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Diana RM, Monserrat MR, Alba RR, Beatriz RV, Romina RS, Sergio SE. Dissecting the role of the two Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius glucokinases in the sensitivity to carbon catabolite repression. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6349106. [PMID: 34383077 PMCID: PMC8788730 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, the doxorubicin-producing strain, has two glucokinases (Glk) for glucose phosphorylation. One of them (ATP-Glk) uses adenosine triphosphate as its phosphate source, and the other one uses polyphosphate (PP). Glk regulates the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) process, as well as glucose utilization. However, in the streptomycetes, the specific role of each one of the Glks in these processes is unknown. With the use of PP- and ATP-Glk null mutants, we aimed to establish their respective role in glucose metabolism and their possible implication in the CCR. Our results supported that in S. peucetius var. caesius, both Glks allowed this strain to grow in different glucose concentrations. PP-Glk seems to be the main enzyme for glucose metabolism, and ATP-Glk is the only one involved in the CCR process affecting the levels of α-amylase and anthracycline production. Besides, analysis of Glk activities in the parental strain and the mutants revealed ATP-Glk as an enzyme negatively affected by high glucose concentrations. Although ATP-Glk utilizes only ATP as the substrate for glucose phosphorylation, probably PP-Glk can use either ATP or polyphosphate. Finally, a possible connection between both Glks may exist from the regulatory point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocha-Mendoza Diana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Manzo-Ruiz Monserrat
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Romero-Rodríguez Alba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Ruiz-Villafán Beatriz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Rodríguez-Sanoja Romina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Sánchez-Esquivel Sergio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
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Schniete JK, Selem-Mojica N, Birke AS, Cruz-Morales P, Hunter IS, Barona-Gomez F, Hoskisson PA. ActDES - a curated Actinobacterial Database for Evolutionary Studies. Microb Genom 2021; 7:mgen000498. [PMID: 33433310 PMCID: PMC8115908 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria is a large and diverse phylum of bacteria that contains medically and ecologically relevant organisms. Many members are valuable sources of bioactive natural products and chemical precursors that are exploited in the clinic and made using the enzyme pathways encoded in their complex genomes. Whilst the number of sequenced genomes has increased rapidly in the last 20 years, the large size, complexity and high G+C content of many actinobacterial genomes means that the sequences remain incomplete and consist of large numbers of contigs with poor annotation, which hinders large-scale comparative genomic and evolutionary studies. To enable greater understanding and exploitation of actinobacterial genomes, specialized genomic databases must be linked to high-quality genome sequences. Here, we provide a curated database of 612 high-quality actinobacterial genomes from 80 genera, chosen to represent a broad phylogenetic group with equivalent genome re-annotation. Utilizing this database will provide researchers with a framework for evolutionary and metabolic studies, to enable a foundation for genome and metabolic engineering, to facilitate discovery of novel bioactive therapeutics and studies on gene family evolution. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana K. Schniete
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Nelly Selem-Mojica
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Langebio, Cinvestav-IPN, Libramiento Norte Carretera Leon Km 9.6, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Anna S. Birke
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Langebio, Cinvestav-IPN, Libramiento Norte Carretera Leon Km 9.6, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Iain S. Hunter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Francisco Barona-Gomez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Langebio, Cinvestav-IPN, Libramiento Norte Carretera Leon Km 9.6, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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Crotonylation of key metabolic enzymes regulates carbon catabolite repression in Streptomyces roseosporus. Commun Biol 2020; 3:192. [PMID: 32332843 PMCID: PMC7181814 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the plethora natural products made by Streptomyces, the regulation of its metabolism are of great interest, whereas there is a lack of detailed understanding of the role of posttranslational modifications (PTM) beyond traditional transcriptional regulation. Herein with Streptomyces roseosporus as a model, we showed that crotonylation is widespread on key enzymes for various metabolic pathways, and sufficient crotonylation in primary metabolism and timely elimination in secondary metabolism are required for proper Streptomyces metabolism. Particularly, the glucose kinase Glk, a keyplayer of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) regulating bacterial metabolism, is identified reversibly crotonylated by the decrotonylase CobB and the crotonyl-transferase Kct1 to negatively control its activity. Furthermore, crotonylation positively regulates CCR for Streptomyces metabolism through modulation of the ratio of glucose uptake/Glk activity and utilization of carbon sources. Thus, our results revealed a regulatory mechanism that crotonylation globally regulates Streptomyces metabolism at least through positive modulation of CCR. Chen-Fan Sun et al. show that key enzymes in several metabolic pathways are crotonylated in Streptomyces roseosporus. This study suggests that crotonylation increases carbon catabolite repression by increasing glucose uptake while reducing the activity of glucose kinase.
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Park H, McGill SL, Arnold AD, Carlson RP. Pseudomonad reverse carbon catabolite repression, interspecies metabolite exchange, and consortial division of labor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:395-413. [PMID: 31768608 PMCID: PMC7015805 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms acquire energy and nutrients from dynamic environments, where substrates vary in both type and abundance. The regulatory system responsible for prioritizing preferred substrates is known as carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Two broad classes of CCR have been documented in the literature. The best described CCR strategy, referred to here as classic CCR (cCCR), has been experimentally and theoretically studied using model organisms such as Escherichia coli. cCCR phenotypes are often used to generalize universal strategies for fitness, sometimes incorrectly. For instance, extremely competitive microorganisms, such as Pseudomonads, which arguably have broader global distributions than E. coli, have achieved their success using metabolic strategies that are nearly opposite of cCCR. These organisms utilize a CCR strategy termed 'reverse CCR' (rCCR), because the order of preferred substrates is nearly reverse that of cCCR. rCCR phenotypes prefer organic acids over glucose, may or may not select preferred substrates to optimize growth rates, and do not allocate intracellular resources in a manner that produces an overflow metabolism. cCCR and rCCR have traditionally been interpreted from the perspective of monocultures, even though most microorganisms live in consortia. Here, we review the basic tenets of the two CCR strategies and consider these phenotypes from the perspective of resource acquisition in consortia, a scenario that surely influenced the evolution of cCCR and rCCR. For instance, cCCR and rCCR metabolism are near mirror images of each other; when considered from a consortium basis, the complementary properties of the two strategies can mitigate direct competition for energy and nutrients and instead establish cooperative division of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejoon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - S Lee McGill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Adrienne D Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Ross P Carlson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
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Martín JF, Liras P. The Balance Metabolism Safety Net: Integration of Stress Signals by Interacting Transcriptional Factors in Streptomyces and Related Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3120. [PMID: 32038560 PMCID: PMC6988585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil dwelling Streptomyces species are faced with large variations in carbon or nitrogen sources, phosphate, oxygen, iron, sulfur, and other nutrients. These drastic changes in key nutrients result in an unbalanced metabolism that have undesirable consequences for growth, cell differentiation, reproduction, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. In the last decades evidence has accumulated indicating that mechanisms to correct metabolic unbalances in Streptomyces species take place at the transcriptional level, mediated by different transcriptional factors. For example, the master regulator PhoP and the large SARP-type regulator AfsR bind to overlapping sequences in the afsS promoter and, therefore, compete in the integration of signals of phosphate starvation and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentrations. The cross-talk between phosphate control of metabolism, mediated by the PhoR-PhoP system, and the pleiotropic orphan nitrogen regulator GlnR, is very interesting; PhoP represses GlnR and other nitrogen metabolism genes. The mechanisms of control by GlnR of several promoters of ATP binding cassettes (ABC) sugar transporters and carbon metabolism are highly elaborated. Another important cross-talk that governs nitrogen metabolism involves the competition between GlnR and the transcriptional factor MtrA. GlnR and MtrA exert opposite effects on expression of nitrogen metabolism genes. MtrA, under nitrogen rich conditions, represses expression of nitrogen assimilation and regulatory genes, including GlnR, and competes with GlnR for the GlnR binding sites. Strikingly, these sites also bind to PhoP. Novel examples of interacting transcriptional factors, discovered recently, are discussed to provide a broad view of this interactions. Altogether, these findings indicate that cross-talks between the major transcriptional factors protect the cell metabolic balance. A detailed analysis of the transcriptional factors binding sequences suggests that the transcriptional factors interact with specific regions, either by overlapping the recognition sequence of other factors or by binding to adjacent sites in those regions. Additional interactions on the regulatory backbone are provided by sigma factors, highly phosphorylated nucleotides, cyclic dinucleotides, and small ligands that interact with cognate receptor proteins and with TetR-type transcriptional regulators. We propose to define the signal integration DNA regions (so called integrator sites) that assemble responses to different stress, nutritional or environmental signals. These integrator sites constitute nodes recognized by two, three, or more transcriptional factors to compensate the unbalances produced by metabolic stresses. This interplay mechanism acts as a safety net to prevent major damage to the metabolism under extreme nutritional and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Paloma Liras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Elsayed EA, Farid MA, El-Enshasy HA. Enhanced Natamycin production by Streptomyces natalensis in shake-flasks and stirred tank bioreactor under batch and fed-batch conditions. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:46. [PMID: 31311527 PMCID: PMC6636160 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natamycin is an antifungal polyene macrolide antibiotic with wide applications in health and food industries. Currently, it is the only antifungal food additive with the GRAS status (Generally Regarded as Safe). Results Natamycin production was investigated under the effect of different initial glucose concentrations. Maximal antibiotic production (1.58 ± 0.032 g/L) was achieved at 20 g/L glucose. Under glucose limitation, natamycin production was retarded and the produced antibiotic was degraded. Higher glucose concentrations resulted in carbon catabolite repression. Secondly, intermittent feeding of glucose improved natamycin production due to overcoming glucose catabolite regulation, and moreover it was superior to glucose-beef mixture feeding, which overcomes catabolite regulation, but increased cell growth on the expense of natamycin production. Finally, the process was optimized in 7.5 L stirred tank bioreactor under batch and fed-batch conditions. Continuous glucose feeding for 30 h increased volumetric natamycin production by about 1.6- and 1.72-folds in than the batch cultivation in bioreactor and shake-flasks, respectively. Conclusions Glucose is a crucial substrate that significantly affects the production of natamycin, and its slow feeding is recommended to alleviate the effects of carbon catabolite regulation as well as to prevent product degradation under carbon source limitation. Cultivation in bioreactor under glucose feeding increased maximal volumetric enzyme production by about 72% from the initial starting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed Ahmed Elsayed
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Farid
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81130 UTM, Skudai, Malaysia.,City of Scientific Research and Technology Application, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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van der Heul HU, Bilyk BL, McDowall KJ, Seipke RF, van Wezel GP. Regulation of antibiotic production in Actinobacteria: new perspectives from the post-genomic era. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:575-604. [PMID: 29721572 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2018 The antimicrobial activity of many of their natural products has brought prominence to the Streptomycetaceae, a family of Gram-positive bacteria that inhabit both soil and aquatic sediments. In the natural environment, antimicrobial compounds are likely to limit the growth of competitors, thereby offering a selective advantage to the producer, in particular when nutrients become limited and the developmental programme leading to spores commences. The study of the control of this secondary metabolism continues to offer insights into its integration with a complex lifecycle that takes multiple cues from the environment and primary metabolism. Such information can then be harnessed to devise laboratory screening conditions to discover compounds with new or improved clinical value. Here we provide an update of the review we published in NPR in 2011. Besides providing the essential background, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the underlying regulatory networks, ecological triggers of natural product biosynthesis, contributions from comparative genomics and approaches to awaken the biosynthesis of otherwise silent or cryptic natural products. In addition, we highlight recent discoveries on the control of antibiotic production in other Actinobacteria, which have gained considerable attention since the start of the genomics revolution. New technologies that have the potential to produce a step change in our understanding of the regulation of secondary metabolism are also described.
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Daniel-Ivad M, Pimentel-Elardo S, Nodwell JR. Control of Specialized Metabolism by Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation: Opportunities for New Platforms for Drug Discovery? Annu Rev Microbiol 2018; 72:25-48. [PMID: 29799791 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-022618-042458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites are bacterially produced small molecules that have an extraordinary diversity of important biological activities. They are useful as biochemical probes of living systems, and they have been adapted for use as drugs for human afflictions ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. The biosynthetic genes for these molecules are controlled by a dense network of regulatory mechanisms: Cell-cell signaling and nutrient sensing are conspicuous features of this network. While many components of these mechanisms have been identified, important questions about their biological roles remain shrouded in mystery. In addition to identifying new molecules and solving their mechanisms of action (a central preoccupation in this field), we suggest that addressing questions of quorum sensing versus diffusion sensing and identifying the dominant nutritional and environmental cues for specialized metabolism are important directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniel-Ivad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;
| | - S Pimentel-Elardo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;
| | - J R Nodwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;
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Romero-Rodríguez A, Maldonado-Carmona N, Ruiz-Villafán B, Koirala N, Rocha D, Sánchez S. Interplay between carbon, nitrogen and phosphate utilization in the control of secondary metabolite production in Streptomyces. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:761-781. [PMID: 29605896 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces species are a wide and diverse source of many therapeutic agents (antimicrobials, antineoplastic and antioxidants, to name a few) and represent an important source of compounds with potential applications in medicine. The effect of nitrogen, phosphate and carbon on the production of secondary metabolites has long been observed, but it was not until recently that the molecular mechanisms on which these effects rely were ascertained. In addition to the specific macronutrient regulatory mechanisms, there is a complex network of interactions between these mechanisms influencing secondary metabolism. In this article, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of regulation exerted by nitrogen, phosphate and carbon sources, as well as the effects of their interconnections, on the synthesis of secondary metabolites by members of the genus Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Romero-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Nidia Maldonado-Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Villafán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Rocha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wang J, Wang C, Song K, Wen J. Metabolic network model guided engineering ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway to improve ascomycin production in Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:169. [PMID: 28974216 PMCID: PMC5627430 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ascomycin is a 23-membered polyketide macrolide with high immunosuppressant and antifungal activity. As the lower production in bio-fermentation, global metabolic analysis is required to further explore its biosynthetic network and determine the key limiting steps for rationally engineering. To achieve this goal, an engineering approach guided by a metabolic network model was implemented to better understand ascomycin biosynthesis and improve its production. Results The metabolic conservation of Streptomyces species was first investigated by comparing the metabolic enzymes of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) with those of 31 Streptomyces strains, the results showed that more than 72% of the examined proteins had high sequence similarity with counterparts in every surveyed strain. And it was found that metabolic reactions are more highly conserved than the enzymes themselves because of its lower diversity of metabolic functions than that of genes. The main source of the observed metabolic differences was from the diversity of secondary metabolism. According to the high conservation of primary metabolic reactions in Streptomyces species, the metabolic network model of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus was constructed based on the latest reported metabolic model of S. coelicolor A3(2) and validated experimentally. By coupling with flux balance analysis and using minimization of metabolic adjustment algorithm, potential targets for ascomycin overproduction were predicted. Since several of the preferred targets were highly associated with ethylmalonyl-CoA biosynthesis, two target genes hcd (encoding 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase) and ccr (encoding crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase) were selected for overexpression in S. hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus FS35. Both the mutants HA-Hcd and HA-Ccr showed higher ascomycin titer, which was consistent with the model predictions. Furthermore, the combined effects of the two genes were evaluated and the strain HA-Hcd-Ccr with hcd and ccr overexpression exhibited the highest ascomycin production (up to 438.95 mg/L), 1.43-folds improvement than that of the parent strain FS35 (305.56 mg/L). Conclusions The successful constructing and experimental validation of the metabolic model of S. hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus showed that the general metabolic network model of Streptomyces species could be used to analyze the intracellular metabolism and predict the potential key limiting steps for target metabolites overproduction. The corresponding overexpression strains of the two identified genes (hcd and ccr) using the constructed model all displayed higher ascomycin titer. The strategy for yield improvement developed here could also be extended to the improvement of other secondary metabolites in Streptomyces species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0787-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejing Song
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Romero-Rodríguez A, Rocha D, Ruiz-Villafán B, Guzmán-Trampe S, Maldonado-Carmona N, Vázquez-Hernández M, Zelarayán A, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sánchez S. Carbon catabolite regulation in Streptomyces: new insights and lessons learned. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:162. [PMID: 28770367 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most significant control mechanisms of the physiological processes in the genus Streptomyces is carbon catabolite repression (CCR). This mechanism controls the expression of genes involved in the uptake and utilization of alternative carbon sources in Streptomyces and is mostly independent of the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS). CCR also affects morphological differentiation and the synthesis of secondary metabolites, although not all secondary metabolite genes are equally sensitive to the control by the carbon source. Even when the outcome effect of CCR in bacteria is the same, their essential mechanisms can be rather different. Although usually, glucose elicits this phenomenon, other rapidly metabolized carbon sources can also cause CCR. Multiple efforts have been put through to the understanding of the mechanism of CCR in this genus. However, a reasonable mechanism to explain the nature of this process in Streptomyces does not yet exist. Several examples of primary and secondary metabolites subject to CCR will be examined in this review. Additionally, recent advances in the metabolites and protein factors involved in the Streptomyces CCR, as well as their mechanisms will be described and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Romero-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Diana Rocha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Villafán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Trampe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Nidia Maldonado-Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Melissa Vázquez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Augusto Zelarayán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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van der Meij A, Worsley SF, Hutchings MI, van Wezel GP. Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:392-416. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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13
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Urem M, Świątek-Połatyńska MA, Rigali S, van Wezel GP. Intertwining nutrient-sensory networks and the control of antibiotic production inStreptomyces. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:183-195. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Urem
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University; Sylviusweg 72 Leiden 2333BE The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena A. Świątek-Połatyńska
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10 Marburg 35043 Germany
| | - Sébastien Rigali
- InBioS, Centre for Protein Engineering; University of Liège; Liège B-4000 Belgium
| | - Gilles P. van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University; Sylviusweg 72 Leiden 2333BE The Netherlands
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen 6708 PB The Netherlands
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Romero-Rodríguez A, Rocha D, Ruiz-Villafan B, Tierrafría V, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Segura-González D, Sánchez S. Transcriptomic analysis of a classical model of carbon catabolite regulation in Streptomyces coelicolor. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:77. [PMID: 27121083 PMCID: PMC4848846 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the genus Streptomyces, one of the most remarkable control mechanisms of physiological processes is carbon catabolite repression (CCR). This mechanism regulates the expression of genes involved in the uptake and utilization of alternative carbon sources. CCR also affects the synthesis of secondary metabolites and morphological differentiation. Even when the outcome effect of CCR in different bacteria is the same, their essential mechanisms can be quite different. In several streptomycetes glucose kinase (Glk) represents the main glucose phosphorylating enzyme and has been regarded as a regulatory protein in CCR. To evaluate the paradigmatic model proposed for CCR in Streptomyces, a high-density microarray approach was applied to Streptomyces coelicolor M145, under repressed and non-repressed conditions. The transcriptomic study was extended to assess the ScGlk role in this model by comparing the transcriptomic profile of S. coelicolor M145 with that of a ∆glk mutant derived from the wild-type strain, complemented with a heterologous glk gene from Zymomonas mobilis (Zmglk), insensitive to CCR but able to grow in glucose (ScoZm strain). RESULTS Microarray experiments revealed that glucose influenced the expression of 651 genes. Interestingly, even when the ScGlk protein does not have DNA binding domains and the glycolytic flux was restored by a heterologous glucokinase, the ScGlk replacement modified the expression of 134 genes. From these, 91 were also affected by glucose while 43 appeared to be under the control of ScGlk. This work identified the expression of S. coelicolor genes involved in primary metabolism that were influenced by glucose and/or ScGlk. Aside from describing the metabolic pathways influenced by glucose and/or ScGlk, several unexplored transcriptional regulators involved in the CCR mechanism were disclosed. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptome of a classical model of CCR was studied in S. coelicolor to differentiate between the effects due to glucose or ScGlk in this regulatory mechanism. Glucose elicited important metabolic and transcriptional changes in this microorganism. While its entry and flow through glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway were stimulated, the gluconeogenesis was inhibited. Glucose also triggered the CCR by repressing transporter systems and the transcription of enzymes required for secondary carbon sources utilization. Our results confirm and update the agar model of the CCR in Streptomyces and its dependence on the ScGlk per se. Surprisingly, the expected regulatory function of ScGlk was not found to be as global as thought before (only 43 out of 779 genes were affected), although may be accompanied or coordinated by other transcriptional regulators. Aside from describing the metabolic pathways influenced by glucose and/or ScGlk, several unexplored transcriptional regulators involved in the CCR mechanism were disclosed. These findings offer new opportunities to study and understand the CCR in S. coelicolor by increasing the number of known glucose and ScGlk -regulated pathways and a new set of putative regulatory proteins possibly involved or controlling the CCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Romero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - Diana Rocha
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Villafan
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - Víctor Tierrafría
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Segura-González
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62210, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico.
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15
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Barka EA, Vatsa P, Sanchez L, Gaveau-Vaillant N, Jacquard C, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Klenk HP, Clément C, Ouhdouch Y, van Wezel GP. Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:1-43. [PMID: 26609051 PMCID: PMC4711186 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C DNA content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Many Actinobacteria have a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. They also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal compounds. Consequently, these bacteria are of major importance for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Actinobacteria play diverse roles in their associations with various higher organisms, since their members have adopted different lifestyles, and the phylum includes pathogens (notably, species of Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium, and Tropheryma), soil inhabitants (e.g., Micromonospora and Streptomyces species), plant commensals (e.g., Frankia spp.), and gastrointestinal commensals (Bifidobacterium spp.). Actinobacteria also play an important role as symbionts and as pathogens in plant-associated microbial communities. This review presents an update on the biology of this important bacterial phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essaid Ait Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Parul Vatsa
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Nathalie Gaveau-Vaillant
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Cedric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Yder Ouhdouch
- Faculté de Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Biochemistry and regulatory functions of bacterial glucose kinases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 577-578:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Expanding the chemical space for natural products by Aspergillus-Streptomyces co-cultivation and biotransformation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10868. [PMID: 26040782 PMCID: PMC4455117 DOI: 10.1038/srep10868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes and filamentous fungi produce a wide range of bioactive compounds, with applications as antimicrobials, anticancer agents or agrochemicals. Their genomes contain a far larger number of gene clusters for natural products than originally anticipated, and novel approaches are required to exploit this potential reservoir of new drugs. Here, we show that co-cultivation of the filamentous model microbes Streptomyces coelicolor and Aspergillus niger has a major impact on their secondary metabolism. NMR-based metabolomics combined with multivariate data analysis revealed several compounds that correlated specifically to co-cultures, including the cyclic dipeptide cyclo(Phe-Phe) and 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, both of which were produced by A. niger in response to S. coelicolor. Furthermore, biotransformation studies with o-coumaric acid and caffeic acid resulted in the production of the novel compounds (E)-2-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl)-phenol and (2E,4E)-3-(2-carboxy-1-hydroxyethyl)-2,4-hexadienedioxic acid, respectively. This highlights the utility of microbial co-cultivation combined with NMR-based metabolomics as an efficient pipeline for the discovery of novel natural products.
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18
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Świątek-Połatyńska MA, Bucca G, Laing E, Gubbens J, Titgemeyer F, Smith CP, Rigali S, van Wezel GP. Genome-wide analysis of in vivo binding of the master regulator DasR in Streptomyces coelicolor identifies novel non-canonical targets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122479. [PMID: 25875084 PMCID: PMC4398421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes produce a wealth of natural products, including over half of all known antibiotics. It was previously demonstrated that N-acetylglucosamine and secondary metabolism are closely entwined in streptomycetes. Here we show that DNA recognition by the N-acetylglucosamine-responsive regulator DasR is growth-phase dependent, and that DasR can bind to sites in the S. coelicolor genome that have no obvious resemblance to previously identified DasR-responsive elements. Thus, the regulon of DasR extends well beyond what was previously predicted and includes a large number of genes with functions far removed from N-acetylglucosamine metabolism, such as genes for small RNAs and DNA transposases. Conversely, the DasR regulon during vegetative growth largely correlates to the presence of canonical DasR-responsive elements. The changes in DasR binding in vivo following N-acetylglucosamine induction were studied in detail and a possible molecular mechanism by which the influence of DasR is extended is discussed. Discussion of DasR binding was further informed by a parallel transcriptome analysis of the respective cultures. Evidence is provided that DasR binds directly to the promoters of all genes encoding pathway-specific regulators of antibiotic production in S. coelicolor, thereby providing an exquisitely simple link between nutritional control and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giselda Bucca
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Laing
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Gubbens
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fritz Titgemeyer
- Department of Oecotrophologie, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Corrensstr. 25, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Colin P. Smith
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Rigali
- Centre for Protein Engineering, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie B6a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles P. van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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19
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Functional Analysis of the GlcP Promoter in Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3207-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Characterization of Polyphosphate Glucokinase SCO5059 fromStreptomyces coelicolorA3(2). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2322-4. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Glucose kinases from Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6061-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Carbon-flux distribution within Streptomyces coelicolor metabolism: a comparison between the actinorhodin-producing strain M145 and its non-producing derivative M1146. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84151. [PMID: 24376790 PMCID: PMC3871631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Flux Analysis is now viewed as essential to elucidate the metabolic pattern of cells and to design appropriate genetic engineering strategies to improve strain performance and production processes. Here, we investigated carbon flux distribution in two Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) strains: the wild type M145 and its derivative mutant M1146, in which gene clusters encoding the four main antibiotic biosynthetic pathways were deleted. Metabolic Flux Analysis and (13)C-labeling allowed us to reconstruct a flux map under steady-state conditions for both strains. The mutant strain M1146 showed a higher growth rate, a higher flux through the pentose phosphate pathway and a higher flux through the anaplerotic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. In that strain, glucose uptake and the flux through the Krebs cycle were lower than in M145. The enhanced flux through the pentose phosphate pathway in M1146 is thought to generate NADPH enough to face higher needs for biomass biosynthesis and other processes. In both strains, the production of NADPH was higher than NADPH needs, suggesting a key role for nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase for redox homeostasis. ATP production is also likely to exceed metabolic ATP needs, indicating that ATP consumption for maintenance is substantial.Our results further suggest a possible competition between actinorhodin and triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathways for their common precursor, acetyl-CoA. These findings may be instrumental in developing new strategies exploiting S. coelicolor as a platform for the production of bio-based products of industrial interest.
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23
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Zhu H, Sandiford SK, van Wezel GP. Triggers and cues that activate antibiotic production by actinomycetes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 41:371-86. [PMID: 23907251 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycetes are a rich source of natural products, and these mycelial bacteria produce the majority of the known antibiotics. The increasing difficulty to find new drugs via high-throughput screening has led to a decline in antibiotic research, while infectious diseases associated with multidrug resistance are spreading rapidly. Here we review new approaches and ideas that are currently being developed to increase our chances of finding novel antimicrobials, with focus on genetic, chemical, and ecological methods to elicit the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters. The genome sequencing revolution identified numerous gene clusters for natural products in actinomycetes, associated with a potentially huge reservoir of unknown molecules, and prioritizing them is a major challenge for in silico screening-based approaches. Some antibiotics are likely only expressed under very specific conditions, such as interaction with other microbes, which explains the renewed interest in soil and marine ecology. The identification of new gene clusters, as well as chemical elicitors and culturing conditions that activate their expression, should allow scientists to reinforce their efforts to find the necessary novel antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Liu G, Chater KF, Chandra G, Niu G, Tan H. Molecular regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in streptomyces. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:112-43. [PMID: 23471619 PMCID: PMC3591988 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00054-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes are the most abundant source of antibiotics. Typically, each species produces several antibiotics, with the profile being species specific. Streptomyces coelicolor, the model species, produces at least five different antibiotics. We review the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in S. coelicolor and other, nonmodel streptomycetes in the light of recent studies. The biosynthesis of each antibiotic is specified by a large gene cluster, usually including regulatory genes (cluster-situated regulators [CSRs]). These are the main point of connection with a plethora of generally conserved regulatory systems that monitor the organism's physiology, developmental state, population density, and environment to determine the onset and level of production of each antibiotic. Some CSRs may also be sensitive to the levels of different kinds of ligands, including products of the pathway itself, products of other antibiotic pathways in the same organism, and specialized regulatory small molecules such as gamma-butyrolactones. These interactions can result in self-reinforcing feed-forward circuitry and complex cross talk between pathways. The physiological signals and regulatory mechanisms may be of practical importance for the activation of the many cryptic secondary metabolic gene cluster pathways revealed by recent sequencing of numerous Streptomyces genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keith F. Chater
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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25
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Shimizu K. Metabolic Regulation of a Bacterial Cell System with Emphasis on Escherichia coli Metabolism. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:645983. [PMID: 25937963 PMCID: PMC4393010 DOI: 10.1155/2013/645983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is quite important to understand the overall metabolic regulation mechanism of bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli from both science (such as biochemistry) and engineering (such as metabolic engineering) points of view. Here, an attempt was made to clarify the overall metabolic regulation mechanism by focusing on the roles of global regulators which detect the culture or growth condition and manipulate a set of metabolic pathways by modulating the related gene expressions. For this, it was considered how the cell responds to a variety of culture environments such as carbon (catabolite regulation), nitrogen, and phosphate limitations, as well as the effects of oxygen level, pH (acid shock), temperature (heat shock), and nutrient starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Bioscience, Keio University, Yamagata, Tsuruoka 997-0017, Japan
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26
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The ROK family regulator Rok7B7 pleiotropically affects xylose utilization, carbon catabolite repression, and antibiotic production in streptomyces coelicolor. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1236-48. [PMID: 23292782 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02191-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the ROK family of proteins are mostly transcriptional regulators and kinases that generally relate to the control of primary metabolism, whereby its member glucose kinase acts as the central control protein in carbon control in Streptomyces. Here, we show that deletion of SCO6008 (rok7B7) strongly affects carbon catabolite repression (CCR), growth, and antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor. Deletion of SCO7543 also affected antibiotic production, while no major changes were observed after deletion of the rok family genes SCO0794, SCO1060, SCO2846, SCO6566, or SCO6600. Global expression profiling of the rok7B7 mutant by proteomics and microarray analysis revealed strong upregulation of the xylose transporter operon xylFGH, which lies immediately downstream of rok7B7, consistent with the improved growth and delayed development of the mutant on xylose. The enhanced CCR, which was especially obvious on rich or xylose-containing media, correlated with elevated expression of glucose kinase and of the glucose transporter GlcP. In liquid-grown cultures, expression of the biosynthetic enzymes for production of prodigionines, siderophores, and calcium-dependent antibiotic (CDA) was enhanced in the mutant, and overproduction of prodigionines was corroborated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight analysis. These data present Rok7B7 as a pleiotropic regulator of growth, CCR, and antibiotic production in Streptomyces.
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27
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Gubbens J, Janus MM, Florea BI, Overkleeft HS, van Wezel GP. Identification of glucose kinase-dependent and -independent pathways for carbon control of primary metabolism, development and antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor by quantitative proteomics. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:1490-507. [PMID: 23078239 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the soil-dwelling prokaryotic genus Streptomyces are indispensable for the recycling of complex polysaccharides, and produce a wide range of natural products. Nutrient availability is a major determinant for the switch to development and antibiotic production in streptomycetes. Carbon catabolite repression (CCR), a main signalling pathway underlying this phenomenon, was so far considered fully dependent on the glycolytic enzyme glucose kinase (Glk). Here we provide evidence of a novel Glk-independent pathway in Streptomyces coelicolor, using advanced proteomics that allowed the comparison of the expression of some 2000 proteins, including virtually all enzymes for central metabolism. While CCR and inducer exclusion of enzymes for primary and secondary metabolism and precursor supply for natural products is mostly mediated via Glk, enzymes for the urea cycle, as well as for biosynthesis of the γ-butyrolactone Scb1 and the responsive cryptic polyketide Cpk are subject to Glk-independent CCR. Deletion of glkA led to strong downregulation of biosynthetic proteins for prodigionins and calcium-dependent antibiotic (CDA) in mannitol-grown cultures. Repression of bldB, bldN, and its target bldM may explain the poor development of S. coelicolor on solid-grown cultures containing glucose. A new model for carbon catabolite repression in streptomycetes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gubbens
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Forero A, Sánchez M, Chávez A, Ruiz B, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Servín-González L, Sánchez S. Possible involvement of the sco2127 gene product in glucose repression of actinorhodin production in Streptomyces coelicolor. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:1195-201. [DOI: 10.1139/w2012-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor mutants resistant to 2-deoxyglucose are insensitive to carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Total reversion to CCR sensitivity is observed by mutant complementation with a DNA region harboring both glucose kinase glkA gene and the sco2127 gene. The sco2127 is located upstream of glkA and encodes a putative protein of 20.1 kDa. In S. coelicolor, actinorhodin production is subject to glucose repression. To explore the possible involvement of both SCO2127 and glucose kinase (Glk) in the glucose sensitivity of actinorhodin production, this effect was evaluated in a wild-type S. coelicolor A3(2) M145 strain and a sco2127 null mutant (Δsco2127) derived from this wild-type strain. In comparison with strain M145, actinorhodin production by the mutant was insensitive to glucose repression. Under repressive conditions, only minor differences were observed in glucose utilization and Glk production between these strains. SCO2127 was detected mainly during the first 36 h of fermentation, just before the onset of antibiotic production, and its synthesis was not related to a particular carbon source. The glucose sensitivity of antibiotic production was restored to wild-type phenotype by transformation with an integrative plasmid containing sco2127. Our results support the hypothesis that SCO2127 is a negative regulator of actinorhodin production and suggest that the effect is independent of Glk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Forero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Mauricio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Adán Chávez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Beatriz Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Luis Servín-González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. 04510, México
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Substrate recognition mechanism and substrate-dependent conformational changes of an ROK family glucokinase from Streptomyces griseus. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:607-16. [PMID: 22101842 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06173-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a widespread phenomenon in many bacteria that is defined as the repression of catabolic enzyme activities for an unfavorable carbon source by the presence of a preferable carbon source. In Streptomyces, secondary metabolite production often is negatively affected by the carbon source, indicating the involvement of CCR in secondary metabolism. Although the CCR mechanism in Streptomyces still is unclear, glucokinase is presumably a central player in CCR. SgGlkA, a glucokinase from S. griseus, belongs to the ROK family glucokinases, which have two consensus sequence motifs (1 and 2). Here, we report the crystal structures of apo-SgGlkA, SgGlkA in complex with glucose, and SgGlkA in complex with glucose and adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMPPNP), which are the first structures of an ROK family glucokinase. SgGlkA is divided into a small α/β domain and a large α+β domain, and it forms a dimer-of-dimer tetrameric configuration. SgGlkA binds a β-anomer of glucose between the two domains, and His157 in consensus sequence 1 plays an important role in the glucose-binding mechanism and anomer specificity of SgGlkA. In the structures of SgGlkA, His157 forms an HC3-type zinc finger motif with three cysteine residues in consensus sequence 2 to bind a zinc ion, and it forms two hydrogen bonds with the C1 and C2 hydroxyls of glucose. When the three structures are compared, the structure of SgGlkA is found to be modified by the binding of substrates. The substrate-dependent conformational changes of SgGlkA may be related to the CCR mechanism in Streptomyces.
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van Wezel GP, McDowall KJ. The regulation of the secondary metabolism of Streptomyces: new links and experimental advances. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1311-33. [PMID: 21611665 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptomycetes and other actinobacteria are renowned as a rich source of natural products of clinical, agricultural and biotechnological value. They are being mined with renewed vigour, supported by genome sequencing efforts, which have revealed a coding capacity for secondary metabolites in vast excess of expectations that were based on the detection of antibiotic activities under standard laboratory conditions. Here we review what is known about the control of production of so-called secondary metabolites in streptomycetes, with an emphasis on examples where details of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are known. Intriguing links between nutritional regulators, primary and secondary metabolism and morphological development are discussed, and new data are included on the carbon control of development and antibiotic production, and on aspects of the regulation of the biosynthesis of microbial hormones. Given the tide of antibiotic resistance emerging in pathogens, this review is peppered with approaches that may expand the screening of streptomycetes for new antibiotics by awakening expression of cryptic antibiotic biosynthetic genes. New technologies are also described that have potential to greatly further our understanding of gene regulation in what is an area fertile for discovery and exploitation
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Ruiz B, Chávez A, Forero A, García-Huante Y, Romero A, Sánchez M, Rocha D, Sánchez B, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sánchez S, Langley E. Production of microbial secondary metabolites: regulation by the carbon source. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 36:146-67. [PMID: 20210692 DOI: 10.3109/10408410903489576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites are low molecular mass products, not essential for growth of the producing cultures, but very important for human health. They include antibiotics, antitumor agents, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and others. They have unusual structures and are usually formed during the late growth phase of the producing microorganisms. Its synthesis can be influenced greatly by manipulating the type and concentration of the nutrients formulating the culture media. Among these nutrients, the effect of the carbon sources has been the subject of continuous studies for both, industry and research groups. Different mechanisms have been described in bacteria and fungi to explain the negative carbon catabolite effects on secondary metabolite production. Their knowledge and manipulation have been useful either for setting fermentation conditions or for strain improvement. During the last years, important advances have been reported on these mechanisms at the biochemical and molecular levels. The aim of the present review is to describe these advances, giving special emphasis to those reported for the genus Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
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33
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Pérez-Redondo R, Santamarta I, Bovenberg R, Martín JF, Liras P. The enigmatic lack of glucose utilization in Streptomyces clavuligerus is due to inefficient expression of the glucose permease gene. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:1527-1537. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.035840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064 is unable to use glucose but has genes for a glucose permease (glcP) and a glucose kinase (glkA). Transformation of S. clavuligerus 27064 with the Streptomyces coelicolor glcP1 gene with its own promoter results in a strain able to grow on glucose. The glcP gene of S. clavuligerus encodes a 475 amino acid glucose permease with 12 transmembrane segments. GlcP is a functional protein when expressed from the S. coelicolor glcP1 promoter and complements two different glucose transport-negative Escherichia coli mutants. Transcription studies indicate that the glcP promoter is very weak and does not allow growth on glucose. These results suggest that S. clavuligerus initially contained a functional glucose permease gene, like most other Streptomyces species, and lost the expression of this gene by adaptation to glucose-poor habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pérez-Redondo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real °1, 24006 León, Spain
- área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Irene Santamarta
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real °1, 24006 León, Spain
- área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | | | - Juan F. Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real °1, 24006 León, Spain
- área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Paloma Liras
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real °1, 24006 León, Spain
- área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Barends S, Zehl M, Bialek S, de Waal E, Traag BA, Willemse J, Jensen ON, Vijgenboom E, van Wezel GP. Transfer-messenger RNA controls the translation of cell-cycle and stress proteins in Streptomyces. EMBO Rep 2009; 11:119-25. [PMID: 20019758 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)-mediated trans-translation mechanism is highly conserved in bacteria and functions primarily as a system for the rescue of stalled ribosomes and the removal of aberrantly produced proteins. Here, we show that in the antibiotic-producing soil bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor, trans-translation has a specialized role in stress management. Analysis of proteins that were carboxy-terminally His(8)-tagged by a recombinant tmRNA identified only 10 targets, including the stress proteins: DnaK heat-shock protein 70, thiostrepton-induced protein A, universal stress protein A, elongation factor Tu3, and the cell-cycle control proteins DasR, SsgA, SsgF and SsgR. Although tmRNA-tagged proteins are degraded swiftly, the translation of dnaK and dasR messenger RNAs (mRNAs) depends fully on tmRNA, whereas transcription is unaffected. The data unveil a surprisingly dedicated functionality for tmRNA, promoting the translation of the same mRNA it targets, at the expense of sacrificing the first nascent protein. In streptomycetes, tmRNA has evolved into a dedicated task force that ensures the instantaneous response to the exposure to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharief Barends
- Microbial Development, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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CebR as a master regulator for cellulose/cellooligosaccharide catabolism affects morphological development in Streptomyces griseus. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:5930-40. [PMID: 19648249 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00703-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces griseus mutants exhibiting deficient glucose repression of beta-galactosidase activity on lactose-containing minimal medium supplemented with a high concentration of glucose were isolated. One of these mutants had a 12-bp deletion in cebR, which encodes a LacI/GalR family regulator. Disruption of cebR in the wild-type strain caused the same phenotype as the mutant, indicating that CebR is required for glucose repression of beta-galactosidase activity. Recombinant CebR protein bound to a 14-bp inverted-repeat sequence (designated the CebR box) present in the promoter regions of cebR and the putative cellobiose utilization operon, cebEFG-bglC. The DNA-binding activity of CebR was impaired by cellooligosaccharides, including cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, and cellohexaose. In agreement with this observation, transcription from the cebE and cebR promoters was greatly enhanced by the addition of cellobiose to the medium. Seven other genes containing one or two CebR boxes in their upstream regions were found in the S. griseus genome. Five of these genes encode putative secreted proteins: two cellulases, a cellulose-binding protein, a pectate lyase, and a protein of unknown function. These five genes and cebEFG-bglC were transcribed at levels 4 to 130 times higher in the DeltacebR mutant than in the wild-type strain, as determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. These findings indicate that CebR is a master regulator of cellulose/cellooligosaccharide catabolism. Unexpectedly, the DeltacebR mutant formed very few aerial hyphae on lactose-containing medium, demonstrating a link between carbon source utilization and morphological development.
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Kawaguchi H, Sasaki M, Vertès AA, Inui M, Yukawa H. Identification and functional analysis of the gene cluster for L-arabinose utilization in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3419-29. [PMID: 19346355 PMCID: PMC2687266 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02912-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 31831 grew on l-arabinose as the sole carbon source at a specific growth rate that was twice that on d-glucose. The gene cluster responsible for l-arabinose utilization comprised a six-cistron transcriptional unit with a total length of 7.8 kb. Three l-arabinose-catabolizing genes, araA (encoding l-arabinose isomerase), araB (l-ribulokinase), and araD (l-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase), comprised the araBDA operon, upstream of which three other genes, araR (LacI-type transcriptional regulator), araE (l-arabinose transporter), and galM (putative aldose 1-epimerase), were present in the opposite direction. Inactivation of the araA, araB, or araD gene eliminated growth on l-arabinose, and each of the gene products was functionally homologous to its Escherichia coli counterpart. Moreover, compared to the wild-type strain, an araE disruptant exhibited a >80% decrease in the growth rate at a lower concentration of l-arabinose (3.6 g liter(-1)) but not at a higher concentration of l-arabinose (40 g liter(-1)). The expression of the araBDA operon and the araE gene was l-arabinose inducible and negatively regulated by the transcriptional regulator AraR. Disruption of araR eliminated the repression in the absence of l-arabinose. Expression of the regulon was not repressed by d-glucose, and simultaneous utilization of l-arabinose and d-glucose was observed in aerobically growing wild-type and araR deletion mutant cells. The regulatory mechanism of the l-arabinose regulon is, therefore, distinct from the carbon catabolite repression mechanism in other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kawaguchi
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Santos-Beneit F, Rodríguez-García A, Apel AK, Martín JF. Phosphate and carbon source regulation of two PhoP-dependent glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase genes of Streptomyces coelicolor. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1800-1811. [PMID: 19383699 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.026799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiesters are formed by deacylation of phospholipids. Streptomyces coelicolor and other soil-dwelling actinomycetes utilize glycerophosphodiesters as phosphate and carbon sources by the action of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs). Seven genes encoding putative GDPDs occur in the S. coelicolor genome. Two of these genes, glpQ1 and glpQ2, encoding extracellular GDPDs, showed a PhoP-dependent upregulated profile in response to phosphate shiftdown. Expression studies using the luxAB genes as reporter confirmed the PhoP dependence of both glpQ1 and glpQ2. Footprinting analyses with pure GST-PhoP of the glpQ1 promoter revealed four protected direct repeat units (DRu). PhoP binding affinity to the glpQ2 promoter was lower and revealed a protected region containing five DRu. As expected for pho regulon genes, inorganic phosphate, and also glycerol 3-phosphate, inhibited the expression from both glpQ1 and glpQ2. The expression of glpQ1 was also repressed by serine and inositol but expression of glpQ2 was not. In contrast, glucose, fructose and glycerol increased expression of glpQ2 but not that of glpQ1. In summary, our results suggest an interaction of phosphate control mediated by PhoP and carbon source regulation of the glpQ1 and glpQ2 genes involving complex operator structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-García
- Área de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Alexander K Apel
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
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Chávez A, García-Huante Y, Ruiz B, Langley E, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sanchez S. Cloning and expression of the sco2127 gene from Streptomyces coelicolor M145. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:649-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Görke B, Stülke J. Carbon catabolite repression in bacteria: many ways to make the most out of nutrients. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:613-24. [PMID: 18628769 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1055] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most bacteria can selectively use substrates from a mixture of different carbon sources. The presence of preferred carbon sources prevents the expression, and often also the activity, of catabolic systems that enable the use of secondary substrates. This regulation, called carbon catabolite repression (CCR), can be achieved by different regulatory mechanisms, including transcription activation and repression and control of translation by an RNA-binding protein, in different bacteria. Moreover, CCR regulates the expression of virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria. In this Review, we discuss the most recent findings on the different mechanisms that have evolved to allow bacteria to use carbon sources in a hierarchical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Görke
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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40
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The mechanisms of carbon catabolite repression in bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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The glucose kinase of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. J Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pimentel-Schmitt EF, Thomae AW, Amon J, Klieber MA, Roth HM, Muller YA, Jahreis K, Burkovski A, Titgemeyer F. A glucose kinase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 12:75-81. [PMID: 17183214 DOI: 10.1159/000096462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon metabolism and regulation is poorly understood in mycobacteria, a genus that includes some major pathogenic species like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. Here, we report the identification of a glucose kinase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. This enzyme serves in glucose metabolism and global carbon catabolite repression in the related actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor. The gene, msmeg1356 (glkA), was found by means of in silico screening. It was shown that it occurs in the same genetic context in all so far sequenced mycobacterial species, where it is located in a putative tricistronic operon together with a glycosyl hydrolase and a putative malonyl-CoA transacylase. Heterologous expression of glkA in an Escherichia coli glucose kinase mutant led to the restoration of glucose growth, which provided in vivo evidence for glucose kinase function. GlkA(Msm) was subsequently overproduced in order to study its enzymatic features. We found that it can form a dimer and that it efficiently phosphorylates glucose at the expense of ATP. The affinity constant for glucose was with 9 mM about eight times higher and the velocity was about tenfold slower when compared to the parallel measured glucose kinase of S. coelicolor. Both enzymes showed similar substrate specificity, which consists in an ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose and no, or very inefficient, phosphorylation of the glucose analogues 2-deoxyglucose and methyl alpha-glucoside. Hence, our data provide a basis for studying the role of mycobacterial glucose kinase in vivo to unravel possible catalytic and regulatory functions.
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