPCAM (more commonly known as BC200), was a strong candidate involved in cancer progression. Proliferation, migration, invasion and xerograph studies confirmed this hypothesis. Results The poorly studied oncogenic BC200 was selected to be tested in vitro and in vivo to determine its relevance in breast cancer and also to provide us with an understanding of its role in the increased susceptibility of the nulliparous women to cancer. Our results show that BC200 is upregulated in nulliparous women, and breast cancer cells and tissue. The role of BC200 is not completely understood in any of the breast cancer subtypes. We here provide evidence that BC200 has a role in luminal breast cancer as well as in the triple negative breast cancer subtype. Conclusion When overexpressed in luminal and triple negative breast cancer cell lines, BC200 shows increased proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. In vivo, overexpression of BC200 increased tumor size. Although treatment for cancer using lncRNAs as targets is in its infancy, the advancement in knowledge and technology to study their relevance in disease could lead to the development of novel treatment and preventive strategies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barton
- Biochemistry Department, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Olivia G Vaccaro
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Theresa Nguyen
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Yanrong Su
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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9
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Santucci-Pereira J, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Afanasyeva Y, Zhong H, Slifker M, Peri S, Ross EA, López de Cicco R, Zhai Y, Nguyen T, Sheriff F, Russo IH, Su Y, Arslan AA, Bordas P, Lenner P, Åhman J, Landström Eriksson AS, Johansson R, Hallmans G, Toniolo P, Russo J. Genomic signature of parity in the breast of premenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:46. [PMID: 30922380 PMCID: PMC6438043 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Full-term pregnancy (FTP) at an early age confers long-term protection against breast cancer. Previously, we reported that a FTP imprints a specific gene expression profile in the breast of postmenopausal women. Herein, we evaluated gene expression changes induced by parity in the breast of premenopausal women. Methods Gene expression profiling of normal breast tissue from 30 nulliparous (NP) and 79 parous (P) premenopausal volunteers was performed using Affymetrix microarrays. In addition to a discovery/validation analysis, we conducted an analysis of gene expression differences in P vs. NP women as a function of time since last FTP. Finally, a laser capture microdissection substudy was performed to compare the gene expression profile in the whole breast biopsy with that in the epithelial and stromal tissues. Results Discovery/validation analysis identified 43 differentially expressed genes in P vs. NP breast. Analysis of expression as a function of time since FTP revealed 286 differentially expressed genes (238 up- and 48 downregulated) comparing all P vs. all NP, and/or P women whose last FTP was less than 5 years before biopsy vs. all NP women. The upregulated genes showed three expression patterns: (1) transient: genes upregulated after FTP but whose expression levels returned to NP levels. These genes were mainly related to immune response, specifically activation of T cells. (2) Long-term changing: genes upregulated following FTP, whose expression levels decreased with increasing time since FTP but did not return to NP levels. These were related to immune response and development. (3) Long-term constant: genes that remained upregulated in parous compared to nulliparous breast, independently of time since FTP. These were mainly involved in development/cell differentiation processes, and also chromatin remodeling. Lastly, we found that the gene expression in whole tissue was a weighted average of the expression in epithelial and stromal tissues. Conclusions Genes transiently activated by FTP may have a role in protecting the mammary gland against neoplastically transformed cells through activation of T cells. Furthermore, chromatin remodeling and cell differentiation, represented by the genes that are maintained upregulated long after the FTP, may be responsible for the lasting preventive effect against breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-019-1128-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,New York University Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yelena Afanasyeva
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hua Zhong
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael Slifker
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Suraj Peri
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Eric A Ross
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Ricardo López de Cicco
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Yubo Zhai
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Theresa Nguyen
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Fathima Sheriff
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Irma H Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Yanrong Su
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Alan A Arslan
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Pal Bordas
- Sunderby Hospital, Luleå and the Norrbotten Mammography Screening Program, Luleå, Sweden.,Departments of Radiation Sciences and Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Lenner
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Janet Åhman
- Sunderby Hospital, Luleå and the Norrbotten Mammography Screening Program, Luleå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paolo Toniolo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Ave, P2051, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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10
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Fortner RT, Sisti J, Chai B, Collins LC, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, Tamimi RM, Eliassen AH. Parity, breastfeeding, and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status and molecular phenotype: results from the Nurses' Health Studies. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:40. [PMID: 30867002 PMCID: PMC6416887 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic data suggest that parity increases risk of hormone receptor-negative breast cancer and that breastfeeding attenuates this association. Prospective data, particularly on the joint effects of higher parity and breastfeeding, are limited. Methods We investigated parity, breastfeeding, and breast cancer risk by hormone-receptor (estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)) and molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like) in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1976–2012) and NHSII (1989–2013). A total of 12,452 (ER+ n = 8235; ER− n = 1978) breast cancers were diagnosed among 199,514 women. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for breast cancer risk factors, to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Parous women had lower risk of ER+ breast cancer (vs. nulliparous, HR = 0.82 [0.77–0.88]); no association was observed for ER− disease (0.98 [0.84–1.13]; Phet = 0.03). Among parous women, breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of ER− (vs. never 0.82 [0.74–0.91]), but not ER+, disease (0.99 [0.94–1.05]; Phet < 0.001). Compared to nulliparous women, higher parity was inversely associated with luminal B breast cancer regardless of breastfeeding (≥ 3 children: ever breastfed, 0.78 [0.62–0.98]; never breastfed, 0.76 [0.58–1.00]) and luminal A disease only among women who had breastfed (≥ 3 children, 0.84 [0.71–0.99]). Basal-like breast cancer risk was suggestively higher among women with higher parity who never breastfed; associations were null among those who ever breastfed. Conclusions This study provides evidence that breastfeeding is inversely associated with hormone receptor-negative breast cancers, representing an accessible and cost-effective risk-reduction strategy for aggressive disease subtypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-019-1119-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée T Fortner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Sisti
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Boyang Chai
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 715 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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11
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Cao JQ, Li CX, Wang RY, Chen JJ, Ma SM, Wang WY, Meng LJ. Identification of atherosclerosis-related prioritizing metabolites based on a multi-omics composite network. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3391-3398. [PMID: 30988716 PMCID: PMC6447794 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites are the final products of cellular regulation processes, their level is the ultimate response of biological systems to environmental and genetic changes. Therefore, the identification of key metabolites is required for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases. In this study, atherosclerosis-related gene expression profile information was extracted from ArrayExpress database (GEOD-57691), and analyzed with limma package. Furthermore, we constructed an intricate multi-omics network involved in genes, phenotypes, metabolites and their associations. To identify the prioritization of atherosclerosis-related metabolites, the relation score of each metabolite in the composite network was computed with the random walk with restart (RWR) method. The top 50 metabolites and top 100 genes were chosen based on the score in the weighted composite network. Consequently, several key metabolites that were ranked in the top 5 of relation score or degree greater than 70 were confirmed. Particularly, metabolites Tretinoin and Estraderm not only have high relation scores, but also contain more degrees. Moreover, we obtained 24 co-expression genes that may be regarded as the targets of atherosclerosis therapy. Therefore, identification of metabolite prioritizations by the composite network integrated the information of genes, phenotypes and metabolites may be available to diagnose atherosclerosis, and can provide the potential therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qiang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou City Center Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou City Center Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Yi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou City Center Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Binzhou City Center Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Mei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou City Center Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou City Center Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou City Center Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
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12
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Mansoori Y, Zendehbad Z, Askari A, Kouhpayeh A, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Bastami M, Saadatian Z, Mansoori B, Yousefvand A, Mansoori H, Daraei A. Breast cancer-linked lncRNA u-Eleanor is upregulated in breast of healthy women with lack or short duration of breastfeeding. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9869-9876. [PMID: 30548300 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been revealed that estrogen-related reproductive factors are linked with some early gene expression lesions associated with malignancy in clinically healthy breasts. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the association of expression levels of estrogen-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) upstream Eleanor (u-Eleanor) and HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) with the different patterns of reproductive factors in breast tissue of healthy women. The subjects of this study were 98 cancer-free women who had undergone cosmetic mammoplasty. The expression levels of u-Eleanor and HOTAIR were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results of the current study showed that the women without a history of breastfeeding had a high-level expression of u-Eleanor compared with the women with a breastfeeding duration greater than 6 to 24 months (P = 0.03) as well as the women with a breastfeeding duration of more than 24 months (P = 0.005). Furthermore, a higher expression of u-Eleanor was found in the women with a short breastfeeding duration for 1 to 6 months than that in the women with a breastfeeding duration of greater than 24 months (P = 0.02). In the same way, the results of correlation test (r = -0.258; P = 0.036) and multivariate regression model (β = -0.321; P = 0.023) are indicative of a significant relationship of elevated expression of u-Eleanor with decreasing breastfeeding duration in the women. These findings could be important to identify the molecular mechanisms behind the relationship between a lack or short duration of the breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer, which has previously been reported by epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Zahra Zendehbad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Askari
- Department of Orthopedy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Immunology Research Center, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Saadatian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Amin Yousefvand
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hosein Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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13
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Sun X, Shan Y, Li Q, Chollet-Hinton L, Kirk EL, Gierach GL, Troester MA. Intra-individual Gene Expression Variability of Histologically Normal Breast Tissue. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9137. [PMID: 29904148 PMCID: PMC6002361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have sought to identify novel transcriptional biomarkers in normal breast or breast microenvironment to predict tumor risk and prognosis. However, systematic efforts to evaluate intra-individual variability of gene expression within normal breast have not been reported. This study analyzed the microarray gene expression data of 288 samples from 170 women in the Normal Breast Study (NBS), wherein multiple histologically normal breast samples were collected from different block regions and different sections at a given region. Intra-individual differences in global gene expression and selected gene expression signatures were quantified and evaluated in association with other patient-level factors. We found that intra-individual reliability was relatively high in global gene expression, but differed by signatures, with composition-related signatures (i.e., stroma) having higher intra-individual variability and tumorigenesis-related signatures (i.e., proliferation) having lower intra-individual variability. Histological stroma composition was the only factor significantly associated with heterogeneous breast tissue (defined as > median intra-individual variation; high nuclear density, odds ratio [OR] = 3.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–10.15; low area, OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.10–0.86). Other factors suggestively influencing the variability included age, BMI, and adipose nuclear density. Our results underscore the importance of considering intra-individual variability in tissue-based biomarker development, and have important implications for normal breast research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. .,Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Yue Shan
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Quefeng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Lynn Chollet-Hinton
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Erin L Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockvill, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.,Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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14
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LaPlante CD, Bansal R, Dunphy KA, Jerry DJ, Vandenberg LN. Oxybenzone Alters Mammary Gland Morphology in Mice Exposed During Pregnancy and Lactation. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:903-921. [PMID: 30057971 PMCID: PMC6057512 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals are generally thought to have permanent “organizational” effects when exposures occur during development but not adulthood. Yet, an increasing number of studies have shown that pregnant females are disrupted by endocrine-disrupting chemical exposures, with some effects that are permanent. Here, we examined the long-term effects of exposure to oxybenzone, an estrogenic chemical found in sunscreen and personal care products, on the morphology of the mammary gland in mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation. Female mice were exposed to vehicle or 30, 212, or 3000 µg oxybenzone/kg/d, from pregnancy day 0 until weaning. A nulliparous group, receiving vehicle treatment, was also evaluated. Mammary glands were collected 5 weeks after involution for whole-mount, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses. Exposure to 3000 µg oxybenzone/kg/d induced permanent changes to ductal density that was significantly different from both the nulliparous and vehicle groups. The two highest doses of oxybenzone similarly induced an intermediate phenotype for expression of progesterone receptor. A monotonic, dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation was also observed in the oxybenzone-treated females, becoming statistically significant at the highest dose. Finally, oxybenzone exposure induced an intermediate phenotype for Esr1 expression in all oxybenzone-treated groups. These data suggest that oxybenzone, at doses relevant to human exposures, produces long-lasting alterations to mammary gland morphology and function. Further studies are needed to determine if exposure to this chemical during pregnancy and lactation will interfere with the known protection that pregnancy provides against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte D LaPlante
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Karen A Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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15
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Hilton HN, Clarke CL, Graham JD. Estrogen and progesterone signalling in the normal breast and its implications for cancer development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:2-14. [PMID: 28851667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are master regulators of the development and function of a broad spectrum of human tissues, including the breast, reproductive and cardiovascular systems, brain and bone. Acting through the nuclear estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), both play complex and essential coordinated roles in the extensive development of the lobular alveolar epithelial structures of the normal breast during puberty, the normal menstrual cycle and pregnancy. The past decade has seen major advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of estrogen and progesterone in the normal breast and in the delineation of the complex hierarchy of cell types regulated by ovarian hormones in this tissue. There is evidence for a role for both ER and PR in driving breast cancer, and both are favourable prognostic markers with respect to outcome. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of ER and PR in the normal breast, and implications for the development and management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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16
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Mansoori Y, Tabei MB, Askari A, Izadi P, Daraei A, Naghizadeh MM, Zendehbad Z, Bastami M, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Mansoori H, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. A link between expression level of long-non-coding RNA ZFAS1 in breast tissue of healthy women and obesity. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:500-506. [PMID: 29690801 DOI: 10.1177/1724600818762258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and experimental literature indicates that the risk of breast cancer incidence is strongly linked to hormone-dependent factors, including reproductive history and obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between these factors and breast cancer risk are poorly understood. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether obesity and reproductive history are associated with expression levels of two breast cancer-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), namely ZFAS1 and SRA1 in cancer-free breast tissues of women. METHODS In the current research, 145 healthy women were recruited, and the quantitative expression levels of the two lncRNAs were determined through qPCR assay after gathering the mammoplasty breast tissue samples. RESULTS It was found that women with body mass index (BMI)≥30 kg/m2 and BMI 25-29 kg/m2 show a low expression of ZFAS1 compared to the BMI<25 kg/m2 (P=0.031 and P=0.027, respectively). Then, the correlation analysis disclosed a negative correlation of ZFAS1 low expression with increasing BMI (r=-0.194, P=0.019). Interestingly, this analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between low expression of the ZFAS1 and high BMI in women with menarche age below 14 (r=-221; P=0.028). Lastly, it was also revealed that there was a negative association of the low expression level of ZFAS1 with increasing BMI in women through regression models (B=-0.048, P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest interesting clues about the links between high BMI and the expression levels of ZFAS1 in non-diseased breasts that may help us better understand the underlying mechanisms through which obesity contributes to breast carcinogenesis. However, such results need more validations in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Mansoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Tabei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Askari
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.,Bone and Joint Reconstraction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Haspital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Pantea Izadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Zendehbad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hosein Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Subramani R, Lakshmanaswamy R. Pregnancy and Breast Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:81-111. [PMID: 29096898 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer among women worldwide. The majority of breast cancers are sporadic and the etiology is not well understood. Several factors have been attributed to altering the risk of breast cancer. A full-term pregnancy is a crucial factor in altering the risk. Early full-term pregnancy has been shown to reduce the lifetime risk of breast cancer, while a later first full-term pregnancy increases breast cancer risk. Epidemiological and experimental data demonstrate that spontaneous or induced abortions do not significantly alter the risk of breast cancer. In this study, we briefly discuss the different types and stages of breast cancer, various risk factors, and potential mechanisms involved in early full-term pregnancy-induced protection against breast cancer. Understanding how early full-term pregnancy induces protection against breast cancer will help design innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies. This understanding can also help in the development of molecular biomarkers that can be of tremendous help in predicting the risk of breast cancer in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.
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18
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Rao CV. Protective Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Against Breast Cancer: How Can We Use This Information to Prevent/Treat the Disease? Reprod Sci 2016; 24:1102-1110. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116676396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. V. Rao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Reproduction and Development Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Reproduction and Development Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproduction and Development Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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19
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Fortner RT, Schock H, Kaaks R, Lehtinen M, Pukkala E, Lakso HÅ, Tanner M, Kallio R, Joensuu H, Korpela J, Toriola AT, Hallmans G, Grankvist K, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Toniolo P, Lundin E, Surcel HM. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Does Not Correlate with Risk for Maternal Breast Cancer: Results from the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Cancer Res 2016; 77:134-141. [PMID: 27784743 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is necessary for the maintenance of early pregnancy and promotes normal breast cell differentiation. Administered hCG reduces risk of carcinogen-induced breast cancer in animal models, and higher circulating hCG concentrations were associated with significantly lower long-term risk of breast cancer in a prior nested case-control study. In this study, we investigated early-pregnancy hCG concentrations and subsequent breast cancer risk. We conducted a nested case-control study with 1,191 cases and 2,257 controls (matched on age and date at blood collection) in the Finnish Maternity Cohort, a cohort with serum samples from 98% of pregnancies registered in Finland since 1983. This study included women with a serum sample collected early (<140 days gestation) in their first pregnancy resulting in a live, term birth. Breast cancer cases were identified via the Finnish Cancer Registry. Age at breast cancer diagnosis ranged from 22 to 58 years (mean: 41 years). hCG was measured using a solid-phase competitive chemiluminescence assay. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. We observed no association between hCG and breast cancer risk, overall [Quartile 4 vs. 1, OR, 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94-1.39], by estrogen and progesterone receptor status, or by ages at first-term birth or diagnosis. Associations did not differ by time between pregnancy and diagnosis (e.g., <5 years, ORQ4 vs. Q1, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.64-1.89; ≥15 years, ORQ4 vs. Q1, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.86-2.13; pheterogeneity = 0.62). This large prospective study does not support an inverse relationship between early pregnancy serum hCG concentrations and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res; 77(1); 134-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée T Fortner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Helena Schock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matti Lehtinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans-Åke Lakso
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Minna Tanner
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Korpela
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Adetunji T Toriola
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, and Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kjell Grankvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Paolo Toniolo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eva Lundin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Heljä-Marja Surcel
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
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20
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Russo J. Reproductive history and breast cancer prevention. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 27:3-10. [PMID: 27518906 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hormonal milieu of an early full-term pregnancy induces lobular development, completing the cycle of differentiation of the breast. This process induces a specific genomic signature in the mammary gland that is represented by the stem cell containing a heterochomatin condensed nucleus (HTN). Even though differentiation significantly reduces cell proliferation in the mammary gland, the mammary epithelium remains capable of responding with proliferation to given stimuli, such as a new pregnancy. The stem cell HTN is able to metabolize the carcinogen and repair the induced DNA damage more efficiently than the stem cell containing an euchromatinic structure (EUN), as it has been demonstrated in the rodent experimental system. The basic biological concept is that pregnancy shifts the stem cell EUN to the stem cell HTN that is refractory to carcinogenesis. Data generated by the use of cDNA micro array techniques have allowed to demonstrate that while lobular development regressed after pregnancy and lactation, programmed cell death genes, DNA repair genes, chromatin remodeling, transcription factors and immune-surveillance gene transcripts all of these genes are upregulated and are part of the genomic signature of pregnancy that is associated with the preventive effect of this physiological process.
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Hilton HN, Graham JD, Clarke CL. Minireview: Progesterone Regulation of Proliferation in the Normal Human Breast and in Breast Cancer: A Tale of Two Scenarios? Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1230-42. [PMID: 26266959 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P), which signals through the P receptor (PR), is critical in normal development of the breast, but its signaling axis is also a major driver of breast cancer risk. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of P signaling in the normal human breast, with a focus on the importance of the balance between autocrine and paracrine signaling. To date, most data (which derive largely from mouse models or human breast cancer cell line studies) have demonstrated that the vast majority of PR+ cells appear to act as "sensor" cells, which respond to P stimulation by translating these hormonal cues into paracrine signals. However, growing evidence suggests that, dependent on the cellular context, P may also signal in an autocrine manner in a subset of cells in the normal mouse mammary gland and human breast. It has been suggested that it may be dysregulation of this autocrine signaling, resulting in a "switch" from a predominance of paracrine signaling to autocrine signaling in PR+ cells, which is an early event during breast tumorigenesis. This review summarizes current evidence in the literature that demonstrates the mechanisms through which P acts in the normal human breast, as well as highlighting the important questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
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Hilton HN, Doan TB, Graham JD, Oakes SR, Silvestri A, Santucci N, Kantimm S, Huschtscha LI, Ormandy CJ, Funder JW, Simpson ER, Kuczek ES, Leedman PJ, Tilley WD, Fuller PJ, Muscat GEO, Clarke CL. Acquired convergence of hormone signaling in breast cancer: ER and PR transition from functionally distinct in normal breast to predictors of metastatic disease. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8651-64. [PMID: 25261374 PMCID: PMC4226711 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative exposure to estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) over the menstrual cycle significantly influences the risk of developing breast cancer. Despite the dogma that PR in the breast merely serves as a marker of an active estrogen receptor (ER), and as an inhibitor of the proliferative actions of E, it is now clear that in the breast P increases proliferation independently of E action. We show here that the progesterone receptor (PR) and ER are expressed in different epithelial populations, and target non-overlapping pathways in the normal human breast. In breast cancer, PR becomes highly correlated with ER, and this convergence is associated with signaling pathways predictive of disease metastasis. These data challenge the established paradigm that ER and PR function co-operatively in normal breast, and have significant implications not only for our understanding of normal breast biology, but also for diagnosis, prognosis and/or treatment options in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tram B Doan
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha R Oakes
- Cancer Research Program and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. St Vincent's Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst NSW, Australia
| | - Audrey Silvestri
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Santucci
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Silke Kantimm
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lily I Huschtscha
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- Cancer Research Program and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. St Vincent's Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Peter J Leedman
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, Hanson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - George E O Muscat
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rotunno M, Sun X, Figueroa J, Sherman ME, Garcia-Closas M, Meltzer P, Williams T, Schneider SS, Jerry DJ, Yang XR, Troester MA. Parity-related molecular signatures and breast cancer subtypes by estrogen receptor status. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R74. [PMID: 25005139 PMCID: PMC4227137 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relationships of parity with breast cancer risk are complex. Parity is associated with decreased risk of postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive breast tumors, but may increase risk for basal-like breast cancers and early-onset tumors. Characterizing parity-related gene expression patterns in normal breast and breast tumor tissues may improve understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying this complex pattern of risk. METHODS We developed a parity signature by analyzing microRNA microarray data from 130 reduction mammoplasty (RM) patients (54 nulliparous and 76 parous). This parity signature, together with published parity signatures, was evaluated in gene expression data from 150 paired tumors and adjacent benign breast tissues from the Polish Breast Cancer Study, both overall and by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status. RESULTS We identified 251 genes significantly upregulated by parity status in RM patients (parous versus nulliparous; false discovery rate = 0.008), including genes in immune, inflammation and wound response pathways. This parity signature was significantly enriched in normal and tumor tissues of parous breast cancer patients, specifically in ER-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our data corroborate epidemiologic data, suggesting that the etiology and pathogenesis of breast cancers vary by ER status, which may have implications for developing prevention strategies for these tumors.
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Russo J, Santucci-Pereira J, Russo IH. The genomic signature of breast cancer prevention. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:65-83. [PMID: 24705287 PMCID: PMC3978512 DOI: 10.3390/genes5010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast of parous postmenopausal women exhibits a specific signature that has been induced by a full term pregnancy. This signature is centered in chromatin remodeling and the epigenetic changes induced by methylation of specific genes which are important regulatory pathways induced by pregnancy. Through the analysis of the genes found to be differentially methylated between women of varying parity, multiple positions at which beta-catenin production and use is inhibited were recognized. The biological importance of the pathways identified in this specific population cannot be sufficiently emphasized because they could represent a safeguard mechanism mediating the protection of the breast conferred by full term pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Irma H Russo
- The Irma H. Russo MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Barton M, Santucci-Pereira J, Russo J. Molecular pathways involved in pregnancy-induced prevention against breast cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:213. [PMID: 25540638 PMCID: PMC4261797 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy produces a protective effect against breast cancer in women who had their first full term pregnancy (FTP) in their middle twenties. The later in life the first delivery occurs, the higher the risk of breast cancer development. Also, transiently during the postpartum period, the risk of developing breast cancer increases. This transient increased risk is taken over by a long-lasting protective period. The genomic profile of parous women has shown pregnancy induces a long-lasting "genomic signature" that explains the preventive effect on breast cancer. This signature reveals that chromatin remodeling is the driver of the differentiation process conferred by FTP. The chromatin remodeling process may be the ultimate step mediating the protection of the breast against developing breast cancer in post-menopausal years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barton
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Jose Russo, The Irma H Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Room P2037, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA e-mail:
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26
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de Assis S, Wang M, Jin L, Bouker KB, Hilakivi-Clarke LA. Exposure to excess estradiol or leptin during pregnancy increases mammary cancer risk and prevents parity-induced protective genomic changes in rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1194-211. [PMID: 24169961 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a preclinical model, we investigated whether excess estradiol (E2) or leptin during pregnancy affects maternal mammary tumorigenesis in rats initiated by administering carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) on day 50. Two weeks later, rats were mated, and pregnant dams were treated daily with 10 μg of 17β-estradiol, 15 μg of leptin, or vehicle from gestation day 8 to 19. Tumor development was assessed separately during weeks 1 to 12 and 13 to 22 after DMBA administration, because pregnancy is known to induce a transient increase in breast cancer risk, followed by a persistent reduction. Parous rats developed less (32%) mammary tumors than nulliparous rats (59%, P < 0.001), and the majority (93%) of tumors in the parous rats appeared before week 13 (vs. 41% in nulliparous rats), indicating that pregnancy induced a transient increase in breast cancer risk. Parous rats exposed to leptin (final tumor incidence 65%) or E2 (45%) during pregnancy developed mammary tumors throughout the tumor-monitoring period, similar to nulliparous control rats, and the incidence was significantly higher in both the leptin- and E2-exposed dams after week 12 than in the vehicle-exposed parous dams (P < 0.001). The mammary glands of the exposed parous rats contained significantly more proliferating cells (P < 0.001). In addition, the E2- or leptin-treated parous rats did not exhibit the protective genomic signature induced by pregnancy and seen in the parous control rats. Specifically, these rats exhibited downregulation of genes involved in differentiation and immune functions and upregulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, growth, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Assis
- Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057.
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Santucci-Pereira J, George C, Armiss D, Russo IH, Vanegas JE, Sheriff F, de Cicco RL, Su Y, Russo PA, Bidinotto LT, Russo J. Mimicking pregnancy as a strategy for breast cancer prevention. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2013; 2:283-294. [PMID: 24738009 DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and its effects on breast cancer risk have been widely investigated; there is consensus among researchers that early pregnancy confers protection against breast cancer later in life, whereas nulliparity and late-age parity have been associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. The answer to the question of how pregnancy reduces breast cancer risk has been elusive; however, pregnancy, like breast cancer, is a similar hormone-dependent entity under direct control of estrogen, progesterone and, of particular importance, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In this report, we emphasize the main changes, previously described by our laboratory, in morphology and gene expression levels of the mammary gland of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to known cancer-preventative conditions (pregnancy, hCG and progesterone + estrogen). In addition, we postulate a protective mechanism induced by hCG that could reduce the cell's potential to be transformed by carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina George
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - David Armiss
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Irma H Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Johana E Vanegas
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Fathima Sheriff
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | - Yanrong Su
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Patricia A Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Lucas T Bidinotto
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jose Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Molecular profiling of human mammary gland links breast cancer risk to a p27(+) cell population with progenitor characteristics. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:117-30. [PMID: 23770079 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early full-term pregnancy is one of the most effective natural protections against breast cancer. To investigate this effect, we have characterized the global gene expression and epigenetic profiles of multiple cell types from normal breast tissue of nulliparous and parous women and carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We found significant differences in CD44(+) progenitor cells, where the levels of many stem cell-related genes and pathways, including the cell-cycle regulator p27, are lower in parous women without BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. We also noted a significant reduction in the frequency of CD44(+)p27(+) cells in parous women and showed, using explant cultures, that parity-related signaling pathways play a role in regulating the number of p27(+) cells and their proliferation. Our results suggest that pathways controlling p27(+) mammary epithelial cells and the numbers of these cells relate to breast cancer risk and can be explored for cancer risk assessment and prevention.
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29
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Nagatsuma AK, Shimizu C, Takahashi F, Tsuda H, Saji S, Hojo T, Sugano K, Takeuchi M, Fujii H, Fujiwara Y. Impact of recent parity on histopathological tumor features and breast cancer outcome in premenopausal Japanese women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:941-50. [PMID: 23553566 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported that onset at young age is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer, the correlation between reproductive factors, breast cancer characteristics, and prognosis remains unclear. Five hundred and twenty-six premenopausal young women diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer between January 2000 and December 2007 were included in this study. Patients were classified into four groups according to their reproductive history: women who gave birth within the previous 2 years (group A), women who gave birth between 3 and 5 years previously (group B), women who gave birth more than 5 years previously (group C), and nulliparous women (group N). The correlation between the time since last childbirth to diagnosis, histopathological tumor features, and breast cancer prognosis was evaluated. Breast cancer patients who had given birth more recently had more advanced stage tumors; larger sized tumors; a higher rate of axillary lymph node metastases; a higher histological tumor grade; and increased progesterone receptor (PgR)-, HER2+, and triple negative tumors than patients who had given birth less recently or not at all. Group A patients had significantly shorter survival times than patients in both groups C and N (log rank test; p < 0.001). After adjusting for tumor characteristics, the hazard ratio for death in group A was 2.19 compared with group N (p = 0.036), and the adjusted hazard ratio restricted to patients in group A with hormone-receptor-positive, and HER2- tumors was 3.07 (p = 0.011). Young breast cancer patients who had given birth more recently had tumors with more aggressive features and worse prognoses compared with patients who had given birth less recently or were nulliparous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kawano Nagatsuma
- Division of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Hilakivi-Clarke L, de Assis S, Warri A. Exposures to synthetic estrogens at different times during the life, and their effect on breast cancer risk. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:25-42. [PMID: 23392570 PMCID: PMC3635108 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are using estrogens for many purposes, such as to prevent pregnancy or miscarriage, or to treat menopausal symptoms. Estrogens also have been used to treat breast cancer which seems puzzling, since there is convincing evidence to support a link between high lifetime estrogen exposure and increased breast cancer risk. In this review, we discuss the findings that maternal exposure to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk in both exposed mothers and their daughters. In addition, we review data regarding the use of estrogens in oral contraceptives and as postmenopausal hormone therapy and discuss the opposing effects on breast cancer risk based upon timing of exposure. We place particular emphasis on studies investigating how maternal estrogenic exposures during pregnancy increase breast cancer risk among daughters. New data suggest that these exposures induce epigenetic modifications in the mammary gland and germ cells, thereby causing an inheritable increase in breast cancer risk for multiple generations.
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31
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Peri S, de Cicco RL, Santucci-Pereira J, Slifker M, Ross EA, Russo IH, Russo PA, Arslan AA, Belitskaya-Lévy I, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Bordas P, Lenner P, Åhman J, Afanasyeva Y, Johansson R, Sheriff F, Hallmans G, Toniolo P, Russo J. Defining the genomic signature of the parous breast. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:46. [PMID: 23057841 PMCID: PMC3487939 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is accepted that a woman's lifetime risk of developing breast cancer after menopause is reduced by early full term pregnancy and multiparity. This phenomenon is thought to be associated with the development and differentiation of the breast during pregnancy. Methods In order to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of pregnancy induced breast cancer protection, we profiled and compared the transcriptomes of normal breast tissue biopsies from 71 parous (P) and 42 nulliparous (NP) healthy postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. To validate the results, we performed real time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results We identified 305 differentially expressed probesets (208 distinct genes). Of these, 267 probesets were up- and 38 down-regulated in parous breast samples; bioinformatics analysis using gene ontology enrichment revealed that up-regulated genes in the parous breast represented biological processes involving differentiation and development, anchoring of epithelial cells to the basement membrane, hemidesmosome and cell-substrate junction assembly, mRNA and RNA metabolic processes and RNA splicing machinery. The down-regulated genes represented biological processes that comprised cell proliferation, regulation of IGF-like growth factor receptor signaling, somatic stem cell maintenance, muscle cell differentiation and apoptosis. Conclusions This study suggests that the differentiation of the breast imprints a genomic signature that is centered in the mRNA processing reactome. These findings indicate that pregnancy may induce a safeguard mechanism at post-transcriptional level that maintains the fidelity of the transcriptional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Peri
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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32
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Pirone JR, D'Arcy M, Stewart DA, Hines WC, Johnson M, Gould MN, Yaswen P, Jerry DJ, Smith Schneider S, Troester MA. Age-associated gene expression in normal breast tissue mirrors qualitative age-at-incidence patterns for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1735-44. [PMID: 22859400 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is the strongest breast cancer risk factor, with overall breast cancer risk increasing steadily beginning at approximately 30 years of age. However, while breast cancer risk is lower among younger women, young women's breast cancer may be more aggressive. Although, several genomic and epidemiologic studies have shown higher prevalence of aggressive, estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer in younger women, the age-related gene expression that predisposes to these tumors is poorly understood. Characterizing age-related patterns of gene expression in normal breast tissues may provide insights on etiology of distinct breast cancer subtypes that arise from these tissues. METHODS To identify age-related changes in normal breast tissue, 96 tissue specimens from patients with reduction mammoplasty, ages 14 to 70 years, were assayed by gene expression microarray. RESULTS Significant associations between gene expression levels and age were identified for 802 probes (481 increased, 321 decreased with increasing age). Enriched functions included "aging of cells," "shape change," and "chemotaxis," and enriched pathways included Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, Ephrin receptor signaling, and JAK/Stat signaling. Applying the age-associated genes to publicly available tumor datasets, the age-associated pathways defined two groups of tumors with distinct survival. CONCLUSION The hazard rates of young-like tumors mirrored that of high-grade tumors in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, providing a biologic link between normal aging and age-related tumor aggressiveness. IMPACT These data show that studies of normal tissue gene expression can yield important insights about the pathways and biologic pressures that are relevant during tumor etiology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pirone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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33
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Russo J, Santucci-Pereira J, de Cicco RL, Sheriff F, Russo PA, Peri S, Slifker M, Ross E, Mello MLS, Vidal BC, Belitskaya-Lévy I, Arslan A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Bordas P, Lenner P, Ahman J, Afanasyeva Y, Hallmans G, Toniolo P, Russo IH. Pregnancy-induced chromatin remodeling in the breast of postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1059-70. [PMID: 22025034 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Early pregnancy and multiparity are known to reduce the risk of women to develop breast cancer at menopause. Based on the knowledge that the differentiation of the breast induced by the hormones of pregnancy plays a major role in this protection, this work was performed with the purpose of identifying what differentiation-associated molecular changes persist in the breast until menopause. Core needle biopsies (CNB) obtained from the breast of 42 nulliparous (NP) and 71 parous (P) postmenopausal women were analyzed in morphology, immunocytochemistry and gene expression. Whereas in the NP breast, nuclei of epithelial cells were large and euchromatic, in the P breast they were small and hyperchromatic, showing strong methylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 and 27. Transcriptomic analysis performed using Affymetrix HG_U133 oligonucleotide arrays revealed that in CNB of the P breast, there were 267 upregulated probesets that comprised genes controlling chromatin organization, transcription regulation, splicing machinery, mRNA processing and noncoding elements including XIST. We concluded that the differentiation process induced by pregnancy is centered in chromatin remodeling and in the mRNA processing reactome, both of which emerge as important regulatory pathways. These are indicative of a safeguard step that maintains the fidelity of the transcription process, becoming the ultimate mechanism mediating the protection of the breast conferred by full-term pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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