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Du Z, Tan F, Chen J, Wang B, Liu Y, Zhao F, Wu Y, Yuan C. MEG8:An Indispensable Long Non-coding RNA in Multiple Cancers. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1688-1694. [PMID: 35578848 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220516090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a member of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), maternally expressed gene 8 (MEG8) has been found involving in the progression of a variety of cancers and playing a regulatory role. Therefore, MEG8 may turn into a new therapeutic target for cancer in the future. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the molecular mechanism and physiological function of MEG8 in various cancers. METHODS We retrieved and analyzed related articles about MEG8, lncRNAs and cancers, and then summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms of MEG8 in cancer development. RESULTS LncRNA MEG8 participates in various cancers progression, thus influencing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancers. However, the expression of MEG8 is abnormally upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer (PC), liver cancer (HCC), pituitary adenoma (PA) and hemangioma (HA), and inhibited in colorectal cancer (CRC), ovarian cancer (OC) and giant cell tumor (GCT), suggesting its clinical value in cancer therapy. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA MEG8 is expected to be a new therapeutic target or biomarker for a wide range of cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Du
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Fangshun Tan
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jinlan Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Fangnan Zhao
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yinxin Wu
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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Morii R, Tsukamoto S, Righi A, Honoki K, Tanaka Y, Kido A, Fujii H, Mavrogenis AF, Tanaka Y, Errani C. Effect of Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Localized Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215410. [PMID: 34771573 PMCID: PMC8582404 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on localized malignant giant cell tumors of the bone (GCTB) is unclear. We compared the mortality associated with wide resection compared to wide resection plus adjuvant chemotherapy for localized primary and secondary localized malignant GCTB. Among 745 relevant studies, 9 were included, with 39 and 73 primary and secondary malignant patients. In primary localized malignant GCTB, the mortality rates were 40% (6/15 patients) and 33% (8/24 patients) in the surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery-only groups, respectively. The overall pooled odds ratio was 1.07 (p = 0.92). In secondary localized malignant GCTB, the mortality rates were 30.6% (11/36 patients) and 62.2% (23/37 patients) in the surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery-only groups, respectively. The overall pooled odds ratio was 0.31 (p = 0.04). The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy remains unclear for primary localized malignant GCTB, but adjuvant chemotherapy improved the survival of patients with secondary localized malignant GCTB. Abstract A malignant giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) is a rare primary malignant tumor classified as primary or secondary. Wide resection of the primary tumor is recommended for localized malignant GCTB, but the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. A systematic review was performed to compare the mortality associated with wide resection with that of wide resection plus adjuvant chemotherapy for primary and secondary localized malignant GCTB. Among the 745 studies identified, 9 were included. A total of 112 cases of localized malignant GCTB were included, with 39 and 73 cases being primary and secondary malignant GCTB. In primary localized malignant GCTB, the mortality rates were 40% (6/15 patients) and 33% (8/24 patients) in the surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery-only groups, respectively. Overall pooled odds ratio was 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.26–4.37; p = 0.92). In secondary localized malignant GCTB, the mortality rates were 30.6% (11/36 patients) and 62.2% (23/37 patients) in the surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery-only groups, respectively. The overall pooled odds ratio was 0.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.95; p = 0.04). The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy remains unclear for primary localized malignant GCTB, but adjuvant chemotherapy improved the survival of patients with secondary localized malignant GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokuro Morii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-City 634-8521, Nara, Japan; (R.M.); (K.H.); (H.F.); (Y.T.)
| | - Shinji Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-City 634-8521, Nara, Japan; (R.M.); (K.H.); (H.F.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-744-22-3051
| | - Alberto Righi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-City 634-8521, Nara, Japan; (R.M.); (K.H.); (H.F.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yuu Tanaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Professional University of Rehabilitation, 3-1, Minamoto-Cho, Wakayama-City 640-8222, Wakayama, Japan;
| | - Akira Kido
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-City 634-8521, Nara, Japan;
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-City 634-8521, Nara, Japan; (R.M.); (K.H.); (H.F.); (Y.T.)
| | - Andreas F. Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ventouri Street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece;
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-City 634-8521, Nara, Japan; (R.M.); (K.H.); (H.F.); (Y.T.)
| | - Costantino Errani
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
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3
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Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity of Chemical Agents to Giant Cell Tumors: An In Vitro Study. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8827192. [PMID: 32952568 PMCID: PMC7481941 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8827192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various chemical agents have been used as an adjuvant treatment for giant cell tumor (GCT). However, the comparative effect of these chemicals remains unclear. Methods Multinucleated and spindle cells from cultured GCT patients, characterized by Nanog and Oct4 expression with RT-PCR, were directly administered, in vitro, with concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% of H2O2 and 75%, 85%, and 95% of ethanol for 10 minutes and concentrations of 0.003%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.1%, and 0.3% of H2O2 for 5 minutes and were incubated for 24 hours. Cell morphology, cell viability, and flow cytometry after various concentrations of H2O2 and ethanol exposure were assessed. Results H2O2 in all concentrations caused loss of cell viability. The number of viable cells after H2O2 exposure was related to the concentration-dependent effect. The initial viable spindle-shaped cell, multinucleated giant cell, and round-epithelioid cell had morphological changes into fragmented nonviable cells after exposure to H2O2. Flow cytometry using Annexin V showed cell death due to necrosis, with the highest concentration amounting to 0.3%. Conclusion Administering local chemical adjuvants of H2O2 in vitro caused loss of viable GCT cells. The number of viable cells after H2O2 exposure was related to the concentration-dependent effect, whereas reducing concentration of H2O2 may cause loss of viability and morphology of cultured GCT cells with the apoptotic mechanism.
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4
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Yang K, Bao L, He X, Zhao W, Fei D, Li B, Xue Y, Dong Z. Giant cell tumor stromal cells: osteoblast lineage-derived cells secrete IL-6 and IL-10 for M2 macrophages polarization. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9748. [PMID: 32904108 PMCID: PMC7450992 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The giant cell tumor (GCT) is a benign tumor which consists of three types cells: mononuclear histiocytic cells (MNHCs), multinuclear giant cells (MNGCs), and GCT stromal cells (GCTSCs). Numerous studies claim that GCTSCs have mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) characters and play an important role in osteoclastogenesis; however, there are no research studies concerning macrophage polarization among GCT, which can be regarded as an ingredient for tumor aggression. Method We tested the effect of GCTSCs from three GCT samples which were collected from patients on proliferation, apoptosis and polarization of macrophage. Result In this article, we verified that GCTSCs expressed MSCs markers and had higher proliferation and relative lower differentiation abilities compared with BMMSCs. What's more, we found a higher proportion of M2 macrophages among neoplasm. Co-culturing GCTSCs with macrophages resulted in prominent macrophage M2 polarization and increased the release of IL-6 (Interleukin-6) and IL-10 (Interleukin-10)from GCTSCs. In conclusion, GCTSCs, as originating from MSCs, can secret IL-6 and IL-10, which may play a significant role in macrophage M2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihui Bao
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoning He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongdong Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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5
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Significance of EGFR/HER2 Expression and PIK3CA Mutations in Giant Cell Tumour of Bone Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2931784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Giant Cell Tumour of Bone (GCTB) is a rare bone tumour. Locally aggressive and recurrent, it might evolve into pulmonary metastases. Our present work is aimed at investigating the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB) family and its downstream effectors in the development and recurrence of GCTB. For this purpose, we used a cohort of 32 GCTB patients and we evaluated the clinicohistological features and the expression of RANKL, EGFR, and HER2. The mutation status of KRAS, PI3KCA, and PTEN gene as potential oncogene involved in GCTB was also evaluated. We found a significant correlation between advanced histological stages, overexpression of EGFR/HER2, and tumour recurrence. Moreover, two mutations were found in the PIK3CA gene: a missense mutation, 1634A>C, detected for the first time in GCTB patients, without influencing the stability of the protein, and a frameshift mutation, c.1658_1659delGTinsC, causing the loss of the protein kinase domain. Altogether, these results suggest that overexpression of HER2/EGFR, Campanacci, and histological stages could be used as a novel prognostic marker for GCTB recurrence.
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6
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Lüke J, Hasenfratz M, Möller P, Barth TFE. [New aspects on giant cell tumor of bone]. DER PATHOLOGE 2019; 39:125-131. [PMID: 29110035 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-017-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is one of the giant cell-rich lesions of bone and has to be differentiated from non-ossifying fibroma, aneurysmatic bone cyst, chondroblastoma, "brown tumor" and osteosarcoma containing giant cells. A hallmark of GCTB is the presence of the distinct histone 3 (H3F3A) mutation G34W and its detection either by sequencing methods or using immunohistochemistry with a novel antibody against this mutational site. Worrisome is the fact that under denosumab therapy a histological change of the lesions can be seen and there are first reports of sarcomas arising after therapy. When diagnosing giant cell-rich lesions, pathologists should be aware of the various differential diagnoses and morphological spectrum within GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lüke
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - M Hasenfratz
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - P Möller
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - T F E Barth
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland.
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7
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He Y, Zhang J, Ding X. Prognosis of local recurrence in giant cell tumour of bone: what can we do? Radiol Med 2017; 122:505-519. [PMID: 28271361 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-017-0746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is classified as an intermediate tumour with rare metastasis, but is challenged by local recurrence. This review focuses on the role of radiological evaluation in terms of prognosis of local recurrence in GCTB. We hope to highlight the value of radiological evaluation by integrating studies on the impact of surgical treatments and non-surgical factors on local recurrence of GCTB and the current statuses of genetic and molecular prognostic factors of GCTB. Radiological evaluation can provide diverse information on tumours. As a non-invasive method, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is especially valuable for the diagnosis and evaluation of bone tumours due to its heightened sensitivity to soft tissue disease and multiplanar image acquisition. Imaging findings should be integrated with clinical characteristics, pathology and genetic and molecular prognostic factors to direct clinical approach and reduce the local recurrence of GCTB. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a multi-perspective evaluation system by which prognostic factors can be reliably determined. We further advocate more large-scale prospective studies. With the help of radiological evaluation, the clinic treatment of GCTB can be guided and local recurrence might be reduced; additionally, MR imaging can identify local recurrence of GCTB after surgical treatment in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng He
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Lau CPY, Kwok JSL, Tsui JCC, Huang L, Yang KY, Tsui SKW, Kumta SM. Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling of the Neoplastic Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Stromal Cells by RNA Sequencing. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1349-1360. [PMID: 27862217 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is the most common non-malignant primary bone tumor reported in Hong Kong. Failure of treatment in advanced GCTB with aggressive local recurrence remains a clinical challenge. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of this tumor, we aimed to examine the transcriptome profiling of the neoplastic stromal cells of GCTB in this study. RNA-sequencing was performed on three GCTB stromal cell samples and one bone marrow-derived MSC sample and 174 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between these two cell types. The top five up-regulated genes are SPP1, F3, TSPAN12, MMP13, and LGALS3BP and further validated by qPCR and Western Blotting. Knockdown of SPP1 was found to induce RUNX2 and OPG expression in GCTB stromal cells but not the MSCs. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of the 174 DEGs revealed significant alternations in 23 pathways; variant calling analysis revealed 1915 somatic variants of 384 genes with high or moderate impacts. Interestingly, four canonical pathways were found overlapping in both analyses; from which VEGFA, CSF1, PLAUR, and F3 genes with somatic mutation were found up-regulated in GCTB stromal cells. The STRING diagram showed two main clusters of the DEGs; one cluster of histone genes that are down-regulated in GCTB samples and another related to osteoblast differentiation, angiogenesis, cell cycle progression, and tumor growth. The DEGs and somatic mutations found in our study warrant further investigation and validation, nevertheless, our study add new insights in the search for new therapeutic targets in treating GCTB. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1349-1360, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Y Lau
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jamie S L Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph C C Tsui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Y Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen K W Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shekhar Madhukar Kumta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Qin H, Bao D, Tong X, Hu Q, Sun G, Huang X. The role of stem cells in benign tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5370-x. [PMID: 27655284 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As stem cells contribute to the development and homeostasis of normal adult tissues, malfunction of stem cells in self-renewal and differentiation has been associated with tumorigenesis. A growing number of evidences indicating that tumor initiating cells play a crucial role, not only in malignancies, but also in generation and development of benign tumors. Here we offer an overview of the identification and functional characterization of benign tumor initiating cells in several tissues and organs, which typically show capacities of uncontrolled self-renewal to fuel the tumor growth and abnormal differentiation to give rise to tumor heterogeneity. They may originate from alteration of normal stem cells, which confer the benign tumor initiating cells with different repertoire of "stemness". The plastic functions of benign tumor initiating cells are determined by niche regulation mediated via several signaling and epigenetic cues. Therefore, targeting stem cell function represents an important strategy for understanding the biology and management of benign tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qin
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongyu Bao
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tong
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingang Hu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowen Sun
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
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10
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Mori F, Sacconi A, Canu V, Ganci F, Novello M, Anelli V, Covello R, Ferraresi V, Muti P, Biagini R, Blandino G, Strano S. miR-181c associates with tumor relapse of high grade osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13946-61. [PMID: 26062442 PMCID: PMC4546443 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade osteosarcoma (OS) is characterized by low incidence, high aggressiveness and moderate 5-years survival rate after aggressive poly-chemotherapy and surgery. Here we used miRNA profiling as a tool to possibly predict and monitor OS's development and therapeutic outcome. First, we evaluated the altered expression of selected miRNAs from a case of Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) apparently evolved into an OS. We found that most of modulated miRs were associated with pathways of bone resorption and osteogenesis. miRNA expression also revealed that GCT and OS were distinct tumors. Second, we validated the observed miRNA profile in two independent casuistries of ten GCT (not evolved into malignant tumors) and sixteen OS patients. Interestingly, we found that miR-181c and other three miRNAs identified in the first step of the study were also consistently de-regulated in all OS patients. Ectopic expression of miR-181c reduced cell viability and enhanced chemotherapeutic-induced cell death of U2OS and SAOS2 cells. These findings indicate that: i) miRNAs aberrantly modulated in GCT could be predictive of its development into OS and ii) miRNAs expression could be useful to monitor the OS therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mori
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Canu
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ganci
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Anelli
- UOC Radiology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Covello
- UOC Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Biagini
- UOC Orthopedic Surgery, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Fellenberg J, Sähr H, Kunz P, Zhao Z, Liu L, Tichy D, Herr I. Restoration of miR-127-3p and miR-376a-3p counteracts the neoplastic phenotype of giant cell tumor of bone derived stromal cells by targeting COA1, GLE1 and PDIA6. Cancer Lett 2016; 371:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Lau CPY, Wong KC, Huang L, Li G, Tsui SKW, Kumta SM. A mouse model of luciferase-transfected stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:493-503. [PMID: 26327464 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1075519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A major barrier towards the study of the effects of drugs on Giant Cell Tumor of Bone (GCT) has been the lack of an animal model. In this study, we created an animal model in which GCT stromal cells survived and functioned as proliferating neoplastic cells. A proliferative cell line of GCT stromal cells was used to create a stable and luciferase-transduced cell line, Luc-G33. The cell line was characterized and was found that there were no significant differences on cell proliferation rate and recruitment of monocytes when compared with the wild type GCT stromal cells. We delivered the Luc-G33 cells either subcutaneously on the back or to the tibiae of the nude mice. The presence of viable Luc-G33 cells was assessed using real-time live imaging by the IVIS 200 bioluminescent imaging (BLI) system. The tumor cells initially propagated and remained viable on site for 7 weeks in the subcutaneous tumor model. We also tested in vivo antitumor effects of Zoledronate (ZOL) and Geranylgeranyl transferase-I inhibitor (GGTI-298) alone or their combinations in Luc-G33-transplanted nude mice. ZOL alone at 400 µg/kg and the co-treatment of ZOL at 400 µg/kg and GGTI-298 at 1.16 mg/kg reduced tumor cell viability in the model. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effects by ZOL, GGTI-298 and the co-treatment in subcutaneous tumor model were also confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In conclusion, we established a nude mice model of GCT stromal cells which allows non-invasive, real-time assessments of tumor development and testing the in vivo effects of different adjuvants for treating GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Y Lau
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Chuen Wong
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Lin Huang
- b Department of Surgery , Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong , and
| | - Gang Li
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Stephen K W Tsui
- c School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Shekhar Madhukar Kumta
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
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13
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Liu L, Aleksandrowicz E, Fan P, Schönsiegel F, Zhang Y, Sähr H, Gladkich J, Mattern J, Depeweg D, Lehner B, Fellenberg J, Herr I. Enrichment of c-Met+ tumorigenic stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone and targeting by cabozantinib. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1471. [PMID: 25321478 PMCID: PMC4237261 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a very rare tumor entity, which is little examined owing to the lack of established cell lines and mouse models and the restriction of available primary cell lines. The stromal cells of GCTB have been made responsible for the aggressive growth and metastasis, emphasizing the presence of a cancer stem cell population. To identify and target such tumor-initiating cells, stromal cells were isolated from eight freshly resected GCTB tissues. Tumorigenic properties were examined by colony and spheroid formation, differentiation, migration, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, immunohistochemistry, antibody protein array, Alu in situ hybridization, FACS analysis and xenotransplantation into fertilized chicken eggs and mice. A sub-population of the neoplastic stromal cells formed spheroids and colonies, differentiated to osteoblasts, migrated to wounded regions and expressed the metastasis marker CXC-chemokine receptor type 4, indicating self-renewal, invasion and differentiation potential. Compared with adherent-growing cells, markers for pluripotency, stemness and cancer progression, including the CSC surface marker c-Met, were enhanced in spheroidal cells. This c-Met-enriched sub-population formed xenograft tumors in fertilized chicken eggs and mice. Cabozantinib, an inhibitor of c-Met in phase II trials, eliminated CSC features with a higher therapeutic effect than standard chemotherapy. This study identifies a c-Met+ tumorigenic sub-population within stromal GCTB cells and suggests the c-Met inhibitor cabozantinib as a new therapeutic option for targeted elimination of unresectable or recurrent GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Fan
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Schönsiegel
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Sähr
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Gladkich
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Mattern
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Depeweg
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Lehner
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Fellenberg
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Herr
- Department of Molecular OncoSurgery, General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Lehner B, Kunz P, Saehr H, Fellenberg J. Epigenetic silencing of genes and microRNAs within the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 region at human chromosome 14.32 in giant cell tumor of bone. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:495. [PMID: 25005035 PMCID: PMC4101709 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence exists that the neoplastic stromal cell population (GCTSC) within giant cell tumors (GCT) originates from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). In a previous study we identified a microRNA signature that differentiates between these cell types. Five differentially expressed microRNAs are located within the Dlk1-Dio3 region on chromosome 14. Aberrant regulation within this region is known to influence cell growth, differentiation and the development of cancer. The aim of this study was to elucidate the involvement of deregulations within the Dlk1-Dio3 region in GCT pathogenesis. METHODS Quantitative gene and microRNA expression analyses were performed on GCTSCs and MSCs with or without treatment with epigenetic modifiers. Methylation analysis of differentially methylated regions was performed by bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS In addition to microRNA silencing we detected a significant downregulation of Dlk1, Meg3 and Meg8 in GCTSCs compared to MSCs. DNA methylation analyses of the Meg3-DMR and IG-DMR revealed a frequent hypermethylation within the IG-DMR in GCTs. Epigenetic modification could restore expression of some but not all analyzed genes and microRNAs suggesting further regulatory mechanisms. CONCLUSION Epigenetic silencing of genes and microRNAs within the Dlk1-Dio3 region is a common event in GCTSCs, in part mediated by hypermethylation within the IG-DMR. The identified genes, micro RNAs and microRNA target genes might be valuable targets for the development of improved strategies for GCT diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joerg Fellenberg
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegia, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany.
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15
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Safari M, Khoshnevisan A. An overview of the role of cancer stem cells in spine tumors with a special focus on chordoma. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:53-64. [PMID: 24567788 PMCID: PMC3927014 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary malignant tumors of the spine are relatively rare, less than 5% of all spinal column tumors. However, these lesions are often among the most difficult to treat and encompass challenging pathologies such as chordoma and a variety of invasive sarcomas. The mechanisms of tumor recurrence after surgical intervention, as well as resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, remain a pervasive and costly problem. Recent evidence has emerged supporting the hypothesis that solid tumors contain a sub-population of cancer cells that possess characteristics normally associated with stem cells. Particularly, the potential for long-term proliferation appears to be restricted to subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) functionally defined by their capacity to self-renew and give rise to differentiated cells that phenotypically recapitulate the original tumor, thereby causing relapse and patient death. These cancer stem cells present a unique opportunity to better understand the biology of solid tumors in general, as well as targets for future therapeutics. The general objective of the current study is to discuss the fundamental concepts for understanding the role of CSCs with respect to chemoresistance, radioresistance, special cell surface markers, cancer recurrence and metastasis in tumors of the osseous spine. This discussion is followed by a specific review of what is known about the role of CSCs in chordoma, the most common primary malignant osseous tumor of the spine.
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16
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Fellenberg J, Sähr H, Liu L, Schönsiegel F, Depeweg D, Lehner B, Herr I. Rescue of silenced UCHL1 and IGFBP4 expression suppresses clonogenicity of giant cell tumor-derived stromal cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:61-7. [PMID: 23603559 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a generally benign tumor with a locally aggressive behavior. Histologically, GCTs consist of multinucleated giant cells, mononuclear histiocytes and the neoplastic fibroblast-like stromal cells (GCTSC). Growing evidence exists that GCTSCs develop from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. In previous studies we observed inactivation of the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) gene in primary GCTSC due to strong DNA hypermethylation, indicating that epigenetic silencing might be involved in neoplastic transformation of MSCs. Here we investigated further candidate genes and identified strong hypermethylation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4) promoter, resulting in IGFBP4 downregulation in GCTs compared to MSCs. Overexpression of UCHL1 and IGFBP4 by stable transfection of GCTSC did not influence cell viability, proliferation, migration and chemosensitivity compared to parental cells. However, colony-formation was significantly decreased suggesting that rescue of UCHL1 and IFGBP4 suppresses clonogenicity of GCT stromal cells. The observation of reduced expression of the stem-cell-specific transcription factors OCT4 and SOX2 in these cell lines further supported our findings. Epigenetic silencing of UCHL1 and IGFBP4 in GCTs might thus be a crucial event during the malignant transformation of MSCs in the context of GCT development and represent promising targets for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fellenberg
- Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Experimental Orthopedics, Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Cowan RW, Singh G. Giant cell tumor of bone: a basic science perspective. Bone 2013; 52:238-46. [PMID: 23063845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Comprehending the pathogenesis of giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is of critical importance for developing novel targeted treatments for this locally-aggressive primary bone tumor. GCT is characterized by the presence of large multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells distributed amongst mononuclear spindle-like stromal cells and other monocytes. The giant cells are principally responsible for the extensive bone resorption by the tumor. However, the spindle-like stromal cells chiefly direct the pathology of the tumor by recruiting monocytes and promoting their fusion into giant cells. The stromal cells also enhance the resorptive ability of the giant cells. This review encompasses many of the attributes of GCT, including the process of giant cell formation and the mechanisms of bone resorption. The significance of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in the development of GCT and the importance of proteases, including numerous matrix metalloproteinases, are highlighted. The mesenchymal lineage of the stromal cells and the origin of the hematopoietic monocytes are also discussed. Several aspects of GCT that require further understanding, including the etiology of the tumor, the mechanisms of metastases, and the development of an appropriate animal model, are also considered. By exploring the current status of GCT research, this review accentuates the significant progress made in understanding the biology of the tumor, and discusses important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cowan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Lau CPY, Ng PKS, Li MS, Tsui SKW, Huang L, Kumta SM. p63 regulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression‑associated genes in stromal cells of giant cell tumor of the bone. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:437-43. [PMID: 23229819 PMCID: PMC3583652 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is a destructive neoplasm of uncertain etiology that affects the epiphyseal ends of long bones in young adults. GCT stromal cells (GCTSCs) are the primary neoplastic cells of this tumor and are the only proliferating cell component in long-term culture, which recruits osteoclast-like giant cells that eventually mediate bone destruction. The oncogenesis of GCT and factors driving the neoplastic stromal cells to proliferate extensively and pause at an early differentiation stage of pre-osteoblast lineage remain unknown. Overexpression of p63 was observed in GCTSCs and there is growing evidence that p63 is involved in oncogenesis through different mechanisms. This study aimed to understand the specific role of p63 in cell proliferation and oncogenesis of GCTSCs. We confirmed p63 expression in the mononuclear cells in GCT by immunohistochemical staining. By real-time PCR analysis, we showed a higher level (>15-fold) of TAp63 expression in GCTSCs compared to that in mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, we observed that knockdown of the p63 gene by siRNA transfection greatly reduced cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at S phase in GCTSCs. We found that the mRNA expression of CDC2 and CDC25C was substantially suppressed by p63 knockdown at 24–72 h. Moreover, p63 was found to be recruited on the regulatory regions of CDC2 and CDC25C, which contain p53-responsive elements. In summary, our data suggest that p63 regulates GCTSC proliferation by binding to the CDC2 and CDC25C p53-REs, which may inhibit the p53 tumor suppressor activity and contribute to GCT tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Po Ying Lau
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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19
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Hsu W, Mohyeldin A, Shah SR, Gokaslan ZL, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Role of cancer stem cells in spine tumors: review of current literature. Neurosurgery 2012; 71:117-25. [PMID: 22418583 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182532e71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of spinal column tumors continues to be a challenge for clinicians. The mechanisms of tumor recurrence after surgical intervention as well as resistance to radiation and chemotherapy continue to be elucidated. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of metastatic spread remains an area of active investigation. There is a growing body of evidence pointing to the existence of a subset of tumor cells with high tumorigenic potential in many spine cancers that exhibit characteristics similar to those of stem cells. The ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages is the hallmark of stem cells, and tumor cells that exhibit these characteristics have been described as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The mechanisms that allow nonmalignant stem cells to promote normal developmental programming by way of enhanced proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, and increased motility may be used by CSCs to fuel carcinogenesis. The purpose of this review is to discuss what is known about the role of CSCs in tumors of the osseous spine. First, this article reviews the fundamental concepts critical to understanding the role of CSCs with respect to chemoresistance, radioresistance, and metastatic disease. This discussion is followed by a review of what is known about the role of CSCs in the most common primary tumors of the osseous spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1029, USA.
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Branstetter DG, Nelson SD, Manivel JC, Blay JY, Chawla S, Thomas DM, Jun S, Jacobs I. Denosumab induces tumor reduction and bone formation in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4415-24. [PMID: 22711702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Giant-cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive, benign osteolytic tumor in which bone destruction is mediated by RANK ligand (RANKL). The RANKL inhibitor denosumab is being investigated for treatment of GCTB. We describe histologic analyses of GCTB tumor samples from a phase II study of denosumab in GCTB. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Adult patients with recurrent or unresectable GCTB received subcutaneous denosumab 120 mg every 4 weeks (with additional doses on days 8 and 15). The primary histologic efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients who had a 90% or more elimination of giant cells from their tumor. Baseline and on-study specimens were also evaluated for overall tumor morphology and expression of RANK and RANKL. RESULTS Baseline tumor samples were typically composed of densely cellular proliferative RANKL-positive tumor stromal cells, RANK-positive rounded mononuclear cells, abundant RANK-positive tumor giant cells, and areas of scant de novo osteoid matrix and woven bone. In on-study samples from 20 of 20 patients (100%), a decrease of 90% or more in tumor giant cells and a reduction in tumor stromal cells were observed. In these analyses, thirteen patients (65%) had an increased proportion of dense fibro-osseous tissue and/or new woven bone, replacing areas of proliferative RANKL-positive stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Denosumab treatment of patients with GCTB significantly reduced or eliminated RANK-positive tumor giant cells. Denosumab also reduced the relative content of proliferative, densely cellular tumor stromal cells, replacing them with nonproliferative, differentiated, densely woven new bone. Denosumab continues to be studied as a potential treatment for GCTB.
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Lan J, Liu X, Rong W, Wei F, Jiang L, Yu H, Dang G, Liu Z. Stro-1(+) stromal cells have stem-like features in giant cell tumor of bone. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:826-36. [PMID: 22605660 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an aggressive benign bone tumor with poor prognosis whose neoplastic component is stromal cells (SCs). Tumor stem-like cells (TSCs) have been demonstrated as precursors for tumor genesis and growth. The aim of this study is to identify TSCs in GCTB. METHODS Stro-1(+) and Stro-1(-) cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Stem-like properties of both Stro-1(+) and Stro-1(-) subpopulations were assessed using MTT colorimetric assays, cell cycle analyses, sphere formation assays, and differentiation assays. Molecular profiles were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR. RESULTS The existence of rare Stro-1(+) cells was confirmed in vitro using FACS and in vivo by immunohistochemistry. These Stro-1(+) cells exhibited higher proliferative and cisplatin-resistant potentials than Stro-1(-) cells. In serum-free suspension cultures, Stro-1(+) SCs could form cell spheres and maintain self-renewal. Furthermore, Stro-1(+) SCs could differentiate into two mesenchymal lineage cells: osteoblasts and adipocytes. Cell surface markers CD44, CD117, and CD133 and stem cell-associated genes OCT3/4, NANOG, and ABCG2 were significantly higher in the Stro-1(+) subpopulation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Stro-1(+) SCs in GCTB possess stem-like biological and molecular phenotypes, indicating that they are the TSCs of GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Radaelli E, Rustighi A, Scanziani E. Giant Cell Tumor of Bonelike Lesion in a Trp53 Mutant Mouse. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:675-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311436186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a common primary neoplasm of bone characterized by distinctive clinicopathological features. GCTB is exceedingly rare in nonhuman species, and it has been sporadically reported in cats, dogs, rats, and birds. This report describes a primary murine bone tumor that shares striking clinicopathological similarities with human GCTB. The neoplasm occurred in a 71-week-old C57BL/6 mouse heterozygous for the specific Trp53 R172H point mutation. Grossly, the tumor presented as a mono-ostotic nodular mass arising from the distal metaphysis of the right femur. Microscopically, the affected bone was effaced by an osteolytic neoplasm with focal infiltrations into the surrounding tissues. Similarly to what was reported for human GCTB, the murine neoplasm consisted of 3 main cell populations: (1) bundles of pleomorphic spindle-shaped mononuclear cells displaying an indefinite mesenchymal histogenesis with immunohistochemical expression of vimentin and smooth muscle actin, (2) scattered multinucleated giant cells exhibiting osteoclast differentiation with prominent tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and immunoreactivity for monocyte/macrophage markers including CD45 and lysozyme, and (3) scattered round mononuclear cells consistent with activated macrophages and expressing CD45, lysozyme, and F4/80. Based on these morphological and immunohistological results, the murine bone tumor described in this study has been putatively classified as GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Radaelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria, Milano, Italy
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rustighi
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria, Milano, Italy
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles, Milano, Italy
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Fellenberg J, Saehr H, Lehner B, Depeweg D. A microRNA signature differentiates between giant cell tumor derived neoplastic stromal cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:162-8. [PMID: 22326282 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor (GCT) derived stromal cells (GCTSCs) have been identified as the neoplastic cell population of GCTs. Within these stromal cells a subpopulation has been identified that shares several features with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) indicating that these neoplastic cells develop from MSCs. Although spontaneous transformations of MSC have already been observed in vitro and in vivo the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. As microRNAs are crucially involved in tumorigenesis and the modulation of stem cell fate and behavior, they represent promising candidates for the regulation of this process. Therefore, the aim of this study was the comparative analysis of the microRNA expression profiles of GCTSCs and MSCs in order to identify differentially expressed microRNAs and their target genes. We could identify a microRNA signature consisting of 26 differentially expressed microRNAs that perfectly separates these two cell types. One of the microRNAs with the most pronounced differences in expression levels was miR-224. We could confirm the already known regulation of the apoptosis inhibitor API5 by miR-224 and could further identify three novel miR-224 target genes (SMAD5, SLMAP, H3.3B). The involvement of these genes in the regulation of apoptosis resistance, proliferation, differentiation and the regulation of gene transcription suggests pivotal roles of these genes in the neoplastic transformation of MSCs during GCT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Fellenberg
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegia, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
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Fellenberg J, Lehner B, Witte D. Silencing of the UCHL1 gene in giant cell tumors of bone. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1804-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bibbo
- Foot & Ankle Section, Department of Orthopaedics, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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26
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Ghert M, Simunovic N, Cowan RW, Colterjohn N, Singh G. Properties of the stromal cell in giant cell tumor of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 459:8-13. [PMID: 17327805 DOI: 10.1097/blo.0b013e31804856a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The histiogenesis and mechanisms of bone destruction in giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone are not well understood. We asked whether the spindle-like stromal cells of GCT of bone exhibit osteoblastic properties, and whether the stromal cells produce active matrix-degrading proteases in vitro. We performed immunohistochemistry on 17 paraffin-embedded archival specimens with a pathologic diagnosis of GCT with monoclonal antibodies for the osteoblastic lineage markers osteopontin, osteonectin, and osteocalcin. The average staining grade for the 17 specimens was highest for osteonectin, followed by osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Primary cell cultures of GCT stromal cells were prepared from two fresh tumor specimens. Western blots were used on the cell lysates and media to detect osteocalcin precursor and the matrix-degrading proteases MMP-2 and MMP-9. We found the stromal cells in culture produce osteocalcin precursor, indicating osteoblastic lineage. The cells also express both the active and inactive isoforms of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Gelatinase assays confirmed the activity of the proteases in vitro. The spindle like stromal cells of GCT have characteristics of osteoblast progenitors and produce active matrix-degrading proteases. These cells may therefore play a central role in bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ghert
- McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences and the Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Werner M. Giant cell tumour of bone: morphological, biological and histogenetical aspects. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2006; 30:484-9. [PMID: 17013643 PMCID: PMC3172738 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-006-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The giant cell tumour of bone (GCT) is a locally aggressive intraosseous neoplasm of obscure biological behaviour. Although well defined in clinical, radiological and histological terms, detailed information on its biological development is still relatively incomplete. The tumoral tissue consists of three cell types--the neoplastic giant cell tumour stromal cells (GCTSC), representing the proliferative fraction, secondarily recruited mononuclear histiocytic cells (MNHC) and multinuclear giant cells (MNGC). These cellular components interact together with factors that have a role in regulating osteoclast function in normal bone tissue (e.g. RANK, RANKL, OPG, M-CSF). Recent publications suggest that the neoplastic stromal cells express differentiation features of mesenchymal stem cells. Further research of the pathogenesis of GCT as well as the complex interactions of its cellular populations may provide the knowledge necessary for developing approaches for a biological-based therapy of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Werner
- Institute of Osteopathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the treatment and outcomes for giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of the pertinent literature. RESULTS GCT is a rare benign bone lesion most often found in the extremities of women in the third and fourth decades of life. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and usually consists of intralesional curettage; local control rates range from 80% to 90% after this procedure. Patients with extensive, recurrent, and/or biologically more aggressive tumors may require wide excision. A small subset of patients with incompletely resectable GCTs or with lesions that are surgically inaccessible may be treated with moderate-dose radiotherapy (45-50 Gy) and have a 65% to 80% likelihood of being locally controlled. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with GCTs are effectively treated with intralesional curettage. Wide excision or radiotherapy is necessary to cure a relatively limited subset of patients with extensive, aggressive, and/or incompletely resectable GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Mendenhall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Murata A, Fujita T, Kawahara N, Tsuchiya H, Tomita K. Osteoblast lineage properties in giant cell tumors of bone. J Orthop Sci 2005; 10:581-8. [PMID: 16307183 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-005-0946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant cell tumors of bone (GCTs), among the most common primary bone tumors, are characterized by the formation of abundant osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells (MNCs). It is not yet clear about the origin of GCTs and which cells in the lesion are the true neoplastic component. Several recent reports suggested that MNCs are osteoclasts induced by stroma-like tumor cells expressing the ligand for receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANKL), which is a membrane-bound osteoclast differentiation factor. This hypothesis suggests an osteoblast lineage origin of GCTs, although it has long been speculated about GCTs being of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) origin. METHODS We investigated the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers in 10 human GCTs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. We also performed osteoblastic and adipogenic differentiation assays using cultured cells derived from surgically resected lesions to estimate the stem cell-like properties. RESULTS GCTs and derived stromal cells expressed many osteoblast lineage marker genes, such as collagen type I, bone sialoprotein, core binding factor a-1, and osteocalcin. Instead of stable expression of mRNA, osteocalcin was not detected among the proteins. The tumor-derived cultures showed osteoblastic but not adipogenic differentiation capability. These findings strongly suggest that GCTs are of osteoblast lineage origin. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that GCTs expressed many osteoblastic markers and showed properties of pre-osteoblast-like cells rather than those of MSCs. These observations may provide some insight into the mechanisms of disease progression and the origin of GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Murata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
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Guenther R, Krenn V, Morawietz L, Dankof A, Melcher I, Schaser KD, Kasper HU, Kuban RJ, Ungethüm U, Sers C. Giant cell tumors of the bone: Molecular profiling and expression analysis of Ephrin A1 receptor, Claudin 7, CD52, FGFR3 and AMFR. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 201:649-63. [PMID: 16325507 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumors (GCTs) of the bone are osteolytic neoplasms with variable degrees of aggressiveness. The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of GCT tissue. We established gene expression profiles and discovered a number of genes that have not been described in GCTs before. RNA was prepared from 7 cryopreserved GCTs (primary tumors n = 5, relapses n = 2) and was hybridized to Affymetrix HG U133A microarrays. Paraffin-embedded samples were used for immunohistochemical validation (primary tumors n = 16, relapses n = 6). Gene ontology revealed that the majority of genes, found to be differentially expressed between primary and recurrent GCTs, were associated with receptor tyrosine kinase activity. We selected one upregulated gene (Claudin 7) and four downregulated genes (CD52, Ephrin A1 receptor, autocrine motility factor receptor [AMFR] and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [FGFR3] for further analysis using immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD52, AMFR, and Ephrin A1 receptor revealed expression profiles concordant with the microarray data, also with regard to differences between primary tumors and relapses.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- CD52 Antigen
- Claudins
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/genetics
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/metabolism
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/pathology
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Receptor, EphA1/genetics
- Receptor, EphA1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Autocrine Motility Factor
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Guenther
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Charite, Schumannstrabe 20/21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Wuelling M, Delling G, Kaiser E. Differential gene expression in stromal cells of human giant cell tumor of bone. Virchows Arch 2004; 445:621-30. [PMID: 15449052 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-004-1113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor (GCT) offers a unique model for the hematopoietic-stromal cell interaction in human bone marrow. Evidence has been presented that GCT stromal cells (GCTSCs) promote accumulation, size and activity of the giant cells. Although GCTSCs are considered the neoplastic component of GCT, little is known about their genetic basis and, to date, a tumor-specific gene expression pattern has not been characterized. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified as the origin of the GCT neoplastic stromal cell. Using state of the art array technology, expression profiling was applied to enriched stromal cell populations from five different GCTs and two primary MSCs as controls. Of the 29 differentially expressed genes found, 25 showed an increased expression. Differential mRNA expression was verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 10 selected genes, supporting the validity of cDNA arrays as a tool to identify tumor-related genes in GCTSCs. Increased expression of two oncogenes, JUN and NME2, was substantiated at the protein level, utilizing immunohistochemical evaluation of GCT sections and Western-blot analysis. Increased phosphorylation of JUN Ser-63 was also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wuelling
- Department of Bone Pathology, Center of Biomechanics, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
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