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Jefferson FA, Linder BJ. Hemorrhagic Cystitis: Making Rapid and Shrewd Clinical and Surgical Decisions for Improving Patient Outcomes. Res Rep Urol 2023; 15:291-303. [PMID: 37404838 PMCID: PMC10317550 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s320684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) can be one of the most challenging clinical scenarios for urologists to manage. It most commonly occurs as a toxicity of pelvic radiation therapy or in patients treated with the oxazaphosphorine class of chemotherapy. Successful management of HC necessitates a stepwise approach with a thorough understanding of the various treatment options. Once ensuring hemodynamic stability, conservative management includes establishing bladder drainage, manual clot evacuation, and continuous bladder irrigation through a large-bore urethral catheter. If gross hematuria persists, operative cystoscopy with bladder clot evacuation is often required. There are multiple intravesical options for treating HC, including alum, aminocaproic acid, prostaglandins, silver nitrate, and formalin. Formalin is an intravesical option that has caustic effects on the bladder mucosa and is most often reserved as a last-line intravesical treatment. Non-intravesical management tools include hyperbaric oxygen therapy and oral pentosan polysulfate. If needed, nephrostomy tube placement or superselective angioembolization of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery can be performed. Finally, cystectomy with urinary diversion is a definitive, albeit invasive, treatment option for refractory HC. While there is no standardized algorithm, treatment modalities typically progress from less to more invasive. Clinical judgement and shared decision-making with the patient are required when choosing therapies for managing HC, as success rates are variable and some treatments may have significant or irreversible effects.
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2
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Mac S, Ngo D, Yang D, Chen J, Ali H, Arslan S, Dadwal S, Salhotra A, Cao T, Karras N, Aldoss I, Koller P, Artz A, Aribi A, Sandhu K, Pullarkat V, Stein A, Marcucci G, Forman SJ, Nakamura R, Al Malki MM. Use of high-dose mesna and hyperhydration leads to lower incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis after posttransplant cyclophosphamide-based allogeneic transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 56:2464-2470. [PMID: 34108676 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-021-01364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no consensus on best practices to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in patients receiving posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy). We retrospectively reviewed 194 patients undergoing their first hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) who received PTCy from 2014 to 2018 to describe the incidence and severity of HC, identify potential risk factors, and impact of HC on HCT outcomes. Standard HC prophylaxis was hyperhydration with forced diuresis and mesna at 320% the daily dose of PTCy. Incidence of HC was 31.4% at day +100 of HCT. Median onset of HC was 12 days with 11.5% grade 3 HC and no Grade 4 HC. Patients with chemical HC experienced earlier onset (7 days vs. 34 days, p < 0.001) with a shorter median resolution time (5 days vs. 14 days, p = 0.001) when compared to BK-associated HC. In multivariate analysis, age above 60 years (HR 4.16, p = 0.006) and myeloablative conditioning (HR 2.44, p = 0.054) were associated with higher risk for HC, but overall, HC did not affect nonrelapse mortality or overall survival. In conclusion, hyperhydration with forced diuresis combined with aggressive mesna dosing is an effective strategy in preventing severe PTCy-associated HC, subsequently preventing any negative impact on transplant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mac
- Department of Pharmacy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dat Ngo
- Department of Pharmacy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dongyun Yang
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Haris Ali
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shukaib Arslan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sanjeet Dadwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Amandeep Salhotra
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Thai Cao
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Karras
- Department of Pediatrics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Paul Koller
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Artz
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed Aribi
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Karamjeet Sandhu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Stein
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Monzr M Al Malki
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Petca RC, Popescu RI, Toma C, Dumitrascu MC, Petca A, Sandru F, Chibelean CB. Chemical hemorrhagic cystitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:624. [PMID: 33936281 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical cystitis (CC) is an inflammation of the bladder caused by various chemical agents ingested intentionally or accidentally. It is linked to chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide, therapeutic agents for diverse diseases, and anesthetic agents consumed abusively for recreational effects such as ketamine, or can be linked to environmental and surrounding factors such as soaps, gels, spermicides, and dyes. CC is a pathology with an increasing incidence that is inadequately treated due to its infectious cystitis-like symptoms. The hemorrhagic form can have a rampant evolution. Treatment options of CC and its complications are under continuous research with no accepted standardized sequence. In many situations, the treatments are difficult to obtain, administer, and follow-up. In addition, the lack of experience of the physician may pose other obstacles in delivering treatment to the patient. In conclusion, CC is a disease with an increasing incidence, challenging to diagnose, which is frequently mistreated, and has multiple treatment modalities that still require standardization in administration and sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan-Cosmin Petca
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Ionut Popescu
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Toma
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Bogdan Chibelean
- Department of Urology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu-Mures, 540139 Targu-Mures, Romania.,Department of Urology, Mureș County Hospital, 540136 Targu-Mures, Romania
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ERDOGAN O, KELES H. Pathologic Examination of the Protective Effect of Glycyrrhizin on Cyclophosphamide-induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.30607/kvj.515979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Doshi B, Sajjan V, Manjunathswamy BS. Managing a side effect: Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF DRUGS IN DERMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdd.ijdd_31_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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6
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Saito Y, Kumamoto T, Shiraiwa M, Sonoda T, Arakawa A, Hashimoto H, Tamai I, Ogawa C, Terakado H. Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in young patients with solid tumors: A single institution study. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2018; 14:e460-e464. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Saito
- Department of Pharmacy; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Tadashi Kumamoto
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Miki Shiraiwa
- Department of Pharmacy; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoko Sonoda
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayumu Arakawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Chitose Ogawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Terakado
- Department of Pharmacy; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
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7
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Setyo L, Ma M, Bunn T, Wyatt K, Wang P. Furosemide for prevention of cyclophosphamide-associated sterile haemorrhagic cystitis in dogs receiving metronomic low-dose oral cyclophosphamide. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 15:1468-1478. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Setyo
- Perth Veterinary Oncology; Perth Veterinary Specialists; Perth Australia
| | - M. Ma
- Perth Veterinary Oncology; Perth Veterinary Specialists; Perth Australia
| | - T. Bunn
- Perth Veterinary Oncology; Perth Veterinary Specialists; Perth Australia
| | - K. Wyatt
- Perth Veterinary Oncology; Perth Veterinary Specialists; Perth Australia
| | - P. Wang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Australia
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8
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Review of Advances in Uroprotective Agents for Cyclophosphamide- and Ifosfamide-induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis. Urology 2016; 100:16-19. [PMID: 27566144 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide are widely used drugs for malignancies and rheumatologic conditions. One of the most significant adverse reactions to these drugs is hemorrhagic cystitis. Mesna is the most widely used uroprotective agent that acts to neutralize the caustic metabolite, acrolein, responsible for induction of hemorrhagic cystitis. However, mesna is not a perfect alternative, and studies since its discovery have investigated the use of alternative drugs and adjuncts to increase mesna's efficacy. This review details some of the recent work into novel uroprotective agents for drug-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
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9
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Thompson A, Adamson A, Bahl A, Borwell J, Dodds D, Heath C, Huddart R, Mcmenemin R, Patel P, Peters J, Payne H. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of chemical- and radiation-induced cystitis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415813512647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a relatively common complication of chemotherapy and radiotherapy to the pelvic area, but can be a challenging condition to treat, particularly since there is currently a lack of UK-led guidelines available on how it should optimally be defined and managed. Materials and methods A comprehensive literature search was undertaken to evaluate the evidence for the diagnosis, prevention and management of cancer treatment-induced HC. Results Recommendations and a proposed management algorithm for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of HC, as well as the management of intractable haematuria, have been developed based on the expert opinion of the multidisciplinary consensus panel following a comprehensive review of the available clinical data. Conclusion These guidelines are relevant and applicable to current clinical practice and will help clinicians optimally define and manage this potentially serious condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thompson
- Urology Department, Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - A Adamson
- Department of Urology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, UK
| | - A Bahl
- Bristol Oncology and Haematology Centre, UK
| | - J Borwell
- Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, UK
| | - D Dodds
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Care, UK
| | - C Heath
- Southampton Oncology Centre, Southampton General Hospital, UK
| | | | | | - P Patel
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK
| | - J Peters
- Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK
| | - H Payne
- University College Hospital, UK
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Robinson D, Schulz G, Langley R, Donze K, Winchester K, Rodgers C. Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations for Hydration in Children and Adolescents With Cancer Receiving Intravenous Cyclophosphamide. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2014; 31:191-199. [PMID: 24799445 PMCID: PMC5206805 DOI: 10.1177/1043454214532024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic cystitis is a known complication of cyclophosphamide, an antineoplastic agent used to treat a variety of oncologic diseases in children. Hydration can prevent hemorrhagic cystitis; however, use varies in clinical practice. A team was assembled to develop evidence-based practice recommendations to address the following question: in a population of children with cancer, what is the appropriate pre- and posthydration for the administration of different dose levels of intravenous cyclophosphamide to prevent bladder toxicity? The purpose was to identify the appropriate rate, duration, and route of hydration to prevent bladder toxicity with low, intermediate, and high dose cyclophosphamide. After a systematic search of the literature, 15 pieces of evidence were evaluated and used. There is a moderate level of quality evidence related to hydration for high dose cyclophosphamide and very low quality evidence related to intermediate or low dose cyclophosphamide. Three general recommendations were made for hydration associated with cyclophosphamide. There is a need for further research related to the prevention of bladder toxicity in children with cancer receiving cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ginny Schulz
- Saint Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Kevin Donze
- Saint Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Laberke S, Zenker I, Hirschberger J. Mesna and furosemide for prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced sterile haemorrhagic cystitis in dogs - a retrospective study. Vet Rec 2014; 174:250. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Laberke
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig Maximilian University Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - I. Zenker
- University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology; 1 Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - J. Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig Maximilian University Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
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12
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Brummaier T, Pohanka E, Studnicka-Benke A, Pieringer H. Using cyclophosphamide in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:590-6. [PMID: 23528932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CYC), primarily introduced into clinical practice as an anti-cancer substance, is a potent immunosuppressive drug. Today, it is used in a number of organ- or life -threatening autoimmune diseases such as systemic vasculitides or connective tissue diseases. While being effective, CYC has a small therapeutic index and is associated with significant toxicity. CYC has been used in oncology in a variety of diseases and a lot of data has been derived from this area. This knowledge is often extrapolated to the rheumatologic settings. However, besides some similarities substantial differences between these two specialties considering the underlying diseases as well as the kind of application of the drug exist. The aim of the present review is to describe the general characteristics of the use of CYC from the rheumatologist's point of view, including pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties, drug interactions, toxicity and possible preventive and/or therapeutic measures; all of which are important to consider when using this particular drug in the treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brummaier
- Academic Research Unit, 2nd Department of Medicine, General Hospital Linz, Linz, Austria
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13
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Vasdev N, Davidson A, Harkensee C, Slatter M, Gennery A, Willetts I, Thorpe A. Urological management (medical and surgical) of BK-virus associated haemorrhagic cystitis in children following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0101.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Dantas ACB, Batista-Júnior FFDA, Macedo LF, Mendes MNC, Azevedo ÍM, Medeiros AC. Protective effect of simvastatin in the cyclophosphamide-induced hemohrragic cystitis in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2010; 25:43-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502010000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is an antineoplastic agent used for the treatment of many neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a frequent side effect of CYP. Several studies show that simvastatin has important pleiotropic (anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory) effects. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of simvastatin on bladder, ureter and kidney injury caused by CYP. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. The CYP/SIM group received simvastatin microemulsion by gavage during 7 days (10 mg/kg body wt) before the administration of CYP and the CYP/SAL group rats received saline 0.9%. The control rats were not treated. After that, all rats were treated with a single dose of CYP 200 mg/kg body wt intraperitoneally. The rats were killed 24 h after CYP administration. Plasma cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Macro and light microscopic study was performed in the bladder, kidney and ureter. RESULTS: In the bladders of CYP/SIMV treated rats edema of lamina propria with epithelial and sub-epithelial hemorrhage were lower than in CYP/SAL treated rats. The scores for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of bladder and ureter were significantly lower in CYP/SIMV rats than in CYP/SAL rats. The kidney was not affected. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was significatly lower in CF/SINV rats (164.8±22, 44.8±8 and 52.4±13) than in CF/SAL rats (378.5±66, 122.9±26 e 123.6±18), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of the current study suggest that simvastatin pretreatment attenuated CYP-induced urotelium inflammation and decreased the activities of cytokines.
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15
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Hahn NM. Learning to Control Cyclophosphamide Induced Cystitis. J Urol 2009; 181:1987-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah M. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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16
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Harkensee C, Vasdev N, Gennery AR, Willetts IE, Taylor C. Prevention and management of BK-virus associated haemorrhagic cystitis in children following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation--a systematic review and evidence-based guidance for clinical management. Br J Haematol 2008; 142:717-31. [PMID: 18540939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common and, in its severe form, potentially life-threatening complication of Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children. Recent data indicate an important role of BK virus reactivation during the time of maximal post-transplant immune suppression in the pathogenesis of late-onset HC. Treatment of HC is mainly symptomatic and often frustrating. To give clinicians guidance on prevention and treatment options and their backing by scientific evidence, we have systematically assessed the available literature and devised evidence-based guidelines. Our comprehensive review demonstrates that evidence for the most commonly used interventions (such as cidofovir, oestrogen, hyperbaric oxygen, bladder instillation with formalin, alum salts or prostaglandin) is very limited. Some of these interventions also carry significant risks. Higher level evidence exists only for 2-mercaptoethane sodium (MESNA) and hyperhydration as a preventative intervention, and for systemic recombinant Factor VII as a treatment to stop acute haemorrhage. Further high-quality studies are required to establish effective and safe prevention and treatment options for HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harkensee
- Supra-regional Children's Bone Marrow Transplant Unit (CBMTU), Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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17
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Srinivas S. Acute Toxicities of Therapy: Urologic Complications. Oncology 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Idiopathic childhood nephrotic syndrome generally has a favorable long-term prognosis. Prompt administration of and improved guidelines for monitoring therapy have decreased morbidity and mortality. The treatment goal is to induce prompt remission while minimizing complications and adverse events. Aggressive therapy induces remission and decreases the frequency of relapse in most patient populations; however, such treatment often results in unnecessary toxicity. We critically assessed the current clinical evidence that supports each pharmacologic therapy. For each drug regimen, the risks and monitoring parameters required to reduce complications and optimize therapy are discussed. Some of the treatments are the common corticosteroid approaches, cytotoxic therapies (chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide), cyclosporine, less frequently used drugs (e.g., levamisole), and experimental therapies. Further studies are needed to identify the most effective and least toxic therapeutic regimens for inducing and maintaining remission in children with nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee F Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Demesmay K, Tissot E, Bulabois CE, Bertrand MA, Racadot E, Woronoff-Lemsi MC, Cahn JY, Deconinck E. Factor XIII replacement in stem-cell transplant recipients with severe hemorrhagic cystitis: a report of four cases. Transplantation 2002; 74:1190-2. [PMID: 12438970 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200210270-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is an important cause of morbidity in patients undergoing allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT). Various causes have been identified, such as the use of high-dose cyclophosphamide or busulfan and the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease or viral infections (cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, polyomavirus). METHODS The clinical course of four patients treated with factor XIII (FXIII) concentrate for severe HC after allogeneic SCT is described. RESULTS Four patients were treated with one or two infusions of 50 IU/kg of FXIII concentrate. Only one patient showed a plasmatic FXIII decrease before treatment. Three of the four patients responded to this treatment, and HC completely resolved in two of them. No adverse event was observed. CONCLUSION The use of FXIII concentrate can improve the major symptoms of HC in patients with decreased or normal FXIII plasma level after allogeneic SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Demesmay
- Department of Pharmacy, Besançon University Hospital, Boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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20
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Islam R, Isaacson BJ, Zickerman PM, Ratanawong C, Tipping SJ. Hemorrhagic cystitis as an unexpected adverse reaction to temozolomide: case report. Am J Clin Oncol 2002; 25:513-4. [PMID: 12393995 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-200210000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A case is reported in which temozolomide, a promising new DNA alkylating agent, was successfully used to treat radiation refractory metastatic brain tumors arising from primary breast cancer. However, the treatment had to be terminated after the second round of treatment due to the development of hemorrhagic cystitis. This side effect was totally unexpected. Another class of alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide and related compounds) exhibits this side effect caused by a prevalent acrolein metabolite. Temozolomide and its sister compounds, dacarbazine and 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-caroxamide, have never been reported to have this adverse reaction. This case serves to alert physicians to the existence of a possible subpopulation of patients who may experience hemorrhagic cystitis on treatment with imidazotetrazines by a mechanism that is yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwan Islam
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Marshfield Clinic-Wausau Center, 2727 Plaza Drive, Wausau, WI 54401, USA
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21
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Abstract
Acute bleeding is a frequent complication that commonly associates with increased morbidity after bone marrow transplantation. Except for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and cerebral hemorrhage, bleeding is infrequently recorded as a direct cause of death. Yet outcome analyses showed that bleeding from any reviewed site was associated with reduced survival. Reduced survival was correlated with bleeding intensity and the number of bleeding sites. These data point to the need to monitor all manifestations of bleeding, as bleeding may identify patients at risk for bone marrow transplantation toxicity. Until recently, prophylactic platelet transfusions were commonly given at a trigger of 20 x 10(9)/L. Whereas bleeding is more likely to occur when platelet counts drop to low levels, most bleeding episodes were recorded with platelet counts greater than 20 x 10(9)/L, suggesting causes other than profound thrombocytopenia in the pathogenesis of bleeding. Given that a trigger of 10 x 10(9)/L has become accepted for prophylactic platelet transfusions, care should be taken to ensure that parameters other than the incidence of bleeding have not been adversely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nevo
- Department of Oncology, The Bunting-Blaustein Building for Cancer Research, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
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