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Al-Omrani H, Marwah MK, Al-Whaib R, Mekkawy M, Shokr H. Patterns of Drug Utilization and Self-Medication Practices: A Cross Sectional Study. PHARMACY 2023; 11:183. [PMID: 38133458 PMCID: PMC10747327 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication (SM) is a growing phenomenon worldwide that has recently been classified as one of the most serious public health problems. SM can result in an incorrect self-diagnosis, inappropriate treatment, potential adverse reactions, interactions, and the masking of more sinister disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of SM practices amongst healthcare professionals and the general population in Saudi Arabia and to identify the sociodemographic contributing factors to this practice. METHODS A total of 540 participants were enrolled in this study. Participants were asked to complete the study questionnaire comprising two sections to gather demographic information and to collect data regarding SM practice. RESULTS The prevalence of SM practice among the study participants was 78.6%, and it was the highest among the middle age groups of (21-40 years) 82% compared to the younger and older age groups. The observed prevalence was higher in the female participants (53.7%) and those who live alone. Type of education did not affect the attitude of SM (p = 0.374); however, level of education strongly affected the prevalence of the SM, with higher incidence among university graduates (p < 0.001). Analgesics with antipyretics properties were the most self-medicated drugs. Patients considering their illnesses minor was the main reason behind the high prevalence of this practice. Among healthcare professions the highest prevalence of SM was found among pharmacists (95%), followed by physicians, nurses, and other medical practitioners. CONCLUSION The general population should be better educated and made conscious about the consequences, risks, and side effects of SM. Awareness campaigns may prove to be useful in this matter, allowing the patient to consider the appropriateness of this practice. Individuals in the age group of 21-40 years, females, and those who live alone should be considered priority target populations in the design and implementation of SM awareness projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamod Al-Omrani
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mandeep Kaur Marwah
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Razan Al-Whaib
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Mekkawy
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Hala Shokr
- Pharmacy Division, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Elghazaly A, Alsahali S, Farooqui M, Ibrahim N, Alshammari M, Almutairi A, Almutairi M, Almutairi W. A Cross-Sectional Study to Investigate the Prevalence of Self-Medication of Non-Opioid Analgesics Among Medical Students at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:1371-1379. [PMID: 37309455 PMCID: PMC10257911 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s407693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Self-medication (SM) using non-opioid analgesics (NOA) is contentious and increasingly recognized as a major public health concern with severe consequences, including masking of malignant and fatal diseases, risk of misdiagnosis, problems relating to over- and under-dosing, drug interactions, incorrect dosage, and choice of therapy. Herein, we aim to determine the prevalence of SM with NOA among pharmacy and medical students at Unaizah College, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study using a validated self-administered questionnaire was conducted on 709 pharmacy and medicine students belonging to an age group of 21-24 years from Unaizah Colleges. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results Of 709 participants, 635 responded to the questionnaire. Our results showed a prevalence percentage of 89.6% using self-medicated NOA for pain management. The most common factor leading to SM in NOA was the mild nature of the illness (50.6%), and headache/migraine (66.8%) was the dominant health problem. Paracetamol (acetaminophen, 73.7%) was the most commonly used analgesic, followed by ibuprofen (16.5%). The most common and reliable sources of drug information were pharmacists (51.5%). Conclusion We observed a high rate of SM for NOA among undergraduate students. We believe that the adverse consequences of SM could be controlled through educational, regulatory, and administrative strategies by providing appropriate awareness sessions, and the role of pharmacists should be highlighted in preventing SM from NOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Elghazaly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alsahali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Qerem W, Bargooth A, Jarab A, Akour A, Abu Heshmeh S. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Jordanian patients toward Self-Medication. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:482-491. [PMID: 37063441 PMCID: PMC10102443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Self-medication (SM) has significantly increased worldwide in the past decades, which may have detrimental health consequences including antimicrobial resistance, adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interaction, and dependency. Although several studies have evaluated the extent of SM, such studies are still limited in Jordan. The aim of this study was to explore sources of SM information, attitudes toward SM and the practice of SM and its associated factors. Methods The data of this cross-sectional study was collected between February and July 2022. A validated questionnaire was distributed to patients attending pharmacies from different locations in Jordan. The survey evaluated sources of information and attitudes toward SM, extent of SM practice, and attitudes towards SM, symptoms that the participants treat with SM and those that usually requires medical doctor consolation, followed by questions about the classes of medications mostly used for SM and the reasons for SM. Results and Discussion The study enrolled 695 Jordanian adults. The most reported indications for SM included headache (86.9 %), flu (76.4 %), and fever (69.6 %). The most common causes for SM included previous knowledge about the diseases and its treatments (84.2 %), and full knowledge of the medicine to be purchased (55.2 %). Results of the ordinal regression showed that physician counseling frequency was positively and significantly associated with "not being on chronic medication" (p-value = 0.001), and having a positive SM attitude level (p-value = 0.019), while negatively correlated with being in medical field (p-value < 0.001), having no children (p-value = 0.009), and relaying on non-scientific sources to obtain information for SM (p-value = 0.014). The frequency of SM practice was positively associated with being in medical field (p-value < 0.001, having no insurance (p-value < 0.001), and relaying on nonscientific sources (p-value = 0.017). Lastly, having a positive SM attitude level (p-value < 0.001) and not being on chronic medications (p-value = 0.007) were associated with decreased SM practice. Conclusion The study participants demonstrated increased SM practice due to the wrong perceptions toward SM and the reliance on non-scientific source of information about SM practice.
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Salmani R, Kazemi H, Sarbakhsh P, Mousazadeh Y. Hypochondriasis and self-medication among medical sciences students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive cross-sectional study in Northwestern Iran. Work 2023; 75:1139-1151. [PMID: 36776026 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased fear and anxiety among the general public following the emergence of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to hypochondriasis as well as indiscriminate use of drugs, versus the disease. OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to identify the frequency and causes of self-medication and hypochondriasis among students. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 241 students of different disciplines of Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences in northwestern Iran over a period of six months. SPSS 26 software, Chi-square and Fisher tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The rate of self-medication was calculated 51%. The highest rate of self-medication was in the form of tablets (75.6%) and capsules (28.5%) and the highest type of medication was herbal medicine (59.3%) and multivitamins and complementary drugs (54.5%). The most common cause of self-medication was previous use and the effectiveness of the drug in the past (79.7%). The mean score of hypochondriasis was calculated at 21.52 (11.02) and the majority of students (49.8%) were in the healthy group. There was a statistically significant association between hypochondriasis and self-medication (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Based on the findings, more than half of the participants in the study had self-medication. About 20% of students also experienced mild to moderate hypochondriasis. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary training and support be provided to deal with the side effects of these two phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Salmani
- Department of Midwifery, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Hasan Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Parvin Sarbakhsh
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yalda Mousazadeh
- Department of Public Health, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Ukey U, Sonpimpale B, Ughade S, Narlawar U, Gaikwad S, Nair P, Masram P, Pandey S. Prevalence, Pattern, and Reasons for Self-Medication: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study From Central India. Cureus 2023; 15:e33917. [PMID: 36819304 PMCID: PMC9936784 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-medication is an important public health problem, with varied prevalence across the world. The high prevalence of self-medication in India is one of the important factors contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Self-medication without medical guidance can lead to inappropriate, incorrect, or undue therapy, missed diagnosis, delays in appropriate treatment, pathogen resistance, and increased morbidity. The growing trend of self-medication can be attributed to various factors like the urge for self-care, sympathy toward sick family members, inaccessible health services and nonavailability of drugs, time and financial constraints, ignorance, misbeliefs, extensive advertisement and availability of drugs in places other than drug shops. Methodology The present community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban field practice area of a tertiary health care center (UHTC) in Central India. Individuals above 18 years of age and present at home at the time of the house-to-house survey comprised the study participants. A total of 400 participants were enrolled in the study. Data were collected using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire by the face-to-face interview technique. Results The prevalence of self-medication in the area was 60 % (240). The most widely used drugs for self-medication were analgesics (159; 66.25%) and antipyretics (142; 59.16%). Common ailments for which self-medication was used frequently were fever, body aches, common cold, and cough. It was observed that female participants were twice more likely to self-medicate as compared to male participants (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.04; Prevalence (p) = 0.014, Confidence Interval (CI) 95% = 1.15-3.62). Additionally, those having education above the high school level had more chances of self-medicating than those educated less than high school (OR: 1.25; p≤0.014, CI 95%=1.05-1.50). The commonest reasons for resorting to self-medication as per the findings of the present study are that it saves time and the condition was not serious enough to warrant a physician's consultation.
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Loni SB, Eid Alzahrani R, Alzahrani M, Khan MO, Khatoon R, Abdelrahman HH, Abd-Elhaleem ZA, Alhaidari MM. Prevalence of self-medication and associated factors among female students of health science colleges at Majmaah University: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1090021. [PMID: 36875361 PMCID: PMC9978380 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1090021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, the prevalence of self-medication among young people has increased exponentially. Due to the basic knowledge and easy access to medicines, undergraduate students at health science colleges are likely to self-medicate. This research was undertaken to assess self-medication prevalence and its contributing factors among female undergraduate students in health science colleges at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 214 female students from the Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia's health science colleges-Medical: (82, 38.31%) and Applied Medical Science College (132, 61.68%)-was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire with sociodemographic information, drugs used, and reasons for self-medication was used for the survey. Non-probability sampling techniques were used to recruit participants. Results Of the 214 female participants, 173, 80.84 % (medical: 82, 38.31% and applied medical science: 132, 61.68%) confirmed that they were on self-medication. The majority of participants (42.1%) were between the ages of 20 and 21.5 years (mean ± SD: 20.81 ± 1.4). The main reasons for self-medication were quick relief from the illness (77.5%) followed by saving time (76.3%), minor illnesses (71.1%), self-confidence (56.7%), and laziness (56.7%). The use of leftover drugs at home was common among applied medical science students (39.9%). The main indication for self-medication included menstrual problems (82.7 %), headache (79.8%), fever (72.8%), pain (71.1%), and stress (35.3%). The most common drugs used included antipyretic and analgesics (84.4%), antispasmodics (78.9%), antibiotics (76.9%), antacids (68.2%), multivitamins, and dietary supplements (66.5%). On the contrary, the least used drugs were antidepressants, anxiolytics, and sedatives (3.5, 5.8, and 7.5 %, respectively). Family members were the main source of information for self-medication (67.1%), followed by self-acquired knowledge (64.7%), social media (55.5%), and least were friends (31.2%). For adverse effects of the medication, the majority of them consulted the physician (85%) followed by consulting the pharmacist (56.7%) and switched to other drugs or decreased drug dosage. Quick relief, saving time, and minor illness were the main reasons for self-medication among health science college students. It is recommended to conduct awareness programs, workshops, and seminars to educate on the benefits and adverse effects of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Begum Loni
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Eid Alzahrani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alzahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Owais Khan
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Shri Devi Institute of Technology, Mangalore, India
| | - Rafia Khatoon
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Hakim Abdelrahman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab A Abd-Elhaleem
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chaudhry B, Azhar S, Jamshed S, Ahmed J, Khan LUR, Saeed Z, Madléna M, Gajdács M, Rasheed A. Factors Associated with Self-Medication during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110330. [PMID: 36355873 PMCID: PMC9694449 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication (SM) is characterized by the procurement and use of medicines by bypassing primary healthcare services and without consulting a physician, usually to manage acute symptoms of self-diagnosed illnesses. Due to the limited availability of primary healthcare services and the anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the compulsion to SM by the public has increased considerably. The study aimed to assess the characteristics, practices, and associated factors of SM by the public during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sargodha, Pakistan. χ2-tests and univariable analyses were conducted to explore the identification of characteristics and the potential contributing factors for SM during COVID-19, while multivariable logistic regression models were run to study the effect of variables that maintained a significant association. The study was performed during July−September 2021, with n = 460 questionnaires returned overall (response rate: 99.5%). The majority of respondents were males (58.7%, n = 270) who live in the periphery of the town (63.9%, n = 294), and most of the respondents belonged to the age group of 18−28 years (73.3%, n = 339). A large number, 46.1% (n = 212), of the participants were tested for COVID-19 during the pandemic, and among them, 34.3% (n = 158) practiced SM during the pandemic; the most common source of obtaining medicines was requesting them directly from a pharmacy (25.0%; n = 127). The chances of practicing SM for medical health professionals were 1.482 (p-value = 0.046) times greater than for non-medical health personnel. The likelihood of practicing SM in participants whose COVID-19 test was positive was 7.688 (p-value < 0.001) times more than who did not test for COVID-19. Allopathic medicines, acetaminophen (23.6%), azithromycin (14,9%), and cough syrups (13%), and over the counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, vitamin oral supplements, such as Vitamin C (39.1%), folic acid (23.5%), and calcium (22.6%), were the most commonly consumed medicines and supplements, respectively; being a healthcare professional or having a COVID-test prior showed a significant association with the usage of Vitamin C (p < 0.05 in all cases). Respondents who mentioned unavailability of the physician and difficulty in travelling/reaching healthcare professionals were found 2.062-times (p-value = 0.004) and 1.862-times (p-value = 0.021) more likely to practice SM, respectively; SM due to fear of COVID was more common in individuals who had received COVID-tests prior (p = 0.004). Practices of SM were observed at alarming levels among our participants. Consciousness and understanding about the possible adverse effects of SM must be established and validated on a continuous level; in addition, on a commercial level, collaboration from pharmacists not to sell products (especially prescription-only medicines) without a certified prescription must be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saiza Azhar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Jamshed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Jahanzaib Ahmed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Saeed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Melinda Madléna
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Abdur Rasheed
- School of Public Health Dow, University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.R.)
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Almeida I, Rocha C, Balteiro J. Prevalence of Self-Medication in Portuguese Adolescents. PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1159/000525885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication is considered one of the health-risk behaviours found among adolescents. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of self-medication for Portuguese adolescents. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample comprised 420 adolescents, of whom 343 (81.7%; 95% CI: 77.8–85.2) had already self-medicated and 277 (66.0%; 95% CI: 61.4–70.5) self-medicated in the last 6 months. The main health problems that motivated self-medication were headache (76.7%), flu (70.6%), sore throat (56%), and fever (54.5%). Paracetamol was the most consumed drug (86.9%) followed by ibuprofen (83.1%). The pharmacy (87.8%) was the preferred place to purchase drugs; however, 221 adolescents (64.4%) reported that they self-medicated with the medicines they had at home. Of the adolescents who resorted to self-medication, only 59.6% sought additional information about the drug and 53.9% referred to the package leaflet of the medicinal product as the main source of clarification. A significant portion of the respondents (84.3%) believed that self-medication might be acceptable to treat minor illnesses. It was observed that self-medication is a very common practice among adolescents, making it an extremely important issue to carry out more studies on this section of the Portuguese population due to the scarcity of existing ones. These data can be used to define strategies for the dissemination of the rational use of the drug in the adolescent population.
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Kassa T, Gedif T, Andualem T, Aferu T. Antibiotics self-medication practices among health care professionals in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08825. [PMID: 35128109 PMCID: PMC8803584 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is the first option and response to most illness episodes. Use of antimicrobials without health care professionals' guidance may result in greater probability of inappropriate use, missed diagnosis, delays in appropriate treatment, pathogen resistance and increased morbidity. There is no sector in the health care community which is immune to drug abuse or misuse of which the worst offenders include physicians, nurses and pharmacy professionals. Self-medication among health care professionals may be an indicator that the health professional is neglecting his or her own health. This represents serious issues for both patients and the professionals. OBJECTIVE To assess self-medication practices with antibiotics among health care professionals in selected hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHOD Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May, 2017 among 317 health care professionals. Convenient sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 20. Binary logistic regression analysis was done to check the relationship between the dependent variable (antibiotic self-medication) and selected independent variables (sex, age, marital status, income, professional qualification and work experience). RESULTS The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among health care professionals in one month recall period was found to be 72 (22.7%). The main reasons given for this practice were being familiar with the treatment options, 31 (43.1%) and need for rapid relief, 25 (34.7%). Respiratory problems, 29 (40.3%) and gastro intestinal problems, 28 (38.9%) were the most common illnesses for which self-medication with antibiotics was practiced while penicillins, 30 (41.6%) and fluoroquinolones, 29 (40.3%) constituted the two most commonly used antibiotics for the same. None of the variables had significant association with the practice of self-medication with antibiotics. CONCLUSION Self-medication with antibiotics was common among the study participants. Efforts should be made by health authorities including Drug and Therapeutics Committee, Drugs Regulatory Authority, Hospitals' management and other stakeholders to ensure safe usage of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsehay Kassa
- Teklehaimanot Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Gedif
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Temesgen Aferu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan- Aman, Ethiopia
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Yusuff KB, Makhlouf AM, Ibrahim MI. Community pharmacists' management of minor ailments in developing countries: A systematic review of types, recommendations, information gathering and counselling practices. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14424. [PMID: 34081814 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To conduct a systematic review of the management of minor ailments by community pharmacists in developing countries, and to identify the specific minor ailments encountered, the medications recommended or requested and the information gathering and counselling practices. METHOD Observational studies from developing countries published in English language from inception to 2019 and report the management of minor ailments by community pharmacists were systematically searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library. RESULTS Thirty full-text studies, out of 7876 retrieved and screened, were included in the systematic review. Minor ailment-induced encounters by patients with community pharmacists are generally pervasive and involve mainly verbal request for specific medicines by name (60%). The most frequent minor ailments reported were respiratory, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal conditions, and the most common medicines recommended or requested for were cough/cold preparations, antimotility and oral rehydration preparation, and analgesic/antipyretic. Inappropriate recommendation of antibiotics were reported for acute diarrhoea and cough/colds (40%) (10/25). Community pharmacists encountered 11-30 customers with minor ailments per day, with an average of about 4.8 (1.3-20.5) minutes per encounter. None of the studies reported the availability and/or use of a specific protocol to guide the management of minor ailments. There was wide variation in the type and depth of information gathered and used for the management of minor ailments; and the counselling information provided by community pharmacists, and there was no evidence of the documentation activities related to the management of minor ailments. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacists' encounter with and management of minor ailments appear extensive in developing countries and probably present an opportunity to contribute significantly to reduce disease burden and enhance public health. However, the management process is currently unstructured, unguided by a specific protocol and vary in the quality of recommendations, information gathering and counselling practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazeem B Yusuff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed M Makhlouf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed I Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Orayj K, Alshahrani SM, Alqahtani AM, Alasmari N, Atef AAA, Jrais HS, Muslot D. The Use of Over-The-Counter (OTC) Medications by University Students During Examinations in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2675-2682. [PMID: 34188577 PMCID: PMC8236272 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s312559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose During examinations, many students use various over-the-counter (OTC) drugs to improve their concentration or treat exam-related medical symptoms. The purpose of this study was to scrutinize the use of OTC drugs during examinations in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was designed, consisting of online, self-administered questionnaires comprising 27 items, including the awareness, knowledge, and attitude of students toward OTC drug use during examinations. A logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors that predict OTC drug use. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results A total of 463 (92.6%) completed questionnaires were received from 500 recruited participants. Among participants, 58.5% were women, 47.9% were 22 years or older and completing their final year of study, and 44.1% of students preferred not to disclose their monthly income. The most common cause (35.6%) for OTC drug use during the examination period was headache, followed by pain (21%), fever (16.6%), and cough (8.2%). The most commonly used medication were painkillers, antipyretics, cough and cold medications, and vitamins (57.2%, 16.4%, 11%, and 7.3%, respectively). Male students showed a significant lack of awareness and knowledge regarding the safety and reasons for OTC drug use compared with their female counterparts and were less likely to read the medication leaflet before use (p < 0.001, odds ratio [OR]: 0.36, confidence interval [CI]: 0.23-0.57) and did not know which drugs require prescriptions (p < 0.001, OR: 0.41, CI: 0.27-0.63). Other significant factors that predicted OTC drug use included age, university level, and drug income. Conclusion The most common reported cause for OTC drug use during examinations among students was headache. Sex, age, university level, and monthly income were significant factors affecting OTC drug use during examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Orayj
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Dalia Muslot
- College of Pharmacy, Medicine and Health Sciences Faculty, University of Hodeidah, Al Hudaydah, Yemen
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Dabbagh R, Aldofyan M, Alzaid W, Alsulimani A, Alshamrani S, Alqahtani S, Abuhaimed A. Prescription and over-the-counter drug misuse among female students at a Saudi university. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1856210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rufaidah Dabbagh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wejdan Alzaid
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Samar Alqahtani
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Subashini N, Udayanga L. Demographic, socio-economic and other associated risk factors for self-medication behaviour among university students of Sri Lanka: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:613. [PMID: 32366238 PMCID: PMC7197154 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-prescribing practices are considered as a significant issue in the health sector due to mal-practices. This has become a more worsen issue in developing countries with easy access to medication. Current study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of self-medication and to evaluate the driving factors behind this behavior, among university students of Sri Lanka. Method A total of 700 randomly selected undergraduates of three state universities in Sri Lanka, were recruited as the study population for the cross-sectional study. Information on socio-demographic, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices relevant to Self-Medication (SM) were gathered using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate the Odds Ratios (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals of the OR for socio-demographic risk factors on SM. Results Around 78% of the studied population denoted a SM behaviour. Only, 37.7% of respondents were familiar with the classification of “Over the Counter” (OTC) drugs, while majority were well aware of the risks of SM (> 50%). Fever (61.3%) and cough (56.7%) were the major health issues for SM, while antipyretics and drugs for cough and runny nose (73.6%) were the mostly used medication. Previous experience (76%) and trivial nature of health issues (73%) were recognized as the major reasons for SM. Majority of respondents declared that community pharmacies (86.9%) and left over medication from previous prescriptions (51%) were the sources for SM. Based on the binary logistic regression, age, residence locality, field of study and academic year were recognized as significant risk factors (P < 0.05) for SM within the studied undergraduate population. Conclusion Based on the high prevalence rate of SM, the health authorities of Sri Lanka should pay more attention towards the wellbeing and responsible medication usage of undergraduates. Designing of effective tools and regulations to monitor the selling of medication and improving the health education are recommended to ensure responsible SM within the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirma Subashini
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture & Plantation Management, Makadura, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Gonawila, Sri Lanka
| | - Lahiru Udayanga
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Plantation Management, Makadura, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Gonawila, Sri Lanka.
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Ansari M, Alanazi A, Moin A. Consumers' awareness, attitude and associated factors towards self-medication in Hail, Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232322. [PMID: 32343748 PMCID: PMC7188286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the factors motivating the consumers towards self-medication, the intended indications and the consumers’ perceptions about complications that may arise due to its use. Design Cross-sectional community based prospective study Place and duration of study Community pharmacies located at various locations of Hail, Saudi Arabia from January 2019 to March 2019. Methods The subjects of this cross-sectional study were people visiting community pharmacies for self-medication. Data on 663 participants was collected through a validated questionnaire prepared on the basis of WHO guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self-medication. Two trained data collectors visited the randomly selected community pharmacies, approached and interviewed the consumers purchasing medicines without prescriptions. Data was entered in SPSS and analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses (alpha level = 0.05). Results Out of 663 respondents, 68.6% were university graduates; and 33.9% were healthcare professionals. Consumers preferred self-medication mainly for headache (85.8%), cold and sore throat (80.8%), cough (75.7%) and fever (71.8%) with the justification that these illnesses were minor (90.2%), time saving (82.2%), convenient (74.7%), quicker relief (66.1%), and economical (61.2%). Occupation was significantly associated with the reasons for preferring self-medication (p<0.001). Similarly, age, gender and education were also significantly associated with most of the reasons for opting self-medication. People were quite aware about harmful consequences of self-medication. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the respondents with lower education (AOR = 2.404 [95% CI: 1.579–3.661]), non-healthcare professionals (AOR = 1.712 [95% CI: 1.143–2.565]) and higher monthly income (AOR = 0.376 [95% CI: 0.236–0.599]) preferred self-medication (p <0.001, p = 0.009, p <0.001) respectively. Conclusion Self-medication was prevalent among young university graduate males for minor ailments mainly due to convenience and time saving. Despite people beliefs about the harmful consequences of self-medication, its use was omnipresent particularly among the respondents with lower education, non-healthcare professionals and people with higher monthly income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar Ansari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdulrahman Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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15
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De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Daar S, Di Maio S, Elalaily R, Fiscina B, Kattamis C. Prevalence, attitude and practice of self-medication among adolescents and the paradigm of dysmenorrhea self-care management in different countries. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:182-192. [PMID: 32191679 PMCID: PMC7569583 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Self-medication (SM) is an important worldwide public health issue affecting children and adolescents. The pattern of SM varies in different communities, affected by factors such as age, sex, income, expense, self-care orientation, educational level and medical knowledge. It is a fairly common practice: for minor health problems, it often provides cheap, rapid, and convenient solutions, outside of the health care system of many countries. Painkillers, antipyretics, cough medicines, cold preparations, dermatological products, nutritional supplements and antibiotics are the drugs most frequently used. Potential risks include incorrect self-diagnosis, improper dosage, inappropriate choice of therapy, masking of severe disease and drug interactions. Lack of awareness of warnings and precautions, storage conditions, the recommended shelf-life and adverse reactions increase the risk of side effects. Little is known about the SM of dysmenorrhea by adolescent girls. Attitudes towards treatment are influenced by cultural, ethnic, and religious factors. Some girls discuss dysmenorrhea with family and friends, and the majority may not seek medical advice. As dysmenorrhea is a common problem for adolescents, it is essential that these girls be aware of the normal and abnormal symptoms of menstruation. In the light of these findings, the roles of family, school, health professionals and health authorities are of utmost importance for the implementation of measures to approach this health problem in a more efficient way. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Sanctis
- Pediatric and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Quisisana Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Ashraf T Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Shahina Daar
- Department of Haematology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Salvatore Di Maio
- Emeritus Director in Pediatrics, Children's Hospital "Santobono-Pausilipon," Naples, Italy.
| | - Rania Elalaily
- Department of Primary Health Care, Abu Nakhla Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | - Christos Kattamis
- First Department of Paediatrics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Shaamekhi HR, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Alizadeh M. Demographic determinants of self-medication in the population covered by health centers in Tabriz. Health Promot Perspect 2019; 9:181-190. [PMID: 31508338 PMCID: PMC6717925 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2019.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Self-medication is the choice and use of medications by people to treat a self-diagnosed illness or symptom. The aim of this study was to search the relationship between a number of socio-demographic conditions and self-medication in the population covered by health complexes in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study and was carried out on the population covered by health complexes in Tabriz. Participants were recruited by a multi-stage sampling method. A total of 1000 participants were included in the study. Data collection was done using a researcher-created questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: The incidence of self-medication was 70.9% for participants who reported illness in the last month. The chance of self-medication was higher in young (P=0.007) and middle-aged (P=0.012) groups, and housewives (P=0.048); and was lower among participants who were not literate (P=0.047). There was no significant relationship between gender and self medication (P=0.553). The high cost of visits was mentioned as a reason for self-medication. The most frequently mentioned drugs used in self-medication were analgesics, cold medicines, and antibiotics, respectively. More frequent reasons for self-medication were the previous experience of the disease, the assumption that the ailment was not important, and the high cost of visits, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication in this study was high. Considering the results, education in the community, financial support, and monitoring the delivery of drugs can play an important role in improving the pattern of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Shaamekhi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahasti Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Al Essa M, Alshehri A, Alzahrani M, Bustami R, Adnan S, Alkeraidees A, Mudshil A, Gramish J. Practices, awareness and attitudes toward self-medication of analgesics among health sciences students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:235-239. [PMID: 30766435 PMCID: PMC6362167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is a common practice among health sciences students in Saudi Arabia. It is known that inappropriate selfmedication may harm individuals due to increasing the risk of drug misuse or delaying a hospital visit by masking some symptoms. Thus, the aim of our study is to investigate and assess practices, awareness and attitudes toward analgesics self-medication among health science students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in a form of electronic survey that was conducted among health sciences students from different universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2016. Two hundred and seventy-two students responded to the questionnaire. The electronic questionnaire survey covered demographics, self-medication practice and the analgesics consumption, attitude and awareness about the safety of self-medication practice of analgesics. RESULTS Factors associated with high prevalence of self-medication were not significant except for age (P = 0.04). Health sciences students had adequate knowledge about the safety of analgesics consumption itself and simultaneous use of analgesics with other drugs, significantly different by college; 80% for Pharmacy, 71% for Medicine, 61% for Nursing and Dentistry, and 25% for Applied Medical Sciences and pre-professional students (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION The occurrence of self-medication practices is distressingly high among health sciences students. It is necessary to educate the students about the side effects and drawbacks of irresponsible selfmedication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Essa
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, MC 1445, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Alshehri
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alzahrani
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami Bustami
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Adnan
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Alkeraidees
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Mudshil
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Gramish
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, MC 1445, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Lee CH, Chang FC, Hsu SD, Chi HY, Huang LJ, Yeh MK. Inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and its association with lower medication literacy and substance use. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189199. [PMID: 29240799 PMCID: PMC5730183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While self-medication is common, inappropriate self-medication has potential risks. This study assesses inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and examines the relationships among medication literacy, substance use, and inappropriate self-medication. METHOD In 2016, a national representative sample of 6,226 students from 99 primary, middle, and high schools completed an online self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors related to inappropriate self-medication. RESULTS The prevalence of self-medication in the past year among the adolescents surveyed was 45.8%, and the most frequently reported drugs for self-medication included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or pain relievers (prevalence = 31.1%), cold or cough medicines (prevalence = 21.6%), analgesics (prevalence = 19.3%), and antacids (prevalence = 17.3%). Of the participants who practiced self-medication, the prevalence of inappropriate self-medication behaviors included not reading drug labels or instructions (10.1%), using excessive dosages (21.6%), and using prescription and nonprescription medicine simultaneously without advice from a health provider (polypharmacy) (30.3%). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for school level, gender, and chronic diseases, the participants with lower medication knowledge, lower self-efficacy, lower medication literacy, and who consumed tobacco or alcohol were more likely to engage in inappropriate self-medication. CONCLUSION Lower medication literacy and substance use were associated with inappropriate self-medication among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Lee
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fong-Ching Chang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Der Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsueh-Yun Chi
- Department of Health Developing and Marketing, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Jung Huang
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Lewis V, Kennerley R. A preliminary study to investigate the prevalence of pain in elite dressage riders during competition in the United Kingdom. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equestrianism is more dangerous than many sports including motorcycle riding, skiing, football, and rugby with one in five equestrians seriously injured during their riding career. Current research has focused on acute riding injuries but as seen in other sports over-use injuries, repetitive strain and lifestyle could aggravate symptoms causing chronic pain. An elite rider suffering from pain may still choose to compete with pain due to the pressures from sponsors and owners and the need for competition success. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of riders at the elite level competing with pain, and whether they perceived this pain to have a negative effect on their performance. A quantitative approach was used due to the experimental nature of the study. Fifty questionnaires were distributed to elite dressage riders (British Dressage Group 3 and above) at the Festival of Dressage, Hartpury College to establish the prevalence of riders competing with pain. 74% of elite dressage riders competed while experiencing pain, 62% of this pain was classed as chronic and 76% of riders stated that this pain was in the low back. Over half (51%) relieved the symptoms of pain by using over the counter pain medication. There was a highly significant relationship between riders competing with pain and the perception that this pain affecting negatively on performance (χ2=16.216a, df=1, P=0.001). This high incidence of elite dressage riders who compete with pain, particularly lower back pain (LBP), could be problematic given the longevity of a rider’s career which can span over four decades. This research reports rider’s perceptions and self-reported pain and management options, which may affect the data. Further research is needed to establish the causes of back pain and appropriate management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lewis
- Performance in Equestrian Sport Group, Hartpury University Centre, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - R. Kennerley
- Performance in Equestrian Sport Group, Hartpury University Centre, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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20
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Khalifeh MM, Moore ND, Salameh PR. Self-medication misuse in the Middle East: a systematic literature review. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5. [PMID: 28805984 PMCID: PMC5684864 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulations usually distinguish between prescription‐only (POM) and over‐the‐counter (OTC) medicines. The former requires medical prescription; the latter are available for SM of common minor or easily treated ailments. However, in the Eastern Mediterranean countries, theoretical prescription medicines can easily be purchased without a prescription, as self‐medication (SM) resulting in potential misuse and unnecessary risk for patients. The magnitude of this activity is uncertain. The aim of this article, therefore, is to undertake a comprehensive review to identify the different types of medicines that can easily be purchased as SM in Middle East and recognized as misused. An extensive review of the published literature (1990–2015) was conducted using Pubmed, web of science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases, for OTC medicine misuse in the Middle East. A total of 72 papers were identified. Medicines involved in misuse included: codeine containing products, topical anesthetics, topical corticosteroids, antimalarial, and antibiotics. Self‐medication misuse of medicines seemed widespread. Individual treatment patterns were not clearly identified. Studies were not standardized, limiting the comparability between studies and the estimation of the scale of misuse. Pharmacists, friends, or parents were found to be the main sources of SMs. Knowledge and attitudes are an important contributing factor in the misuse of these medications. Strategies and interventions to limit misuse were rarely identified in literature. In conclusion, a massive problem involving a range of medicines was found in Middle East. Standardization of studies is a prerequisite to the understanding and prevention of misuse of self‐medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak M Khalifeh
- INSERM U 1219 - Pharmaco-épidémiologie et évaluation de l'impact des produits de santé sur les populations, University de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nicholas D Moore
- INSERM U 1219 - Pharmaco-épidémiologie et évaluation de l'impact des produits de santé sur les populations, University de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascale R Salameh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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21
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Self-Medication in University Students from the City of Mansoura, Egypt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:9145193. [PMID: 28479921 PMCID: PMC5396441 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9145193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Self-medication is a common practice in developed and developing countries. Objectives. To explore the prevalence of self-medication practices among university students, probable reasons, symptoms requiring self-medication, and sources of advice. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Mansoura University, Egypt, and included 1st and last year students of both medical and nonmedical faculties. Results. Prevalence of self-medication was 62.9%. Younger age, female, medical, and ever-married students and those having home pharmacy tended to self-medicate more than their peers with significant difference between them. Being medical student, being from urban area, having good current health condition, being careless about health, and having drugs stored at home pharmacy were independently associated with the likelihood of self-medicating. Conclusion. Prevalence of self-medication among university students is high which constitutes a health problem that needs intervention.
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Abu-Mostafa NA, Al-Mejlad NJ, Al-Yami AS, Al-Sakhin FZ, Al-Mudhi SA. A survey of awareness related to the use of antibiotics for dental issues among non-medical female university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:842-848. [PMID: 28233723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of antibiotics may lead to adverse side effects. This cross-sectional survey aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of female non-medical students regarding the medical and dental use of antibiotics. Four hundred validated self-administered questionnaires were distributed in Princess Norah Bint-Abdurrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included questions about accessibility, attitude toward usage, efficacy, side effects, resistance, and usage for dental issues. Knowledge was estimated for every respondent by counting the correct answers, which were considered as points. The scores were categorized as poor, moderate, and high. Of the respondents, 77.8% answered they get antibiotics according to a doctor's prescription; however, 31% stops taking antibiotics when they feel well. Only 38.8% of respondents knew that antibiotics may cause allergic reactions while 59.8% believed the human body can be resistant to antibiotics. The percentages of answers related to dental issues were: antibiotics relieve dental pain (68.8%), antibiotics can be harmful for children's teeth (27.3%), antibiotics are best avoided in pregnancy (56.7%) and no need for antibiotics after scaling (33.8%), root canal treatment (16%), or simple extraction (40.3%). Of respondents, 68% had poor scores about antibiotics efficacy, side effects, and resistance while 86.8% had poor scores related to dental problems. This study noticed a bad attitude related to antibiotics usage, with many misconceptions and poor knowledge. Moreover, the necessity of antibiotics for treatment of dental disease or after dental procedures was totally unclear for the respondents. Community campaigns are recommended every university semester to educate students about the indications, efficacy, and side effects of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedal A Abu-Mostafa
- Assistant Professor in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science Department, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Amal S Al-Yami
- Dental Intern, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shahad A Al-Mudhi
- Dental Intern, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia
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Dawood OT, Hassali MA, Saleem F. Factors affecting knowledge and practice of medicine use among the general public in the State of Penang, Malaysia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Thanoon Dawood
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Minden Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Minden Penang Malaysia
| | - Fahad Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; University of Baluchistan; Quetta Pakistan
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Motavali ZS, Abedi H, Davaridolatabadi E. Self-medication and its Effective Modifiable Factors among Elderly Referred Health Care Centers in Shahr-e-Kord in 2015. Electron Physician 2016; 8:3205-3213. [PMID: 28070253 PMCID: PMC5217812 DOI: 10.19082/3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Drug overuse is a serious problem for health care, and one of the biggest problems for the socio-economic well-being of different communities. The elderly tend to use more drugs due to changes in their cognitive and physiological factors. One of the best ways to evaluate the health level of elderly people is to evaluate their self-medication. This study was conducted to investigate self-medication among the elderly in Shahr-e-Kord. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 people older than 65 in Shahr-e-Kord in 2015. Sampling was done in two stages. In the first stage, the city of Shahr-e-Kord was divided into four areas using geographical maps. Eighty-eight people were selected from each area. The research instrument was a questionnaire called the Health Belief Model (HBM). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, the chi-squared test, the independent-samples t-test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results No significant relationship was observed between the prevalence of self-medication with demographic variables and level of awareness. But there was a significant difference between sensitivity, perceived severity, and perceived barriers and educational level. There also was a significant difference between the perceived benefits and their income level. There also was a significant difference between the level of awareness, sensitivity, severity, benefits, and barriers of people with and without a history of self-medication (p < 0.05). Conclusion Due to the adverse effects of self-medication and the high prevalence of this activity among the elderly, it is recommended that a training program be developed and implemented to change the knowledge and beliefs of the elderly about self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sadeghian Motavali
- M.Sc. of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Heidarali Abedi
- Ph.D. of Nursing, Professor, Faculty member, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Davaridolatabadi
- M.Sc. of Critical Care Nursing, Faculty member, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Haseeb A, Bilal M. Prevalence of using non prescribed medications in economically deprived rural population of Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:1. [PMID: 26807216 PMCID: PMC4722669 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-015-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Self medication is described as an act of procurement and consumption of medical drugs without the advice of medical physician for diagnosis, prescription and surveillance of treatment. There is a paucity of literature with regards to self medication among rural dwellers of Pakistan and no initiatives have been taken to resolve this issue. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate frequency, practice and prevalence of self medication among economically deprived rural population of Karachi (South Pakistan). Methods This was the descriptive, epidemiological cross sectional survey which was conducted at the two largest tertiary care government based teaching hospitals of Karachi, Civil hospital and Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, from January 2015 until March 2015. Seven hundred rural dwellers were recruited; who were the residents of outskirts of Karachi city were enrolled in the above mentioned period through the outpatient department (OPD) of the respective hospitals. Results According to the survey, 595 (85 %) subjects practiced self medication. The most common reasons evaluated for self medication were cost of consultation (90.3 %) and availability of transport (81.0 %) from rural area to health care facility. The paracetamol as a painkiller (93.0 %), acetylsalicylic acid as an anti pyretic (69.0 %), anti biotic (52.0 %) and anti allergic (51.0 %) were the commonest drug used without prescription of a health care physician. A significant difference was obtained in carrying out self medication between participants earning less than 50,000 PKR and greater than this amount (p = 0.029; 61 % vs. 24 %) and for the self medicated patients having education less than graduation with the participants having education of graduation or above it (p = 0.03; 63 % vs. 22 %). Conclusion The self medication among rural dwellers of Karachi is high . As a result, urgent steps must be taken to initiate the awareness and educational programs regarding potential risks of self medication. Secondly, strict measures must be introduced to stop supply of prescription drugs from pharmacies without prescription. Thirdly, provision of cost effective treatment from public sector hospitals to rural population can help to reduce self medication among rural population of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Haseeb
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Aljadhey H, Assiri GA, Mahmoud MA, Al-Aqeel S, Murray M. Self-medication in Central Saudi Arabia. Community pharmacy consumers' perspectives. Saudi Med J 2015; 36:328-34. [PMID: 25737176 PMCID: PMC4381018 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.3.10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of self-medication and assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of consumers toward self-medication. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted over 4 weeks in May 2011 in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Community pharmacies within 5 areas of the city (North, South, West, East, and Middle) were randomly selected for the study. All consumers were approached to participate in the study, with the exception of those buying cosmetic and medicinal equipments. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: A total of 538 out of 707 consumers attending community pharmacies in Riyadh city, agreed to participate in the study. Most responders were male (73%), 23-33 years old (35%), and college graduates (42%). A total of 285 medications were bought without a prescription. Of these, 149 (49%) medications should be dispensed by prescription only, and 155 (51%) were over the counter medications. The most common prescription medications dispensed without prescriptions were antibiotics (22%) and analgesics/antipyretics (19%). The most common reasons for buying medications without a prescription were that the symptoms were too minor to visit a doctor (54%), time saving (40%), and minor illnesses for which the participants knew the required treatment (40%). Overall, most participants had poor knowledge, and negative perceptions regarding self-medication. More than 68% of participants did not know whether the medicine they bought is a prescription-only or over the counter medication. Conclusion: Irresponsible self-medication is common in Saudi Arabia. Future studies should focus on improving the consumers’ awareness of self-medication and the proper use of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Aljadhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2475, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Chiribagula VB, Mboni HM, Amuri SB, kamulete GS, Byanga JK, Duez P, Simbi JBL. [Prevalence and characteristics of self-medication among students 18 to 35 years residing in Campus Kasapa of Lubumbashi University]. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 21:107. [PMID: 26327945 PMCID: PMC4546724 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.21.107.5651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Bashige Chiribagula
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Université de Lubumbashi, 27av Kato commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi/RD Congo
| | - Henry Manya Mboni
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Université de Lubumbashi, 27av Kato commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi/RD Congo
| | - Salvius Bakari Amuri
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Université de Lubumbashi, 27av Kato commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi/RD Congo
| | - Grégoire Sangwa kamulete
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Université de Lubumbashi, 27av Kato commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi/RD Congo
| | - Joh Kahumba Byanga
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Université de Lubumbashi, 27av Kato commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi/RD Congo
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique et Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Mons (UMONS), bâtiment Mendeleiev, Av Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgique
| | - Jean Baptiste Lumbu Simbi
- Laboratoire de chimie Organique, Faculté des Sciences Université de Lubumbashi, 11 Av Likasi Commune de Lubumbashi /RD Congo
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Jafari F, Khatony A, Rahmani E. Prevalence of self-medication among the elderly in Kermanshah-Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 7:360-5. [PMID: 25716414 PMCID: PMC4796481 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-medication is consumption of one or several medications without the physician's prescription. Given the risks of self-medication, this study was carried out to assess the prevalence of self-medication and its related factors among the elderly in Kermanshah-Iran METHOD In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 272 elderly visiting the private offices in Kermanshah were selected through convenience sampling method. The instrument for data collection was a researcher made self-medication questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistical methods (Chi-Square and Fisher exact test). RESULTS The prevalence of self-medication was 83%. The most common reasons for self-medication were certainty of its safety (93%), prior consumption of the drug (87.6%), busy offices of physicians (82%), non-seriousness of the illness (77.8%) and prior experience of the disease (73%).The most common drugs used for self-medication were analgesics (92%), cold drugs (74%), vitamins (61%), digestive drugs (54%) and antibiotics (43%). There was a significant correlation between self-medication and gender (p=0.001), education level (p=008), drug information (p=0.01), marital status (p=0.002), and medical insurance (p=0.001) variables. CONCLUSION considering the relatively high rates of self-medication among the elderly as well as its side effects, designing and performing educational programs are suggested for the elderly people.
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Gualano MR, Bert F, Passi S, Stillo M, Galis V, Manzoli L, Siliquini R. Use of self-medication among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:444-50. [PMID: 25479758 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a systematic review and proportion meta-analysis in order to investigate the prevalence and the adverse effects of the self-medication among the teenagers. METHODS We selected observational studies published from January 1990 until January 2014 that examined the use of self-medication in the adolescents (aged from 13 to 18 years). Keywords used on PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus were 'self medication', 'adolescent*', 'self prescription', 'over the counter preparations' and 'self administration'. RESULTS Finally, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria, for a total of 143 213 subjects involved. Overall, 50% of adolescents use to take drugs without consulting a physician. Further analyses stratified by number of drugs used demonstrated that in the studies reporting that adolescents use more than one type of drug the prevalence rises up to 63%. Only one study reported the possible adverse effects related to the inappropriate use of drugs, which were experienced by 31.1% of the females and 19.6% of the males. CONCLUSIONS Self-medication use among adolescents is a widespread phenomenon. It would be advisable to give more attention on this public health concern and to promote initiatives, such as mass media campaigns and governmental actions, in order to make the citizens more aware to the risks related to the consumption of drugs without medical consultation. Further studies on adverse effects are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Gualano
- 1 Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bert
- 1 Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Passi
- 1 Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Stillo
- 1 Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Galis
- 1 Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lamberto Manzoli
- 2 Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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ALBashtawy M, Batiha AM, Tawalbeh L, Tubaishat A, AlAzzam M. Self-Medication Among School Students. J Sch Nurs 2014; 31:110-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1059840514554837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication, usually with over-the-counter (OTC) medication, is reported as a community health problem that affects many people worldwide. Most self-medication practice usually begins with the onset of adolescence. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan, using a simple random sampling method to select 6 public schools from a total of 34 schools. The total sample consisted of 422 school students from Grades 7 through 12. Measures of central tendency and χ2 were used to compare the difference between the categorical variables. The prevalence of self-medication among the participants was 87.0%. Nearly 75% of self-medication was used for pain relief. The prevalence of self-medication among school students is very high and increases with age. School nurses and other local health-care workers must coordinate with school principals to disseminate health education campaigns about safe use of medication to provide awareness and education to school students, parents, and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed ALBashtawy
- Faculty of Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Abdul-Monim Batiha
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Loai Tawalbeh
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Tubaishat
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Manar AlAzzam
- Faculty of Nursing, Mental Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
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Shehnaz SI, Agarwal AK, Khan N. A systematic review of self-medication practices among adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:467-83. [PMID: 25245937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to systematically review the global trends and factors influencing self-medication (SM) among adolescents. Databases (Medline/Pubmed, Ingenta, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Proquest, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed research published between January 2000 and December 2013 on SM among adolescents aged 13-18 years. Articles were scrutinized for country of origin, sample size, recall period, prevalence rates and associations, influencing factors, medicines used, self-medicated health complaints, sources of drug information, recommendation and procurement, knowledge about medicines, and adverse drug reactions. One hundred and sixty-three publications met the inclusion criteria. SM prevalence ranged from 2% to 92% in different countries. The most frequently self-medicated over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines were analgesics and antibiotics, respectively. Headache, allergies, and fever were the most common self-medicated health complaints reported. Misuse of both over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines reflected a risky trend. Female gender, older age, maternal education, and familial practices were associated with SM among adolescents. The primary sources of drug information, recommendation, and procurement included pharmacists, parents, and friends. High-risk practices such as diversion of prescription medicines and utilization of previous prescriptions were also reported. Most studies revealed gaps in drug knowledge, although adolescents self-rated it as satisfactory. However, few adverse drug reactions were reported, probably because of lack of awareness about the potential harmful effects of medicines. Recommendations for "responsible SM" have been made to minimize the adverse effects of SM. Understanding the links between various factors promoting SM can be helpful in deriving strategies aimed at reducing drug-related health risks among adolescents. Moreover, these will aid in creating awareness among adolescents about the potential risks of using drugs without proper information and consultation. Studies need to be designed to assess the changing trend and identify new correlates of self-medication practices among adolescents, which pose fresh challenges to monitor the menace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ilyas Shehnaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Anoop Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelofer Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Omolase CO, Adeleke OE, Afolabi AO, Afolabi OT. Self medication amongst general outpatients in a nigerian community hospital. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2014; 5:64-7. [PMID: 25161435 PMCID: PMC4110989 DOI: 10.4314/aipm.v5i2.64032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to determine the proportion of general out patients who practice self medication, the drugs employed and the reasons for resorting to self medication. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted between June and December, 2007 at the General Outpatient Clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. Two hundred consenting respondents were selected by simple random sampling and interviewed with the aid of semi structured questionnaire by the authors with three assistants. Information regarding their bio-data, history of self medication, drugs used and the reasons for resorting to self medication were obtained. RESULTS Majority of the respondents (85%) admitted to self medication while the remaining proportion (15%) did not practice it. Drugs utilized could be single, usually analgesics (26.5%) and anti-malaria (15.9%) or in combinations, usually antimalaria-analgesics (22.4%), antimalariaanalgesic- antibiotic (15.3%) and antibiotic-analgesic (10.0%). The reasons cited by respondents for self medication were their perception of their complaints been minor enough to be amenable to self medication (54.7%) and financial constraint (22.4%). CONCLUSION Majority of the respondents practiced self medication using an array of drugs like analgesics, anti-malaria and antibiotics used either singly or in combination. The main reasons identified for self medication were that the ailments were minor and financial constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Omolase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
| | - O E Adeleke
- Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
| | - A O Afolabi
- Department of Dental Services, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
| | - O T Afolabi
- Department of Staff Medical Services, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
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Al-Hussaini M, Mustafa S, Ali S. Self-medication among undergraduate medical students in Kuwait with reference to the role of the pharmacist. J Res Pharm Pract 2014; 3:23-7. [PMID: 24991632 PMCID: PMC4078651 DOI: 10.4103/2279-042x.132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The practice of self-medication is growing world-wide. It is associated with problems that may lead to potentially life-threatening complications represent a priority to be investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate medical students and to evaluate the possible role of the pharmacist in self-medication in Kuwait. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed, using the questionnaire on a sample of 900 male and female students randomly selected from three health faculties in Kuwait. The prevalence of self-medication, as well as the contribution of pharmacist in self-medication was assessed. In addition, the role of the pharmacist as drug consultant for the students after getting the medication was evaluated. Findings: The overall prevalence of self-medication was 97.8%. The age was significantly inversely proportional to self-medication. There was a significant difference between male and female students in self-medication practice. Headache was the highest health conditions that most frequently motivated self-medication with 90.1% prevalence, followed by 84.7% for dysmenorrhea and 60.3% for constipation. Contribution of the pharmacist as a part of self-medication care was low totally, with the highest rate for cough conditions 40.1%. However, the role of the pharmacist as a drug consultant was more noticeable after obtaining the drug, not before. Around 80.1% of the students request information from the pharmacist about doses, duration of treatments and side-effects. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate students in Kuwait is high and there were significant differences for age and gender. The contribution of the pharmacist was low in self-medication, while it was high after getting the drugs for obtaining drug related information. The practice of self-medication is alarming. Improved awareness about the role of pharmacist as a drug consultant for careful and cautious use of medicines available for self-medication would be strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Al-Hussaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), Kuwait
| | - Seham Mustafa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Nursing, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), Kuwait
| | - Seham Ali
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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Shehnaz SI, Khan N, Sreedharan J, Issa KJ, Arifulla M. Self-medication and related health complaints among expatriate high school students in the United Arab Emirates. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2013; 11:211-8. [PMID: 24367461 PMCID: PMC3869637 DOI: 10.4321/s1886-36552013000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication, often without adult guidance, has been reported to be a
common practice during adolescence. Similar to other preventable health-risk
behaviors initiated in early adolescence, it has become a cause for concern
universally. Objective This study examines the prevalence of self-medication with both prescribed
and non-prescribed (OTC) medications, related health complaints, sources of
drugs, and sources of drug recommendation, and gender differences related to
self-medication among expatriate high school students in the United Arab
Emirates (UAE). Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 324 expatriate students through
a validated, self-administered questionnaire and data was analyzed using
SPSS 19 version. Means and proportions were calculated and Pearson
Chi-square test of significance was used to analyze association among
variables. Results Majority of the participating students, almost equally distributed by gender,
was aged 16 to 17 years. The period prevalence rate of self-medication with
prescribed and OTC medications were 89.2%, which did not vary with age,
gender, ethnicity or parents’ educational level. The most common sources of
drug and drug recommendation were community pharmacies and parents
respectively. Headache and fever were the common self-medicated conditions
and consequently, analgesics and antipyretics were most commonly used both
in the previous two weeks and the previous year prior to the survey. A high
prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics (53%) and sedative/hypnotics
(27%) was also observed. A female excess emerged for certain health
complaints and use of medicines except for the use of anti-allergic and
herbal/homeopathic drugs. Conclusions This is the first study to explore self-medication practices among high
school students in UAE and provides baseline data critical in creating
awareness about the risks and benefits of self-medication. Health care
providers, educators and parents should be actively involved in health
education strategies for inculcating responsible self-medication practices
in the adolescent population of UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ilyas Shehnaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University . Ajman ( United Arab Emirates ).
| | - Nelofer Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulf Medical University . Ajman ( United Arab Emirates )
| | | | | | - Mohamed Arifulla
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University . Ajman ( United Arab Emirates )
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Jha N, Bajracharya O, Shankar PR. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards medicines among school teachers in Lalitpur district, Nepal before and after an educational intervention. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:652. [PMID: 23849402 PMCID: PMC3744160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies regarding Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) towards medicines among school teachers have been carried out in Nepal. Obtaining baseline KAP is important to note deficiencies and plan appropriate interventions. School teachers have to know about medicines as they can be an important source of information about rational and safe use of medicines. The department of Clinical Pharmacology, KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, conducted a study regarding KAP of school teachers about medicines before and after an educational intervention from April 2011 to December 2011. Methods The study was done in selected schools of Lalitpur district. Teachers were selected on a voluntary basis after obtaining written informed consent. Gender, ethnic or caste group, native place, age, educational qualifications, subject taught were noted. An educational intervention using a combination of methods like presentations, brainstorming sessions, interactive discussions using posters and distribution of information leaflets about the use of medicines was conducted. The KAP and overall scores among subgroups according to gender, age, level of education, subject, ethnicity, type of school (primary vs. secondary and government vs. private school) were studied. KAP and overall scores before and after the intervention was compared using Wilcoxon signed ranks test as the scores were not normally distributed. Results A total of 393 teachers participated before and after the intervention. The median (interquartile range) knowledge, attitude and practice scores before the intervention were 63 (10), 23 (5) and 270 (48) respectively while the overall score was 356. The median knowledge, attitude and practice scores after the intervention were 71 (10), 28 (5) and 270 (48) respectively while the overall score increased to 369. Maximum possible score of knowledge, attitude and practice were 100, 40 and 320 respectively. Scores improved significantly for knowledge (p<0.001), attitude (p<0.001) and total scores (p<0.001) but not for practice (p=0.528). Conclusion The intervention was effective in improving knowledge and attitude of the teachers. More studies among school teachers about their knowledge, attitude and practice about medicines are required in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Jha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, KIST Medical College, Imadol, Nepal.
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Eldalo AS, Yousif MA, Abdallah MA. Saudi school students' knowledge, attitude and practice toward medicines. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:213-8. [PMID: 25061406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was aimed to assess Saudi school students' knowledge, attitude and practice about medicines. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used anonymously among 15-20 year-old adolescents attending tertiary schools in Taif City, KSA. A total of 1022 students completed the questionnaires. Only 15.4% of the respondents knew the medicines' uses. Most of the students 79.6% affirmed that they used to take medicines after consulting physicians, and 45.1% of the students thought that tablet size affects the medicine's efficacy. More than half of the students knew that high temperatures affect the efficacy of medicines, there was a significant difference between rural and urban areas (P = 0.005). Physicians (50.6%) and community pharmacists (15.7%), were the main students' reliable sources of information about medicines. The majority of the students 70.5% were interested in learning more about medicines. The younger students ⩽18 years wish to learn more than the older ones (P < 0.014). The study showed that Saudi school students aged 15-20 years old have poor knowledge, misconception and negative attitudes about medicines. Low level of knowledge may expose adolescents to health-related problems. Educational efforts are important to improve students' practice toward medicines.
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Almalak H, Albluwi AI, Alkhelb DA, Alsaleh HM, Khan TM, Hassali MAA, Aljadhey H. Students' attitude toward use of over the counter medicines during exams in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:107-12. [PMID: 24648821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the use of over the counter (OTC) medicines among students during exams in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHOD A cross-sectional study was designed; using a self-administered twenty-two item online questionnaire for the students' convenience and easy response disclosure. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 13®. RESULTS A total of N = 1596 students participated in this survey, of whom 829 (51.9%) were university students and 767 (48.1%) were high school students. Overall, 80.0% of the respondents disclosed the use of OTC non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for headache and pain relief. In addition, other substances used during the exams were Energy Drinks (5.0%), Flu Medication (5.0%), Vitamins (5.0%) and Antibiotics (5.0%). Female students were found to be more knowledgeable about safety issues concerning the use of OTC medicines (5.11 ± 1.27, p = <0.001) than male students. Ease in access to OTC medicine, availability of pharmacist consultation and advertisement in print and electronic media were the main factors disclosed by the respondents that may result in an increase in the use of OTC products. The use of OTC medicines was generally higher among female students (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The use of OTC medication during exams was more among high school and university students. Gender, age and educational institution were found significantly affecting the use of OTC medicines during exams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Almalak
- Medication Safety Research Chair, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ala'a Ibrahim Albluwi
- Medication Safety Research Chair, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Ahmed Alkhelb
- Medication Safety Research Chair, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajar Mohmmed Alsaleh
- Medication Safety Research Chair, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 46150, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali
- Programme Chair, Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hisham Aljadhey
- Medication Safety Research Chair, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Bertoldi AD, Telis Silveira MP, Menezes AM, Formoso Assunção MC, Gonçalves H, Hallal PC. Tracking of medicine use and self-medication from infancy to adolescence: 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:S11-5. [PMID: 23283153 PMCID: PMC3508411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To track the use of medicine and self-medication from infancy to adolescence. METHODS All newborns in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, were monitored and enrolled in the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. Subsamples of the cohort were visited at 1, 3, and 6 months and at 1 and 4 years of age. At 11 and 15 years of age, all cohort members were sought. In each of these visits, information on medicine use in the 15 days before the interview was collected. Two outcomes were analyzed: prevalence of medicine use and prevalence of self-medication. RESULTS Prevalence of medicine use in the first year of life ranged from 52.0% to 68.6%. From 4 to 15 years of age, the prevalence decreased, ranging from 30.9% to 37.2%. At age 15, girls presented a 33% higher prevalence of medicine use than boys. The proportion of self-medication ranged from 12.4% to 29.0% and was higher in girls aged 11 and 15 years than boys of the same age. In all follow-up periods, use of medicines was significantly higher among children who used medicines in the earlier period. Prevalence of self-medication was higher among those who were self-medicated in the previous periods. CONCLUSIONS Tracking studies are important to public health because they can predict future behavior by analyzing past behavior, thus helping in designing preventive actions. In this study, previous use of medicines predicts future use, thus creating an opportunity to plan actions that promote the rational use of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana M.B. Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Helen Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Pedro Curi Hallal
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Sarahroodi S, Maleki-Jamshid A, Sawalha AF, Mikaili P, Safaeian L. Pattern of self-medication with analgesics among Iranian University students in central Iran. J Family Community Med 2012; 19:125-9. [PMID: 22870417 PMCID: PMC3410176 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.98302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Self-medication is defined as the use of drugs for the treatment of self-diagnosed disorders. It is influenced by factors such as education, family, society, law, availability of drugs and exposure to advertisements. This study was performed to evaluate self-medication with analgesics and its pattern among different groups of Iranian University Students. Materials and Methods: A randomized, cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted from December 2009 to February 2010. The target population of this study was 564 students out of 10,000 students attending four medical and non-medical science universities in Qom state. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16, and analysis was conducted with descriptive analysis procedures. Results: 76.6% of the students had used analgesics in self-medication in the previous 3 months. The frequency of analgesic use in the study period was once in 19.2% of the participants, twice in 22.2%, three times in 16.3% and more than three times in 35.5% of the participants, although 6.8% of them were not sure when they were used. Of all the respondents, 49.8% reported headache as the problem. This was the most common problem, after which came Dysmenorrhea,headache and stomach ache. Bone and joint pains were other problems that led to the use of analgesics. The most commonly used source of information for self-medication with analgesics was advice from friends and family (54.7%), previously prescribed medications (30.1%), their medical knowledge (13.3%) and recommendation of a pharmacist (1.9%). Conclusion: Self-medication with analgesics is very high among Iranian students in Qom city. This could be an index for other parts of the Iranian community. Because the source of information about analgesics is inappropriate, we would recommend education courses about analgesics and self-medication on the radio and television for the entire population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Sarahroodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
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Al-Qallaf BAR, Al-Otaibi BNMB, Al-Othman HAM. Perception of Adolescents Towards Health Related
Issues in Secondary Schools, Kuwait. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Corrêa da Silva MG, Soares MCF, Muccillo-Baisch AL. Self-medication in university students from the city of Rio Grande, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:339. [PMID: 22568959 PMCID: PMC3444910 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is the use of medication without prescription, orientation, or supervision of a physician or dentist. Self-medication might become a serious health problem. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication among first and last-year students enrolled in healthcare and non-healthcare programs. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Of 830 students in the sample, 95% answered the questionnaire - 789 students enrolled in 10 undergraduate programs. Mean age was 22 ± 6.17 years. The students answered a questionnaire covering socio-economic and demographic variables, use of medication, and medication knowledge. Information was collected on the conditions treated with medication, the medications used, and attitude towards self-medication. RESULTS Of 789 students, 86.4% self-medicated (88.5% of 446 healthcare students). There were no significant differences in self-medication between healthcare and non-healthcare students, nor between first and last-year students. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant association between self-medication and having children (p = 0.01), having a home pharmacy (p < 0.001) and adequate medication knowledge (p = 0.01). The most frequently used active ingredients were acetaminophen (paracetamol), dipyrone, aspirin, phytotherapic compounds, and tea. Illicit drug use was significantly associated with self-medication in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The fact that being a healthcare student was associated with higher medication knowledge, but not with less self-medication, suggests that medication knowledge might contribute to increase self-medication. This should be taken into account when designing educational interventions relating to self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Garcez Corrêa da Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, s/n Caixa Postal 474, CEP 96201-900 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Flores Soares
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, s/n Caixa Postal 474, CEP 96201-900 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Muccillo-Baisch
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, s/n Caixa Postal 474, CEP 96201-900 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Dawood OT, Ibrahim MIM, Abdullah AC. Factors influencing children's knowledge and attitudes toward medicines in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF MEN'S HEALTH 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jomh.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Fouladbakhsh JM, Vallerand AH, Jenuwine ES. Self-treatment of pain among adolescents in an urban community. Pain Manag Nurs 2011; 13:80-93. [PMID: 22652281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pain occurrence among adolescents, whether acute or chronic, persistent or intermittent, remains high, with potentially serious effects on quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, and psychosocial adjustment. The prevalence of pain in adolescents varies widely, and although discussed in the literature for more than two decades, data on adolescent knowledge and pain self-treatment is scarce. This descriptive-correlational study identified pain prevalence and intensity and pain self-treatment choices among adolescents in a diverse urban community. Almost 90% (n = 253) of high school students reported pain in the preceding 2 weeks and completed a series of study questionnaires (demographic data form, Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form, Adolescent Self-Treatment Survey). Respondents ranged in age from 14 to 19 years (mean 16) and were predominantly female (70%) and caucasian (75%). The sample was representative of all high school grades, and the majority (86%) reported participation in sports, dance, and physical activities. Mean pain scores ranged from 3.0 (current pain) to 6.5 (worst pain), with significantly higher scores among girls. A gender-related effect was also noted for pain interference in activities, mood, and sleep among the adolescent girls compared with the boys. Gender also predicted use of self-treatment methods, with girls more likely to use over-the-counter medications and nonpharmacologic therapies. Number of pain sites was also a strong predictor of use of self-treatment methods among adolescents. Knowledge of the pain experience during adolescence will help guide community-based nursing initiatives aimed at increasing awareness, promoting knowledge about pain and its treatment, and ensuring safety and positive outcomes related to self-treatment.
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Bertoldi AD, Tavares NUL, Hallal PC, Araújo CL, Menezes AMB. Medicine use among adolescents: the 11-year follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2011; 26:1945-53. [PMID: 20963292 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2010001000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate medicine use and associated factors among adolescents. This was a prospective cohort study including 4,452 adolescents born in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 1993. Information on medicine use in the 15 days prior to the interviews was collected from the mothers. Overall prevalence of medicine use was 30.9%, and 64.7% of the medicines had been prescribed by a physician. The most frequently used pharmacological groups were medicines for the nervous (35.9%) and respiratory systems (25.7%). Medicine use was directly associated with socioeconomic status, maternal schooling, complications during pregnancy or delivery, and neonatal problems resulting in the need for intensive care. Underweight and obese adolescents were more likely to use medicines as compared to those with normal body mass index. A direct association was observed between maternal use of hypnotic drugs and sedatives and adolescent medicine use. It is essential to implement educational policies aimed at promoting rational use of medicines by adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa D Bertoldi
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos 950, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
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Ali SE, Ibrahim MIM, Palaian S. Medication storage and self-medication behaviour amongst female students in Malaysia. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2010; 8:226-32. [PMID: 25126145 PMCID: PMC4127060 DOI: 10.4321/s1886-36552010000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence, attitudes and behaviours of medication storage and self-medication amongst female students at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted and cluster random sampling technique was used for respondent selection. A pre-piloted questionnaire was administered to female respondents so as to collect the data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 12 and analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis procedures. RESULTS Of the 481 participants (mean age; SD was 22.1; 3.3), 93.1% (n=448) students stated that they stored medicine in their rooms, while 70.7% (n=340) stated that they stopped taking a prescribed medicine without consulting a doctor. The prevalence of self-medication was 80.9% (n=389). The most common reasons for self-medication were related to their knowledge of their ailment and its treatment (58.0%), 14.4% thought it saved time and 8.5% mentioned that medication given by provider was not effective. The most common symptoms were otorhinolaryngology problems (22.5%), followed by respiratory disease (19.6%), Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT) disease (18.1%) and headache/fever (16.8%). Commonly used medicines were analgesics & antipyretics (30.2%), ear, nose & throat drugs (10.8%), vitamins & minerals (10.8%), GIT drugs (8.5%), anti-infections (7.3%) and herbal medicines (3.5%). Prevalence of medicine storage and self-medication practice is high among educated female students in USM. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to educate the students to ensure safe practice by increasing their awareness. Strict policies need to be implemented on the unrestricted availability of medicines so as to prevent the wastage of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohair E Ali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia . Penang ( Malaysia )
| | - Mohamed I M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice. College of Pharmacy, Qassim University . Buraidah, Al Qassim ( Saudi Arabia )
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Darmanin Ellul R, Cordina M, Buhagiar A, Fenech A, Mifsud J. Knowledge and sources of information about medicines among adolescents in Malta. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2008; 6:178-86. [PMID: 25157291 PMCID: PMC4141727 DOI: 10.4321/s1886-36552008000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate knowledge of medicines and sources of information about medicines among adolescents in Malta. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey knowledge of medicines and information sources among adolescents attending secondary schools in Malta. A random stratified sample design generated a sample size of 514 students. Knowledge of medicines was investigated by questions that included topics about the efficacy of medicines, proper communication during a medical consultation, the safety of medicines, antibiotic use and pictograms. Results The analytical sample, of which 53.8% were girls, was made up of 474 students, aged 1416 years. The students obtained a mean score of 22.92 points (SD = 4.31) out of a maximum of 32 points for medicine knowledge. More than 30.0% of the respondents did not mark the correct answer for 40.6% of the questions that investigated knowledge of medicines. The family physician, community pharmacist and parents were the sources of information that were mostly cited. A proportion of 4.4% had obtained information from the teacher. A quarter of the respondents (24.7%) had obtained information from friends/schoolmates, young relatives or the media, generally television (17.3%). Conclusion Although the level of knowledge about medicines among this study sample of Maltese students was good, there appeared to be particular misconceptions with regard to important aspects associated with the proper use of medicines. These findings highlight the need to educate adolescents about the proper use of medicines. The most important information providers about medicines appeared to be the physician, pharmacist and parents. It is being suggested that education campaigns should be organized in order to help parents guide adolescents on how to use medicines appropriately. In addition, adolescents would benefit if more information about the proper use of medicines would be disseminated by means of television programs and school-based health education curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Darmanin Ellul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Maria Cordina
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Anton Buhagiar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Anthony Fenech
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Janet Mifsud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
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Darmanin Ellul R, Cordina M, Buhagiar A, Fenech A, Mifsud J. Health complaints and use of medicines among adolescents in Malta. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2008; 6:165-70. [PMID: 25177408 PMCID: PMC4148416 DOI: 10.4321/s1886-36552008000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate self-reported health complaints and the use of medicines among adolescents in Malta. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey self-reported health complaints, the use and the sources of medicines that had been accessed, during the preceding 3 months among adolescents attending secondary schools in Malta. A stratified random sample design generated a sample size of 514 students. The health complaints and use of medicines that were investigated included ear problems/hay fever/cold/cough, headache, skin problems, sport injuries, indigestion/diarrhoea/constipation, eye problems and menstrual pain (for girls). The use of vitamins and antibiotics was also investigated. Results A total of 477 students participated in the final data collection. Correct information was submitted by 474 students, (aged 14-16 years), who formed the analytical sample, of which 53.8% were girls. The students reported a mean number of 2.70 (SD = 1.39) out of a total of 7 health complaints and 90.3% reported using at least 1 medicine during the preceding 3 months. The community pharmacy was cited as the most commonly accessed source for most of the medicines that were investigated. A proportion of 24.3% of the students had taken at least 1 medicine without adult guidance during the preceding 3 months. Almost 10% of those who had taken antibiotics, had accessed them from the home medicine cabinet. Conclusion A high proportion of adolescents in Malta reported the use of medicines to alleviate the symptoms of common health complaints. This result is concordant with previous research carried out in the United Kingdom, Germany, Slovakia and Kuwait. A considerable proportion of students in this study had obtained medicines without adult guidance and accessed antibiotics from the home medicine cabinet. This highlights the importance of carefully designed education programs for adolescents that will integrate information about the proper use of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Darmanin Ellul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Malta , Msida ( Malta )
| | - Maria Cordina
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Anton Buhagiar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Anthony Fenech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Malta , Msida ( Malta )
| | - Janet Mifsud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Malta , Msida ( Malta )
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Andersen A, Krølner R, Holstein BE, Due P, Hansen EH. Medicine use among 11- and 13-year-olds: agreement between parents' reports and children's self-reports. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41:581-6. [PMID: 17389663 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1h579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The validity of children's self-reports on medicine use has not been reported. OBJECTIVE To determine the agreement between parents' and children's reports of medicine use for 5 common complaints and to analyze predictors for disagreement. METHODS We used the child-parent validation survey from the research project Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children. Three hundred ninety-three 11- and 13-year-old Danish children and their parents responded to identical questionnaires. The main outcome measures were self-reported medicine use during the previous month for headache, stomachache, difficulties in falling asleep, nervousness, and asthma. RESULTS The percent agreement was lowest with medicine use for headache (64.6%), but was very high for the other 4 complaints (85.3-91.8%). The simple kappa coefficients were moderate to good for medicine use for headaches, stomachache, and asthma (0.31-0.58) but poor for difficulties in falling asleep and nervousness. Children who had the specific complaint during the previous month were more likely than their parents to report more frequent medicine use. CONCLUSIONS We have some confidence in young adolescents' self-reports of medicine use, as the results of this study are in keeping with other studies on the validity of children's reports of health-related behaviors. Furthermore, the findings suggest that such data can be used in epidemiologic studies that aim to categorize children into groups with and without medicine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Andersen
- Department of Social Medicine, Institute of Public Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bertoldi AD, Hallal PC, Barros AJD. Physical activity and medicine use: evidence from a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2006; 6:224. [PMID: 16956396 PMCID: PMC1584407 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated the association between physical activity practice and medicine use; data from these studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between level of physical activity and medicine use in adults aged 20 years or more. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the first semester of 2002 in the urban area of Pelotas; a medium-sized Southern Brazilian city. Physical activity was assessed with the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. A physical activity score was created as the weekly time spent in moderate-intensity activities plus twice the weekly time spent in vigorous-intensity activities. Medicine use in the 15 days prior to the interview was also assessed. Adjusted analyses taking into account the sampling design was carried out using Poisson regression. Wald tests for heterogeneity and linear trend were used to calculate significance. Results Out of the 3,182 individuals interviewed, 41% were not sufficiently active according to current physical activity guidelines. Only 34% of the subjects did not use medicines in the previous 15 days, and 18% used three or more drugs in the same period. Level of physical activity was inversely associated with the number of medicines used both in the crude and in the adjusted analyses. Conclusion There are well-documented benefits of physical activity for several chronic diseases in the literature. Data from the present study suggest that medicine use is also positively affected by physical activity behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Bertoldi
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology – Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil Av. Duque de Caxias, 250 - 3floor, 96030-002, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro C Hallal
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology – Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil Av. Duque de Caxias, 250 - 3floor, 96030-002, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Aluisio JD Barros
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology – Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil Av. Duque de Caxias, 250 - 3floor, 96030-002, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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James H, Handu SS, Al Khaja KAJ, Otoom S, Sequeira RP. Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students. Med Princ Pract 2006; 15:270-5. [PMID: 16763393 DOI: 10.1159/000092989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students of the Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. A prevalidated questionnaire, containing open-ended and close-ended questions, was administered to the subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 12 and the results expressed as counts and percentages. RESULTS Out of the 134 respondents, 43 (32.1%) were males and 91 (67.9%) were females; their mean age in years +/- SD was 18.01 +/- 0.78. The respondents' knowledge about appropriate self-medication was poor, but knowledge of the benefits and risks of self-medication was adequate. The respondents found self-medication to be time-saving, economical, convenient and providing quick relief in common illnesses. Important disadvantages of self-medication mentioned were the risk of making a wrong diagnosis, inappropriate drug use and adverse effects. The majority (76.9%) of the respondents had a positive attitude favoring self-medication. Self-medication was practiced by 44.8% of the subjects. The most common indications for self-medication were to relieve the symptoms of headache (70.9%), cough, cold and sore throat (53.7%), stomachache (32.8%) and fever (29.9%). Analgesics (81.3%) were the most common drugs used for self-medication. The practice of self-medication was appropriate in only 14.2% of cases. CONCLUSION Knowledge about appropriate self-medication was poor, attitude towards self-medication was positive, and the practice of self-medication was common and often inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry James
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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