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Li C, Chen R, Fan X, Luo J, Qian J, Wang J, Xie B, Shen Y, Chen S. EPHA4 haploinsufficiency is responsible for the short stature of a patient with 2q35-q36.2 deletion and Waardenburg syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:23. [PMID: 25928000 PMCID: PMC4432946 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Waardenburg syndrome type I (WS1), an auditory-pigmentary genetic disorder, is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in PAX3. Abnormal physical signs such as dystopia canthorum, patchy hypopigmentation and sensorineural hearing loss are common, but short stature is not associated with WS1. Case presentation We reported a 4-year and 6 month-old boy with a rare combination of WS1 and severe short stature (83.5 cm (−5.8SD)). His facial features include dystopia canthorum, mild synophrys, slightly up-slanted palpebral fissure, posteriorly rotated ears, alae nasi hypoplasia and micrognathia. No heterochromia was noticed. He had a normal intelligence quotient and hearing. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was 52.7 ng/ml, lower than the normal range (55 ~ 452 ng/ml) and the peak growth hormone level was 7.57 ng/ml at 90 minutes after taking moderate levodopa and pyridostigmine bromide. The patient exhibited a good response to human growth hormone (rhGH) replacement therapy, showing a 9.2 cm/year growth rate and an improvement of 1 standard deviation (SD) of height after one year treatment. CMA test of patient’s DNA revealed a 4.46 Mb de novo deletion at 2q35-q36.2 (hg19; chr2:221,234,146-225,697,363). Conclusions PAX3 haploinsufficiency is known to cause Waardenburg syndrome. Examining overlapping deletions in patients led to the conclusion that EPHA4 is a novel short stature gene. The finding is supported by the splotch-retarded and epha4 knockout mouse models which both showed growth retardation. We believe this rare condition is caused by the haploinsufficiency of both PAX3 and EPH4 genes. We further reported a growth response to recombinant human growth hormone treatment in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
| | - Rongyu Chen
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
| | - Xin Fan
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
| | - Jingsi Luo
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
| | - Jiale Qian
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
| | - Bobo Xie
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
| | - Yiping Shen
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Claritas Genomics, Boston, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, GuangXi, China.
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Pingault V, Ente D, Dastot-Le Moal F, Goossens M, Marlin S, Bondurand N. Review and update of mutations causing Waardenburg syndrome. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:391-406. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nakata K, Ujike H, Sakai A, Takaki M, Imamura T, Tanaka Y, Kuroda S. Association study between the fibronectin gene and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 116B:41-4. [PMID: 12497612 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin is one of the cell adhesion proteins. Adhesion molecules play an important role in neural and synaptic genesis, and their dysfunction may result in neurodevelopmental abnormalities, which have been assumed to be a factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. To examine the possible involvement of fibronectin in the etiology of schizophrenia, we analyzed six polymorphisms, located in introns 2, 21, 24, and 26, and exons 20 and 28, in the human fibronectin gene (FN1) of schizophrenic patients in the Japanese population (n = 104) and age-and gender-matched controls (n = 104). No significant positive association was observed between either of the polymorphisms and schizophrenia, nor was an association found between either of the polymorphisms and any subtypes of schizophrenia. These data did not provide evidence for a contribution of the FN1 gene to susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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Rump A, Kasper G, Hayes C, Wen G, Starke H, Liehr T, Lehmann R, Lagemann D, Rosenthal A. Complex Arrangement of Genes within a 220-kb Region of Double-Duplicated DNA on Human 2q37.1. Genomics 2001; 73:50-5. [PMID: 11352565 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication events are followed by divergence of initially identical gene copies, due to the subsequent accumulation of mutations. These mutations tend to be degenerative and may lead to either nonfunctionalization or subfunctionalization of the gene copies. Here we report the molecular characterization of a 220-kb genomic DNA fragment from human 2q37.1, in which a double duplication and a partial triplication event has taken place. As a result, this region contains four copies of alkaline phosphatase (P), four copies of the ECEL1 gene (X), two copies of a newly identified gene (N), and two copies of a cholinergic receptor subunit (R), in the order N-P-X-P-X-P-X-N-P-X-R-R. While three of the four ECEL1 copies, one copy of the phosphatase gene and one copy of the newly identified gene have lost their function, three phosphatase gene copies and the two receptor subunits are still functionally active and thus may provide an example for subfunctionalization of duplicated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rump
- Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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Nye JS, Balkin N, Lucas H, Knepper PA, McLone DG, Charrow J. Myelomeningocele and Waardenburg syndrome (type 3) in patients with interstitial deletions of 2q35 and the PAX3 gene: Possible digenic inheritance of a neural tube defect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980203)75:4<401::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Morahan G, Huang D, Tait BD, Colman PG, Harrison LC. Markers on distal chromosome 2q linked to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Science 1996; 272:1811-3. [PMID: 8650584 DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5269.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a multigenic autoimmune disease. An IDDM susceptibility gene was mapped to chromosome 2q34. This gene may act early in diabetogenesis, because "preclinical" individuals also showed linkage. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-disparate, but not HLA-identical, sibs showed linkage, which was even stronger in families with affected females. The genes encoding insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins 2 and 5 were mapped to a 4-megabase pair interval near this locus. These results indicate the existence of a gene that acts at an early stage in IDDM development, screening for which may identify a specific subset of at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morahan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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Wu BL, Austin MA, Schneider GH, Boles RG, Korf BR. Deletion of the entire NF1 gene detected by the FISH: four deletion patients associated with severe manifestations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 59:528-35. [PMID: 8585580 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320590427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of NF1 has indicated a wide diversity of mutations, including chromosome rearrangements, deletions, insertions, duplications, and point mutations. Recently, five severely affected individuals have been found by Kayes et Al. [1994] to have deletions encompassing the entire gene. These deletions were detected by quantitative Southern analysis. To simplify deletion detection, we have employed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using intragenic probes. Thirteen unrelated individuals with NF1 have been studied. Among six with severe manifestations, four have been found to have deletions detected by probes cFF13, cFB5D, cP5, yA43A9, yA113D7 and yD8F4. All four deletions patients have severe developmental delay, minor and major anomalies (including one with bilateral iris colobomas), and multiple cutaneous neurofibromas or plexiform neurofibromas which were present before age 5 years. FISH provides a simple and rapid means of identification of NF1 gene deletions and will allow more rigorous testing of the hypothesis that such deletions are associated with severe manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Wu
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Baldwin CT, Hoth CF, Macina RA, Milunsky A. Mutations in PAX3 that cause Waardenburg syndrome type I: ten new mutations and review of the literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 58:115-22. [PMID: 8533800 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320580205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, dystopia canthorum, and pigmentary disturbances, and it represents the most common form of inherited deafness in infants. WS type I is characterized by the presence of dystopia canthorum, while individuals with WS type II have normally-located canthi. WS type III is similar to WS type I but is also characterized by musculoskeletal abnormalities. Defects in the PAX3 gene, a transcription factor expressed during embryonic development, have been shown to cause WS types I and III in several families. In contrast, mutations in PAX3 do not cause WS type II, and linkage of the disease to other chromosomal regions has been demonstrated. We describe 10 additional mutations in the PAX3 gene in families with WS type I. Eight of these mutations are in the region of PAX3, where only one mutation has been previously described. These mutations, together with those previously reported, cover essentially the entire PAX3 gene and represent a wide spectrum of mutations that can cause WS type I. Thus far, all but one of the mutations are private; only one mutation has been reported in two apparently unrelated families. Our analysis thus far demonstrates little correlation between genotype and phenotype; deletions of the entire PAX3 gene result in phenotypes indistinguishable from those associated with single-base substitutions in the paired domain or homeodomain of PAX3. Moreover, two similar mutations in close proximity can result in significantly different phenotypes, WS type I in one family and WS type III in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Baldwin
- Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Baldwin CT, Lipsky NR, Hoth CF, Cohen T, Mamuya W, Milunsky A. Mutations in PAX3 associated with Waardenburg syndrome type I. Hum Mutat 1994; 3:205-11. [PMID: 8019556 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) types I, II, and III (McKusick #14882, #19351, and #19350) are related autosomal dominant disorders characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, dystopia canthorum, pigmentary disturbances, and other developmental defects. Disease causing PAX3 mutations have been identified in a few families from each of the three disease subtypes, WS-I, WS-II, and WS-III. In others, although the mutations have not been pinpointed, linkage with the PAX3 locus on chromosome 2q35 has been demonstrated. The PAX3 protein is a transcription factor that contains both a paired-domain and a homeodomain DNA binding motif and appears to play a key role during embryogenesis. In this report, we describe two mutations in the human PAX3 gene that cause WS type I. One mutation is a deletion/frameshift in the paired-domain of PAX3 and results in a protein without functional DNA binding domains. The second mutation is a single-base substitution and results in a premature termination codon in the homeodomain of PAX3. This is the first demonstration of a mutation in the homeodomain DNA binding motif in this protein resulting in WS and one of the few examples of a mutation in a homeodomain of any protein that results in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118
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