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Kraatz B, Belabbas R, Fostowicz-Frelik Ł, Ge DY, Kuznetsov AN, Lang MM, López-Torres S, Mohammadi Z, Racicot RA, Ravosa MJ, Sharp AC, Sherratt E, Silcox MT, Słowiak J, Winkler AJ, Ruf I. Lagomorpha as a Model Morphological System. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.636402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their global distribution, invasive history, and unique characteristics, European rabbits are recognizable almost anywhere on our planet. Although they are members of a much larger group of living and extinct mammals [Mammalia, Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas)], the group is often characterized by several well-known genera (e.g., Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus, Lepus, and Ochotona). This representation does not capture the extraordinary diversity of behavior and form found throughout the order. Model organisms are commonly used as exemplars for biological research, but there are a limited number of model clades or lineages that have been used to study evolutionary morphology in a more explicitly comparative way. We present this review paper to show that lagomorphs are a strong system in which to study macro- and micro-scale patterns of morphological change within a clade that offers underappreciated levels of diversity. To this end, we offer a summary of the status of relevant aspects of lagomorph biology.
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Ruf I, Meng J, Fostowicz-Frelik Ł. Anatomy of the Nasal and Auditory Regions of the Fossil Lagomorph Palaeolagus haydeni: Systematic and Evolutionary Implications. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.636110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palaeolagus, a late Eocene to early Miocene North American lagomorph genus, represented by numerous and well-preserved specimens, has been long considered a basal leporid, although it is currently understood as a stem lagomorph. Based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) data and 3D reconstructions, here we present the first description of intracranial structures of the nasal and auditory regions of a complete skull of Palaeolagus haydeni from the early Oligocene of Nebraska. Although Palaeolagus haydeni shows a puzzling mixture of extant leporid and ochotonid characters, it helps to polarize and re-evaluate already known lagomorph intracranial characters based on outgroup comparison with Rodentia and Scandentia. Common derived features of Palaeolagus haydeni and extant Lagomorpha are the dendritic maxilloturbinal and the excavated nasoturbinal that contacts the lamina semicircularis. Generally, Palaeolagus haydeni and Leporidae have several characters in common, some of which are certainly plesiomorphic (e.g., thin wall of bulla tympani and flat conic cochlea). Palaeolagus haydeni resembles Leporidae in having an interturbinal between the two frontoturbinals, and three ethmoturbinals plus one interturbinal between ethmoturbinal I and II. Now, this should also be regarded as a plesiomorphic grundplan pattern for Leporidae whereas ochotonids are derived from the lagomorph grundplan as concerns the number of frontoturbinals. Concerning the middle ear, Palaeolagus haydeni significantly contributes to the polarization of the anterior anchoring of the malleus in extant lagomorphs. Palaeolagus haydeni resembles the pattern observed in early ontogenetic stages of Ochotonidae, i.e., the attachment of the malleus to the ectotympanic via a short processus anterior. The patterns in adult ochotonids and leporids now can be regarded as two different and apomorphic character states. Autapomorphic characters of Palaeolagus haydeni are the reduced frontoturbinal 2 and the additional anterolaterally oriented process of the lamina semicircularis. Interestingly, among the investigated intracranial structures the loss of the secondary crus commune is the only apomorphic grundplan character of crown Lagomorpha.
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Ruf I, Janßen S, Zeller U. The ethmoidal region of the skull of <i>Ptilocercus lowii</i> (Ptilocercidae, Scandentia, Mammalia) – a contribution to the reconstruction of the cranial morphotype of primates. Primate Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-2-89-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The ethmoidal region of the skull houses one of the most important sense organs of mammals, the sense of smell. Investigation of the ontogeny and comparative anatomy of internal nasal structures of the macrosmatic order Scandentia is a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphotype of Scandentia with potential implications for our understanding of the primate nasal morphological pattern. For the first time perinatal and adult stages of Ptilocercus lowii and selected Tupaia species were investigated by serial histological sections and high-resolution computed tomography (μCT), respectively. Scandentia show a very common olfactory turbinal pattern of small mammals in having two frontoturbinals, three ethmoturbinals, and one interturbinal between the first and second ethmoturbinal. This indicates a moderately developed sense of smell (moderately macrosmatic). The observed septoturbinal is probably an apomorphic character of Scandentia. A general growth in length occurs during postnatal ontogeny; thus the adult ethmoidal region is proportionally longer compared to the rest of the skull. Throughout ontogeny Ptilocercus has a proportionally longer nasal cavity than Tupaia. Major differences exist between Ptilocercus and Tupaia in regard to the proportions of the nasal cavity which correlate with the position of the orbits. Compared to Tupaia, Ptilocercus shows more anteriorly oriented orbits and has a proportionally longer nasal capsule than Tupaia and based on anatomy probably a higher level of olfactory discrimination. Furthermore, Ptilocercus has a platybasic skull base that resembles a derived feature of Ptilocercidae. In contrast, Tupaia has a distinct septum interorbitale leading to a tropibasic skull, a pattern that is a plesiomorphic character of Tupaiidae and Scandentia in general. This finding helps us to understand the septum interorbitale pattern in Primates. Our results indicate that differences among the investigated Scandentia species are correlated with adaptations to foraging and behavioural biology.
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Ruf I. Comparative anatomy and systematic implications of the turbinal skeleton in Lagomorpha (Mammalia). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:2031-46. [PMID: 25312363 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the systematic relevance of the turbinal skeleton in Lagomorpha the ethmoidal regions of 6 ochotonid, 21 leporid, and 2 outgroup species (Sciurus vulgaris, Tupaia sp.) species were investigated by high-resolution computed tomography (μCT). Number and shape of turbinals correspond to major clades and to several genera. All Lagomorpha under study have a deeply excavated nasoturbinal that is continuous with the lamina semicircularis; a feature likely to be an autapomorphy of lagomorphs. In particular, the olfactory turbinals (frontoturbinals, ethmoturbinals, and interturbinals) provide new systematic information. The plesiomorphic lagomorph pattern comprises two frontoturbinals, three ethmoturbinals, and one interturbinal between ethmoturbinal I and II. Ochotonidae are derived from the lagomorph goundplan by loss of ethmoturbinal III; an interturbinal between the two frontoturbinals is an autapomorphy of Leporidae. Pronolagus is apomorphic in having a very slender first ethmoturbinal, but shows a puzzling pattern in decreasing the number of turbinals. Pronolagus rupestris and Romerolagus diazi have independently reduced their turbinals to just two fronto- and two ethmoturbinals, which is the lowest number among the sampled lagomorphs. In contrast, the more derived leporid genera under study (Oryctolagus, Caprolagus, Sylvilagus, and Lepus) show a tendency to increase the number of turbinals, either by developing an ethmoturbinal IV (Caprolagus hispidus, Lepus arcticus) or by additional interturbinals. Intraspecific variation was investigated in Ochotona alpina, Oryctolagus cuniculus, and Lepus europaeus and is restricted to additional interturbinals in the frontoturbinal recess of the two leporids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ruf
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany; Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Palāoanthropologie und Messelforschung, Sektion Mammalogie, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Maier W, Ruf I. Morphology of the nasal capsule of primates--with special reference to Daubentonia and Homo. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1985-2006. [PMID: 25312360 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Primitive mammals are considered macrosmatic. They have very large and complicated nasal capsules, nasal cavities with extensive olfactory epithelia, and relatively large olfactory bulbs. The complicated structures of the nasal capsule follow a relatively conservative "bauplan," which is normally easy to see in earlier fetal stages; especially in altricial taxa it differentiates well into postnatal life. As anteriormost part of the chondrocranium, the nasal capsule is at first cartilaginous. Most of it ossifies endochondrally, but "appositional bone" ("Zuwachsknochen") is also common. Many fetal structures become resorbed. Together, all surviving bone structures form the ethmoid bone, but cartilages of the external nose and of the vomeronasal complex can persist throughout life. We describe in detail the anatomy of Daubentonia madagascariensis based on a fetal stage (41 mm HL) and an adult skull was analyzed by µCT. We found that the nasal capsule of this species is by far the most complicated one of all extant Primates. We also describe older fetuses of Homo sapiens (35 and 63 mm HL) as representative of a derived primate. The most significant feature of man--and probably of all anthropoids--is the complete loss of the recessus frontoturbinalis and its associated structures. It can be demonstrated that the evolutionary reductions within the primate nasal capsule mainly affect those structures associated with olfaction, whereas cartilages that are important for the biomechanics of the facial skull of the fetus persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maier
- Institut für Evolution und Oekologie, Fachbereich Biologie der Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D - 772076, Tübingen, Germany
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Stößel A, Junold A, Fischer MS. The morphology of the eutherian ethmoidal region and its implications for higher-order phylogeny. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The Evolutionary Differentiation of the Rostral Nasal Skeleton within Glires. A Review with New Data on Lagomorph Ontogeny. ZOOSYST EVOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.19990750204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Mess A. The Rostral Nasal Skeleton of Hystricognath Rodents: Evidence on Their Phylogenetic Relationships. ZOOSYST EVOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.19990750104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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WIBLE JOHNR, NOVACEK MICHAELJ, ROUGIER GUILLERMOW. NEW DATA ON THE SKULL AND DENTITION IN THE MONGOLIAN LATE CRETACEOUS EUTHERIAN MAMMAL ZALAMBDALESTES. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2004. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2004)281<0001:ndotsa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bjerring HC. On the so-called cavum orbitonasale. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6395.2000.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mess A. The Evolutionary Differentiation of the Rostral Nasal Skeleton within Glires. A Review with New Data on Lagomorph Ontogeny. ZOOSYST EVOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.4850750204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Frahner S. Morphology and Evolution of the Glires Rostral Cranium. ZOOSYST EVOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.4850750205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mess A. The Rostral Nasal Skeleton of Hystricognath Rodents: Evidence on Their Phylogenetic Relationships. ZOOSYST EVOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.4850750104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Bjerring HC. The Evolutionary Origin and Homologues of the Supracochlear Lamina: a Contribution to our Knowledge of Mammalian Ancestry. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1994.tb00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kummer B. [Anatomy and biomechanics of the mandible]. FORTSCHRITTE DER KIEFERORTHOPADIE 1985; 46:335-42. [PMID: 3864719 DOI: 10.1007/bf02167680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Moss ML, Feliciano W. A functional analysis of the fenestrated maxillary bone of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Anat Histol Embryol 1977; 6:167-87. [PMID: 578083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1977.tb00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Terneby U. The development of hypophysial drainage in the rabbit. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANATOMIE UND ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE 1972; 136:294-310. [PMID: 5055568 DOI: 10.1007/bf00522617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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McClure TD, Daron GH. The relationship of the developing inner ear, subarcuate fossa and paraflocculus in the rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1971; 130:235-49. [PMID: 5547005 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jollie M. The Head Skeleton of a New-BornManis javanicawith Comments on the Ontogeny and Phylogeny of the Mammal Head Skeleton. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1968. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1968.tb00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tierexperimenteller Beitrag zur �tiologie und Ph�nogenese kraniofacialer Dysplasien. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00525200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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