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Lourenço de Freitas N, Al-Rikabi ABH, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Yano CF, Aguiar de Oliveira E, Hatanaka T, Cioffi MDB. Early Stages of XY Sex Chromosomes Differentiation in the Fish Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae) Revealed by DNA Repeats Accumulation. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:216-226. [PMID: 29606909 PMCID: PMC5850510 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170711160528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species with 'young' or nascent sex chromosomes provide unique opportunities to understand early evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. accumulation of repetitive sequences, cessation of recombination and gene loss) that drive the evolution of sex chromosomes. Among vertebrates, fishes exhibit highly diverse and a wide spectrum of sex-determining mechanisms and sex chromosomes, ranging from cryptic to highly differentiated ones, as well as, from simple to multiple sex chromosome systems. Such variability in sex chromosome morphology and composition not only exists within closely related taxa, but often within races/populations of the same species. Inside this context, the wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus offers opportunity to investigate the evolution of morphologically variable sex chromosomes within a species complex, as homomorphic to highly differentiated sex chromosome systems occur among its different karyomorphs. MATERIALS & METHODS To discover various evolutionary stages of sex chromosomes and to compare their sequence composition among the wolf fish´s karyomorphs, we applied multipronged molecular cytogenetic approaches, including C-banding, repetitive DNAs mapping, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) and Whole Chromosomal Painting (WCP). Our study was able to characterize a cryptically differentiated XX/XY sex chromosome system in the karyomorph F of this species. CONCLUSION The Y chromosome was clearly identified by an interstitial heterochromatic block on the short arms, primarily composed of microsatellite motifs and retrotransposons. Additionally, CGH also identified a male specific chromosome region in the same chromosomal location, implying that the accumulation of these repeats may have initiated the Y chromosome differentiation, as well as played a critical role towards the evolution and differentiation of sex chromosomes in various karyomorphs of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Basheer Hamid Al-Rikabi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | | | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cassia Fernanda Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Zhu H, Liu Z, Lu M, Gao F, Ke X, Ma D, Huang Z, Cao J, Wang M. Screening and identification of a microsatellite marker associated with sex in Wami tilapia, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum. J Genet 2017; 95:283-9. [PMID: 27350670 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, primer pairs of 15 microsatellite markers associated with sex determination of tilapia were selected and amplified in Wami tilapia, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum. While one marker, UNH168, on linkage group 3 (LG3) was associated (P <0.001) with the phenotypic sex in the experimental population, nine genotypes were detected in both sexes. Only 99-bp allele was detected in the female samples, while 141, 149 and 157-bp alleles were present in both male and female samples. UNH168 was localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the long arm of the largest tilapia chromosome pair (chromosome 1, equivalent to LG3). This sex-linked microsatellite marker could potentially be used for marker-assisted selection in tilapia breeding programmes to produce monosex male tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of
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Lima-Filho PA, Amorim KDJ, Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC, Molina WF. Chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNAs in Gobionellus oceanicus and G. stomatus (Gobiidae; Perciformes): A shared XX/XY system and an unusual distribution of 5S rDNA sites on the Y chromosome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 144:333-40. [PMID: 25720317 DOI: 10.1159/000373909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With nearly 2,000 species, Gobiidae is the most specious family of the vertebrates. This high level of speciation is accompanied by conspicuous karyotypic modifications, where the role of repetitive sequences remains largely unknown. This study analyzed the karyotype of 2 species of the genus Gobionellus and mapped 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes and (CA)15 microsatellite sequences onto their chromosomes. G. oceanicus (2n = 56; ♂ 12 metacentrics (m) + 4 submetacentrics (sm) + 1 subtelocentric (st) + 39 acrocentrics (a); ♀ 12m + 4sm + 2st + 38a) and G. stomatus (2n = 56; ♂ 20m + 14sm + 1st + 21a; ♀ 20m + 14sm + 2st + 20a) possess the highest diploid chromosome number among the Gobiidae and have different karyotypes. Both species share an XX/XY sex chromosome system with a large subtelocentric X and a small acrocentric Y chromosome which is rich in (CA)15 sequences and bears 5S rRNA sites. Although coding and noncoding repetitive DNA sequences may be involved in the genesis or differentiation of the sex chromosomes, the exclusive presence of 5S rDNA sites on the Y, but not on the X chromosome of both species, represents a novelty in fishes. In summary, the karyotypic differences, as well as new data on the sex chromosome systems in these 2 Gobiidae species, confirm the high chromosomal dynamism observed in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Lima-Filho
- Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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4
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A syntenic region conserved from fish to Mammalian x chromosome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2014; 2014:873935. [PMID: 25506037 PMCID: PMC4254068 DOI: 10.1155/2014/873935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes bearing the sex-determining gene initiate development along the male or female pathway, no matter which sex is determined by XY male or ZW female heterogamety. Sex chromosomes originate from ancient autosomes but evolved rapidly after the acquisition of sex-determining factors which are highly divergent between species. In the heterogametic male system (XY system), the X chromosome is relatively evolutionary silent and maintains most of its ancestral genes, in contrast to its Y counterpart that has evolved rapidly and degenerated. Sex in a teleost fish, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), is determined genetically via an XY system, in which an unpaired region is present in the largest chromosome pair. We defined the differences in DNA contents present in this chromosome with a two-color comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) approach in XY males. We further identified a syntenic segment within this region that is well conserved in several teleosts. Through comparative genome analysis, this syntenic segment was also shown to be present in mammalian X chromosomes, suggesting a common ancestral origin of vertebrate sex chromosomes.
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5
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Schmid M, Steinlein C, Feichtinger W, Bogart JP. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXXI. The neotropical anuran families Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:268-85. [PMID: 24776617 DOI: 10.1159/000362216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic chromosomes of 11 species from the anuran families Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae were analyzed by means of conventional staining, banding techniques, and in situ hybridization. The amount, location, and fluorochrome affinities of constitutive heterochromatin, the number and positions of nucleolus organizer regions, and the patterns of telomeric DNA sequences were determined for most of the species. The karyotypes were found to be highly conserved with a low diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20 and morphologically similar chromosomes. The sister group relationship between the Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae (unranked taxon Allocentroleniae) is clearly corroborated by the cytogenetic data. The existence of heteromorphic XY♂/XX♀ sex chromosomes in an initial stage of morphological differentiation was confirmed in Vitreorana antisthenesi. The genome sizes of 4 centrolenid species were determined using flow cytometry. For completeness and for comparative purposes, all previously published cytogenetic data on centrolenids are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmid
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of whole arm chromosome probes is a robust technique for mapping genomic regions of interest, detecting chromosomal rearrangements, and studying three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromosomes in the cell nucleus. The advent of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and whole genome amplification (WGA) allows obtaining large quantities of DNA from single cells. The increased sensitivity of WGA kits prompted us to develop chromosome paints and to use them for exploring chromosome organization and evolution in non-model organisms. Here, we present a simple method for isolating and amplifying the euchromatic segments of single polytene chromosome arms from ovarian nurse cells of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. This procedure provides an efficient platform for obtaining chromosome paints, while reducing the overall risk of introducing foreign DNA to the sample. The use of WGA allows for several rounds of re-amplification, resulting in high quantities of DNA that can be utilized for multiple experiments, including 2D and 3D FISH. We demonstrated that the developed chromosome paints can be successfully used to establish the correspondence between euchromatic portions of polytene and mitotic chromosome arms in An. gambiae. Overall, the union of LCM and single-chromosome WGA provides an efficient tool for creating significant amounts of target DNA for future cytogenetic and genomic studies.
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XX/XO, a rare sex chromosome system in Potamotrygon freshwater stingray from the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Genetica 2013; 141:381-7. [PMID: 24068425 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-013-9737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Potamotrygonidae is a representative family of South American freshwater elasmobranchs. Cytogenetic studies were performed in a Potamotrygon species from the middle Negro River, Amazonas, Brazil, here named as Potamotrygon sp. C. Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes were analyzed using conventional staining techniques, C-banding, and detection of the nucleolus organizing regions (NOR) with Silver nitrate (Ag-NOR). The diploid number was distinct between sexes, with males having 2n = 67 chromosomes, karyotype formula 19m + 8sm + 10st + 30a, and fundamental number (FN) = 104, and females having 2n = 68 chromosomes, karyotype formula 20m + 8sm + 10st + 30a, and FN = 106. A large chromosome, corresponding to pair number two in the female karyotype, was missing in the male complement. Male meiotic cells had 33 bivalents plus a large univalent chromosome in metaphase I, and n = 33 and n = 34 chromosomes in metaphase II. These characteristics are consistent with a sex chromosome system of the XX/XO type. Several Ag-NOR sites were identified in both male and female karyotypes. Positive C-banding was located only in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes. This sex chromosome system, which rarely occurs in fish, is now being described for the first time among the freshwater rays of the Amazon basin.
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Pazian MF, Shimabukuro-Dias CK, Pansonato-Alves JC, Oliveira C, Foresti F. Chromosome painting of Z and W sex chromosomes in Characidium (Characiformes, Crenuchidae). Genetica 2013; 141:1-9. [PMID: 23344657 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-013-9701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Some species of the genus Characidium have heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes with a totally heterochromatic W chromosome. Methods for chromosome microdissection associated with chromosome painting have become important tools for cytogenetic studies in Neotropical fish. In Characidium cf. fasciatum, the Z chromosome contains a pericentromeric heterochromatin block, whereas the W chromosome is completely heterochromatic. Therefore, a probe was produced from the W chromosome through microdissection and degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction amplification. FISH was performed using the W probe on the chromosomes of specimens of this species. This revealed expressive marks in the pericentromeric region of the Z chromosome as well as a completely painted W chromosome. When applying the same probe on chromosome preparations of C. cf. gomesi and Characidium sp., a pattern similar to C. cf. fasciatum was found, while C. cf. zebra, C. cf. lagosantense and Crenuchus spilurus species showed no hybridization signals. Structural changes in the chromosomes of an ancestral sexual system in the group that includes the species C. cf. gomesi, C. cf. fasciatum and Characidium sp., could have contributed to the process of speciation and could represent a causal mechanism of chromosomal diversification in this group. The heterochromatinization process possibly began in homomorphic and homologous chromosomes of an ancestral form, and this process could have given rise to the current patterns found in the species with sex chromosome heteromorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon F Pazian
- Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Lee BY, Coutanceau JP, Ozouf-Costaz C, D’Cotta H, Baroiller JF, Kocher TD. Genetic and physical mapping of sex-linked AFLP markers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:557-62. [PMID: 20953654 PMCID: PMC3178444 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the sex-determining genes of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has important implications for commercial aquaculture. We previously identified an XX/XY sex-determining locus in this species within a 10-cM interval between markers GM201 and UNH995 on linkage group one (LG1). In order to refine this region, we developed new AFLP markers using bulked segregant analysis of the mapping families. We identified three AFLP markers that showed a sex-specific pattern of segregation. All three mapped near, but just outside, the previously identified sex-determining region on LG1. Hybridization of BAC clones containing these markers to chromosome spreads confirmed that the XX/XY sex-determining locus is on one of the small chromosomes in O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Population Genetics, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Jean-Pierre Coutanceau
- Departement Systématique et Evolution, Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France
| | - Catherine Ozouf-Costaz
- Departement Systématique et Evolution, Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France
| | - Helena D’Cotta
- CIRAD-Persyst, Aquaculture et Gestion des Resources Aquatiques, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thomas D. Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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Origin and molecular organization of supernumerary chromosomes of Prochilodus lineatus (characiformes, prochilodontidae) obtained by DNA probes. Genetica 2010; 138:1133-9. [PMID: 20872170 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-010-9502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In Prochilodus lineatus B-chromosomes are visualized as reduced size extra elements identified as microchromosomes and are variable in morphology and number. We describe the specific total probe (B-chromosome probe) in P. lineatus obtained by chromosome microdissection and a whole genomic probe (genomic probe) from an individual without B-chromosome. The specific B-chromosome was scraped and processed to obtain DNA with amplification by DOP-PCR, and so did the genomic probe DNA. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using the B-chromosome probe labeled with dUTP-Tetramethyl-rhodamine and the genomic probe labeled with digoxigenin-FITC permitted to establish that in this species supernumerary chromosomes with varying number and morphology had different structure of chromatin when compared to that of the regular chromosomes or A complement, since only these extra elements were labeled in the metaphases. The present findings suggest that modifications in the chromatin structure of B-chromosomes to differentiate them from the A chromosomes could occur along their dispersion in the individuals of the population.
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Ferreira I, Poletto A, Kocher T, Mota-Velasco J, Penman D, Martins C. Chromosome evolution in African cichlid fish: contributions from the physical mapping of repeated DNAs. Cytogenet Genome Res 2010; 129:314-22. [PMID: 20606399 PMCID: PMC3202915 DOI: 10.1159/000315895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cichlid fishes have been the subject of increasing scientific interest because of their rapid adaptive radiation that has led to extensive ecological diversity and because of their enormous importance to tropical and subtropical aquaculture. To further understanding of chromosome evolution among cichlid species, we have comparatively mapped the SATA satellite DNA, the transposable element ROn-1, and repeated sequences in the bacterial artificial chromosome clone BAC-C4E09 on the chromosomes of a range of African species of Cichlidae, using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The SATA satellite DNA was mapped in almost all the centromeres of all tilapiine and haplochromine species studied. The maintenance and centromeric distribution of the SATA satellite DNA in African cichlids suggest that this sequence plays an important role in the organization and function of the centromere in these species. Furthermore, analysis of SATA element distribution clarifies that chromosome fusions occurred independently in Oreochromis and Tilapia genera, and led to the reduced chromosome number detected in O. karongae and T. mariae. The comparative chromosome mapping of the ROn-1 SINE-like element and BAC-C4E09 shows that the repeated sequences have been maintained among tilapiine, haplochromine and hemichromine fishes and has demonstrated the homology of the largest chromosomes among these groups. Furthermore, the mapping of ROn-1 suggested that different chromosomal rearrangements could have occurred in the origin of the largest chromosome pairs of tilapiines and non-tilapiines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Ferreira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - A.B. Poletto
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - T.D. Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Md., USA
| | - J.C. Mota-Velasco
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - D.J. Penman
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - C. Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
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Ioannou D, Griffin DK. Nanotechnology and molecular cytogenetics: the future has not yet arrived. NANO REVIEWS 2010; 1:NANO-1-5117. [PMID: 22110858 PMCID: PMC3215214 DOI: 10.3402/nano.v1i0.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a novel class of inorganic fluorochromes composed of nanometer-scale crystals made of a semiconductor material. They are resistant to photo-bleaching, have narrow excitation and emission wavelengths that can be controlled by particle size and thus have the potential for multiplexing experiments. Given the remarkable optical properties that quantum dots possess, they have been proposed as an ideal material for use in molecular cytogenetics, specifically the technique of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). In this review, we provide an account of the current QD-FISH literature, and speculate as to why QDs are not yet optimised for FISH in their current form.
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Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Milhomem SSR, O'Brien PCM, de Souza ACP, Ferguson-Smith MA. Multiple rearrangements in cryptic species of electric knifefish, Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae, Gymnotiformes) revealed by chromosome painting. BMC Genet 2010; 11:28. [PMID: 20420709 PMCID: PMC2873553 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-11-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gymnotus (Gymnotidae, Gymnotiformes) is the Neotropical electric fish genus with the largest geographic distribution and the largest number of species, 33 of which have been validated. The diploid number varies from 2n = 39-40 to 2n = 54. Recently we studied the karyotype of morphologically indistinguishable samples from five populations of G. carapo sensu stricto from the Eastern Amazon of Brazil. We found two cytotypes, 2n = 42 (30 M/SM + 12 ST/A) and 2n = 40 (34 M/SM + 6 ST/A) and we concluded that the differences between the two cryptic species are due to pericentric inversions and one tandem fusion. Results In this study we use for the first time, whole chromosome probes prepared by FACS of the Gymnotus carapo sensu strictu species, cytotype with 2n = 42. Using two color hybridizations we were able to distinguish pairs 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20 and 21. It was not possible to separate by FACS and distinguish each of the following chromosome pairs even with dual color FISH: {4,8}; {10,11}; {5,6,17}; {12,13,15}. The FISH probes were then used in chromosome painting experiments on metaphases of the 2n = 40 cytotype. While some chromosomes show conserved synteny, others are rearranged in different chromosomes. Eight syntenic associations were found. Conclusions These results show that the karyotype differences between these cryptic species are greater than assumed by classical cytogenetics. These data reinforce the previous supposition that these two cytotypes are different species, despite the absence of morphological differences. Additionally, the homology of repetitive DNA between the two provides evidence of recent speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleusa Y Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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14
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Ocalewicz K, Mota-Velasco JC, Campos-Ramos R, Penman DJ. FISH and DAPI staining of the synaptonemal complex of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) allow orientation of the unpaired region of bivalent 1 observed during early pachytene. Chromosome Res 2009; 17:773-82. [PMID: 19714475 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-009-9071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent 1 of the synaptonemal complex (SC) in XY male Oreochromis niloticus shows an unpaired terminal region in early pachytene. This appears to be related to recombination suppression around a sex determination locus. To allow more detailed analysis of this, and unpaired regions in the karyotype of other Oreochromis species, we developed techniques for FISH on SC preparations, combined with DAPI staining. DAPI staining identified presumptive centromeres in SC bivalents, which appeared to correspond to the positions observed in the mitotic karyotype (the kinetochores could be identified only sporadically in silver-stained EM SC images). Furthermore, two BAC clones containing Dmo (dmrt4) and OniY227 markers that hybridize to known positions in chromosome pair 1 in mitotic spreads (near the centromere, Flpter 0.25, and the putative sex-determination locus, Flpter 0.57, respectively) were used as FISH probes on SCs to verify that the presumptive centromere identified by DAPI staining was located in the expected position. Visualization of both the centromere and FISH signals on bivalent 1 allowed the unpaired region to be positioned at Flpter 0.80 to 1.00, demonstrating that the unpaired region is located in the distal part of the long arm(s). Finally, differences between mitotic and meiotic measurements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Ocalewicz
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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15
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Henning F, Trifonov V, Almeida-Toledo LFD. Use of chromosome microdissection in fish molecular cytogenetics. Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; University of Cambridge
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Streelman J, Peichel C, Parichy D. Developmental Genetics of Adaptation in Fishes: The Case for Novelty. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.T. Streelman
- School of Biology, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230;
| | - C.L. Peichel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024;
| | - D.M. Parichy
- Department of Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800;
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17
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Ferreira IA, Martins C. Physical chromosome mapping of repetitive DNA sequences in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: evidences for a differential distribution of repetitive elements in the sex chromosomes. Micron 2007; 39:411-8. [PMID: 17395473 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive DNAs have been extensively applied as physical chromosome markers on comparative studies, identification of chromosome rearrangements and sex chromosomes, chromosome evolution analysis, and applied genetics. Here we report the characterization of repetitive DNA sequences from the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) genome by construction and screening of plasmid library enriched with repetitive DNAs, analysis of a BAC-based physical map, and hybridization to chromosomes. The physical mapping of BACs enriched with repetitive sequences and C(o)t-1 DNA (DNA enriched for highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences) to chromosomes using FISH showed a predominant distribution of repetitive elements in the centromeric and telomeric regions and along the entire length of the largest chromosome pair (X and Y sex chromosomes) of the species. The distribution of repetitive DNAs differed significantly between the p arm of X and Y chromosomes. These findings suggest that repetitive DNAs have had an important role in the differentiation of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irani A Ferreira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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MANK JUDITHE, PROMISLOW DANIELEL, AVISE JOHNC. Evolution of alternative sex-determining mechanisms in teleost fishes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tokalov SV, Gutzeit HO. Spermatogenesis in testis primary cell cultures of the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Dev Dyn 2005; 233:1238-47. [PMID: 15965976 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis in vertebrates is controlled by endocrine and paracrine factors and involves the communication between somatic and germ line cells. To elucidate some of the relevant factors in the complicated molecular control processes, we established an in vitro test system using primary cultures of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) testis cells. The cultures were enriched for germ line cells and Sertoli cells and largely depleted of spermatozoa. By staining the cells with propidium iodide and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), different cell populations could be identified cytologically and, in addition, quantified by flow cytometry. Cells that had gone through one or more divisions could be identified unequivocally based on their CFSE staining intensity. In parallel cultures maintained for up to 16 days in the presence of 11-ketotestosterone (KT), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF), and/or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) the initiation of meiotic and mitotic divisions was monitored. Although KT was important for the initiation of meiosis, spermatogonial mitotic divisions between 10 days and 16 days of culture were promoted by IGF and/or hCG in the presence of KT. These results illustrate the potential of the established in vitro test system for the analysis of the molecular control mechanisms of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Tokalov
- Institut für Zoologie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Stunzenas V, Cryan JR, Molloy DP. Comparison of rDNA sequences from colchicine treated and untreated sporocysts of Phyllodistomum folium and Bucephalus polymorphus (Digenea). Parasitol Int 2004; 53:223-8. [PMID: 15468529 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently used antimitotic agent in cytogenetic studies is colchicine. We investigated whether the initial treatment of trematodes for karyological analysis with colchicine would have mutagenic or degradational effect on rDNA sequences. Dreissena polymorpha is the intermediate host of Phyllodistomum folium and Bucephalus polymorphus, and the sporocyst stage of these trematode species develop, respectively, in the gills and gonads of this mussel. Sporocysts of P. folium and B. polymorphus were obtained from D. polymorpha collected from waterbodies in Belarus and in Lithuania. 5.8S and 28S rDNA genes, ITS1 and ITS2 of P folium and B. polymorphus were sequenced and compared, and no nucleotide sequence differences between colchicine treated and untreated trematodes were found. Based on these results, we conclude that colchicine treatment for 3-5 h has no mutagenic or degradational effect on rDNA sequences. During the course of this investigation, two genetically different P. folium samples were noted in Belarus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virmantas Stunzenas
- Institute of Ecology, Vilnius University, Akademijos 2, Vilnius LT 2600, Lithuania.
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Ezaz MT, Harvey SC, Boonphakdee C, Teale AJ, McAndrew BJ, Penman DJ. Isolation and physical mapping of sex-linked AFLP markers in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2004; 6:435-445. [PMID: 15791488 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-3004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gynogenetically produced XX and YY Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and diploid control groups were screened for amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to search for sex-linked or sex-specific markers. Family-level bulked segregant analysis (XX and YY gynogenetic family pools) and individual screening (XX and YY gynogenetics and XX and XY control individuals) identified 3 Y-linked (OniY425, OniY382, OniY227) and one X-linked (OniX420) AFLP markers. OniX420 and OniY425 were shown to be allelic. Single locus polymerase chain reaction assays were developed for these markers. Tight linkage was demonstrated between the AFLP markers and the sex locus within the source families. However, these markers failed to consistently identify sex in unrelated individuals, indicating recombination between the markers and the sex-determining loci. O. niloticus bacterial artificial chromosome clones, containing the AFLP markers, hybridized to the long arm of chromosome 1. This confirmed previous evidence, based on meiotic chromosome pairing and fluorescence in situ hybridization probes obtained through chromosome microdissection, that chromosome pair 1 is the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tariq Ezaz
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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22
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Schartl M. A comparative view on sex determination in medaka. Mech Dev 2004; 121:639-45. [PMID: 15210173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In fish, an amazing variety of sex determination mechanisms are known, ranging from hermaphroditism to gonochorism and from environmental to genetic sex determination. This makes fish especially suited for studying sex determination from the evolutionary point of view. In several fish groups, different sex determination mechanisms are found in closely related species, and evolution of this process is still ongoing in recent organisms. The medaka (Oryzias latipes) has an XY-XX genetic sex determination system. The Y-chromosome in this species is at an early stage of evolution. The molecular differences between X and Y are only very subtle and the Y-specific segment is very small. The sex-determining region has accumulated duplicated sequences from elsewhere in the genome, leading to recombinational isolation. The region contains a candidate for the male sex-determining gene named dmrt1bY. This gene arose through duplication of an autosomal chromosome fragment of linkage group 9. While all other genes degenerated, dmrt1bY is the only functional gene in the Y-specific region. The duplication leading to dmrt1bY occurred recently during evolution of the genus Oryzias. This suggests that different genes might be the master sex-determining gene in other fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Griffin DK, Harvey SC, Campos-Ramos R, Ayling LJ, Bromage NR, Masabanda JS, Penman DJ. Early origins of the X and Y chromosomes: lessons from tilapia. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 99:157-63. [PMID: 12900559 DOI: 10.1159/000071588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated sex chromosome pairs in diverse species display certain common characteristics, normally comprising one largely heterochromatic genetically inactive chromosome and one euchromatic genetically active chromosome (e.g. the mammalian Y and X respectively). It is widely accepted that dimorphic sex chromosomes evolved from homologous pairs of autosomes. Although the exact mechanisms through which the pair diverged are not fully understood, an initial suppression of recombination in the sex-determining region is required by all of the major theories. Here we address the question of the mechanism by which this initial suppression of recombination occurs. Our model postulates that the stochastic, de novo accumulation of heterochromatin in the sex determining region can delay pairing of the sex chromosomes in meiosis, resulting in a decrease in recombination. Data to support this model is presented from the cichlid fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Although such a decrease would in most circumstances be evolutionarily disadvantageous, if the region concerned included the major sex determining gene and other gene(s) with sex-specific functions, then this would be selectively advantageous and could trigger the process(es) which, ultimately, lead to the differentiation of the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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Harvey SC, Boonphakdee C, Campos-Ramos R, Ezaz MT, Griffin DK, Bromage NR, Penman P. Analysis of repetitive DNA sequences in the sex chromosomes of Oreochromis niloticus. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 101:314-9. [PMID: 14685001 DOI: 10.1159/000074355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 07/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, sex determination is primarily genetic, with XX females and XY males. While the X and Y chromosomes (the largest pair) cannot be distinguished in mitotic chromosome spreads, analysis of comparative hybridization of X and Y chromosome derived probes (produced, by microdissection and DOP-PCR, from XX and YY genotypes, respectively) to different genotypes (XX, XY and YY) has demonstrated that sequence differences exist between the sex chromosomes. Here we report the characterization of these probes, showing that a significant proportion of the amplified sequences represent various transposable elements. We further demonstrate that concentrations of a number of these individual elements are found on the sex chromosomes and that the distribution of two such elements differs between the X and Y chromosomes. These findings are discussed in relation to sex chromosome differentiation in O. niloticus and to the changes expected during the early stages of sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Harvey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Lee BY, Penman DJ, Kocher TD. Identification of a sex-determining region in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using bulked segregant analysis. Anim Genet 2004; 34:379-83. [PMID: 14510676 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is thought to be an XX-XY (male heterogametic) system controlled by a major gene. We searched for DNA markers linked to this major locus using bulked segregant analysis. Ten microsatellite markers belonging to linkage group 8 were found to be linked to phenotypic sex. The putative Y-chromosome alleles correctly predict the sex of 95% of male and female individuals in two families. Our results suggest a major sex-determining locus within a few centimorgans of markers UNH995 and UNH104. A third family from the same population showed no evidence for linkage of this region with phenotypic sex, indicating that additional genetic and/or environmental factors regulate sex determination in some families. These markers have immediate utility for studying the strength of different Y chromosome alleles, and for identifying broodstock carrying one or more copies of the Y haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-Y Lee
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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Harvey SC, Kwon JY, Penman DJ. Physical mapping of the brain and ovarian aromatase genes in the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Anim Genet 2003; 34:62-4. [PMID: 12580790 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-aromatase enzyme (CYP19), which catalyses the conversion of androgens to oestrogens, is critical in ovarian differentiation and hence in the sex differentiation pathways of non-mammalian vertebrates. As in other fish species, distinct ovarian and brain aromatase genes have been identified in the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Here we demonstrate by in situ hybridization that the two aromatase genes of this species are present on different chromosomes and that neither are located on the sex chromosomes. Hence, the aromatase genes are not the primary sex determination genes in O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Harvey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
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