1
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Joo H, Min S, Cho SW. Advanced lung organoids for respiratory system and pulmonary disease modeling. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241232502. [PMID: 38406820 PMCID: PMC10894554 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241232502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amidst the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, respiratory system research has made remarkable progress, particularly focusing on infectious diseases. Lung organoid, a miniaturized structure recapitulating lung tissue, has gained global attention because of its advantages over other conventional models such as two-dimensional (2D) cell models and animal models. Nevertheless, lung organoids still face limitations concerning heterogeneity, complexity, and maturity compared to the native lung tissue. To address these limitations, researchers have employed co-culture methods with various cell types including endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells, and incorporated bioengineering platforms such as air-liquid interfaces, microfluidic chips, and functional hydrogels. These advancements have facilitated applications of lung organoids to studies of pulmonary diseases, providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential treatments. This review introduces recent progress in the production methods of lung organoids, strategies for improving maturity, functionality, and complexity of organoids, and their application in disease modeling, including respiratory infection and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyebin Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Deng L, Jian Z, Xu T, Li F, Deng H, Zhou Y, Lai S, Xu Z, Zhu L. Macrophage Polarization: An Important Candidate Regulator for Lung Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052379. [PMID: 36903624 PMCID: PMC10005642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial components of the immune system and play a critical role in the initial defense against pathogens. They are highly heterogeneous and plastic and can be polarized into classically activated macrophages (M1) or selectively activated macrophages (M2) in response to local microenvironments. Macrophage polarization involves the regulation of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. Here, we focused on the origin of macrophages, the phenotype and polarization of macrophages, as well as the signaling pathways associated with macrophage polarization. We also highlighted the role of macrophage polarization in lung diseases. We intend to enhance the understanding of the functions and immunomodulatory features of macrophages. Based on our review, we believe that targeting macrophage phenotypes is a viable and promising strategy for treating lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 625014, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-139-8160-4765 (L.Z.)
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 625014, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-139-8160-4765 (L.Z.)
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3
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Rayees S, Rochford I, Joshi JC, Joshi B, Banerjee S, Mehta D. Macrophage TLR4 and PAR2 Signaling: Role in Regulating Vascular Inflammatory Injury and Repair. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2091. [PMID: 33072072 PMCID: PMC7530636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in dictating the tissue response to infection and orchestrating subsequent repair of the damage. In this context, macrophages residing in the lungs continuously sense and discriminate among a wide range of insults to initiate the immune responses important to host-defense. Inflammatory tissue injury also leads to activation of proteases, and thereby the coagulation pathway, to optimize injury and repair post-infection. However, long-lasting inflammatory triggers from macrophages can impair the lung's ability to recover from severe injury, leading to increased lung vascular permeability and neutrophilic injury, hallmarks of Acute Lung Injury (ALI). In this review, we discuss the roles of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and protease activating receptor 2 (PAR2) expressed on the macrophage cell-surface in regulating lung vascular inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Rayees
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rochford
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jagdish Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bhagwati Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Somenath Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
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4
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Neupane AS, Willson M, Chojnacki AK, Vargas E Silva Castanheira F, Morehouse C, Carestia A, Keller AE, Peiseler M, DiGiandomenico A, Kelly MM, Amrein M, Jenne C, Thanabalasuriar A, Kubes P. Patrolling Alveolar Macrophages Conceal Bacteria from the Immune System to Maintain Homeostasis. Cell 2020; 183:110-125.e11. [PMID: 32888431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During respiration, humans breathe in more than 10,000 liters of non-sterile air daily, allowing some pathogens access to alveoli. Interestingly, alveoli outnumber alveolar macrophages (AMs), which favors alveoli devoid of AMs. If AMs, like most tissue macrophages, are sessile, then this numerical advantage would be exploited by pathogens unless neutrophils from the blood stream intervened. However, this would translate to omnipresent persistent inflammation. Developing in vivo real-time intravital imaging of alveoli revealed AMs crawling in and between alveoli using the pores of Kohn. Importantly, these macrophages sensed, chemotaxed, and, with high efficiency, phagocytosed inhaled bacterial pathogens such as P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, cloaking the bacteria from neutrophils. Impairing AM chemotaxis toward bacteria induced superfluous neutrophil recruitment, leading to inappropriate inflammation and injury. In a disease context, influenza A virus infection impaired AM crawling via the type II interferon signaling pathway, and this greatly increased secondary bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Sharma Neupane
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michelle Willson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Fernanda Vargas E Silva Castanheira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher Morehouse
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Agostina Carestia
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ashley Elaine Keller
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Margaret Mary Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Craig Jenne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal Canada H3G1Y6; Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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5
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Blickensdorf M, Timme S, Figge MT. Hybrid Agent-Based Modeling of Aspergillus fumigatus Infection to Quantitatively Investigate the Role of Pores of Kohn in Human Alveoli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1951. [PMID: 32903715 PMCID: PMC7438790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy state of an organism is constantly threatened by external cues. Due to the daily inhalation of hundreds of particles and pathogens, the immune system needs to constantly accomplish the task of pathogen clearance in order to maintain this healthy state. However, infection dynamics are highly influenced by the peculiar anatomy of the human lung. Lung alveoli that are packed in alveolar sacs are interconnected by so called Pores of Kohn. Mainly due to the lack of in vivo methods, the role of Pores of Kohn in the mammalian lung is still under debate and partly contradicting hypotheses remain to be investigated. Although it was shown by electron microscopy that Pores of Kohn may serve as passageways for immune cells, their impact on the infection dynamics in the lung is still unknown under in vivo conditions. In the present study, we apply a hybrid agent-based infection model to quantitatively compare three different scenarios and discuss the importance of Pores of Kohn during infections of Aspergillus fumigatus. A. fumigatus is an airborne opportunistic fungus with rising incidences causing severe infections in immunocompromised patients that are associated with high mortality rates. Our hybrid agent-based model incorporates immune cell dynamics of alveolar macrophages – the resident phagocytes in the lung – as well as molecular dynamics of diffusing chemokines that attract alveolar macrophages to the site of infection. Consequently, this model allows a quantitative comparison of three different scenarios and to study the importance of Pores of Kohn. This enables us to demonstrate how passaging of alveolar macrophages and chemokine diffusion affect A. fumigatus infection dynamics. We show that Pores of Kohn alter important infection clearance mechanisms, such as the spatial distribution of macrophages and the effect of chemokine signaling. However, despite these differences, a lack of passageways for alveolar macrophages does impede infection clearance only to a minor extend. Furthermore, we quantify the importance of recruited macrophages in comparison to resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Blickensdorf
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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6
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Evren E, Ringqvist E, Willinger T. Origin and ontogeny of lung macrophages: from mice to humans. Immunology 2019; 160:126-138. [PMID: 31715003 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are tissue-resident myeloid cells with essential roles in host defense, tissue repair, and organ homeostasis. The lung harbors a large number of macrophages that reside in alveoli. As a result of their strategic location, alveolar macrophages are critical sentinels of healthy lung function and barrier immunity. They phagocytose inhaled material and initiate protective immune responses to pathogens, while preventing excessive inflammatory responses and tissue damage. Apart from alveolar macrophages, other macrophage populations are found in the lung and recent single-cell RNA-sequencing studies indicate that lung macrophage heterogeneity is greater than previously appreciated. The cellular origin and development of mouse lung macrophages has been extensively studied, but little is known about the ontogeny of their human counterparts, despite the importance of macrophages for lung health. In this context, humanized mice (mice with a human immune system) can give new insights into the biology of human lung macrophages by allowing in vivo studies that are not possible in humans. In particular, we have created humanized mouse models that support the development of human lung macrophages in vivo. In this review, we will discuss the heterogeneity, development, and homeostasis of lung macrophages. Moreover, we will highlight the impact of age, the microbiota, and pathogen exposure on lung macrophage function. Altered macrophage function has been implicated in respiratory infections as well as in common allergic and inflammatory lung diseases. Therefore, understanding the functional heterogeneity and ontogeny of lung macrophages should help to develop future macrophage-based therapies for important lung diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Evren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ringqvist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Willinger
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Patel VI, Metcalf JP. Airway Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Resting Human Lung. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 38:303-331. [PMID: 30806245 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MΦs) are antigen-presenting phagocytic cells found in many peripheral tissues of the human body, including the blood, lymph nodes, skin, and lung. They are vital to maintaining steady-state respiration in the human lung based on their ability to clear airways while also directing tolerogenic or inflammatory responses based on specific stimuli. Over the past three decades, studies have determined that there are multiple subsets of these two general cell types that exist in the airways and interstitium. Identifying these numerous subsets has proven challenging, especially with the unique microenvironments present in the lung. Cells found in the vasculature are not the same subsets found in the skin or the lung, as demonstrated by surface marker expression. By transcriptional profiling, these subsets show similarities but also major differences. Primary human lung cells and/ or tissues are difficult to acquire, particularly in a healthy condition. Additionally, surface marker screening and transcriptional profiling are continually identifying new DC and MΦ subsets. While the overall field is moving forward, we emphasize that more attention needs to focus on replicating the steady-state microenvironment of the lung to reveal the physiological functions of these subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Indrajit Patel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division of the Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jordan Patrick Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division of the Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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8
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Blickensdorf M, Timme S, Figge MT. Comparative Assessment of Aspergillosis by Virtual Infection Modeling in Murine and Human Lung. Front Immunol 2019; 10:142. [PMID: 30804941 PMCID: PMC6370618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. Conidia that reach the lower respiratory tract are confronted with alveolar macrophages, which are the resident phagocytic cells, constituting the first line of defense. If not efficiently removed in time, A. fumigatus conidia can germinate causing severe infections associated with high mortality rates. Mice are the most extensively used model organism in research on A. fumigatus infections. However, in addition to structural differences in the lung physiology of mice and the human host, applied infection doses in animal experiments are typically orders of magnitude larger compared to the daily inhalation doses of humans. The influence of these factors, which must be taken into account in a quantitative comparison and knowledge transfer from mice to humans, is difficult to measure since in vivo live cell imaging of the infection dynamics under physiological conditions is currently not possible. In the present study, we compare A. fumigatus infection in mice and humans by virtual infection modeling using a hybrid agent-based model that accounts for the respective lung physiology and the impact of a wide range of infection doses on the spatial infection dynamics. Our computer simulations enable comparative quantification of A. fumigatus infection clearance in the two hosts to elucidate (i) the complex interplay between alveolar morphometry and the fungal burden and (ii) the dynamics of infection clearance, which for realistic fungal burdens is found to be more efficiently realized in mice compared to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Blickensdorf
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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9
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Mindt BC, Fritz JH, Duerr CU. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Pulmonary Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:840. [PMID: 29760695 PMCID: PMC5937028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) represent an evolutionary rather old but only recently identified member of the family of innate lymphoid cells and have received much attention since their detailed description in 2010. They can orchestrate innate as well as adaptive immune responses as they interact with and influence several immune and non-immune cell populations. Moreover, ILC2 are able to rapidly secrete large amounts of type 2 cytokines that can contribute to protective but also detrimental host immune responses depending on timing, location, and physiological context. Interestingly, ILC2, despite their scarcity, are the dominant innate lymphoid cell population in the lung, indicating a key role as first responders and amplifiers upon immune challenge at this site. In addition, the recently described tissue residency of ILC2 further underlines the importance of their respective microenvironment. In this review, we provide an overview of lung physiology including a description of the most prominent pulmonary resident cells together with a review of known and potential ILC2 interactions within this unique environment. We will further outline recent observations regarding pulmonary ILC2 during immune challenge including respiratory infections and discuss different models and approaches to study ILC2 biology in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Mindt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia U Duerr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Berg RD, Levitte S, O'Sullivan MP, O'Leary SM, Cambier CJ, Cameron J, Takaki KK, Moens CB, Tobin DM, Keane J, Ramakrishnan L. Lysosomal Disorders Drive Susceptibility to Tuberculosis by Compromising Macrophage Migration. Cell 2016; 165:139-152. [PMID: 27015311 PMCID: PMC4819607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A zebrafish genetic screen for determinants of susceptibility to Mycobacterium marinum identified a hypersusceptible mutant deficient in lysosomal cysteine cathepsins that manifests hallmarks of human lysosomal storage diseases. Under homeostatic conditions, mutant macrophages accumulate undigested lysosomal material, which disrupts endocytic recycling and impairs their migration to, and thus engulfment of, dying cells. This causes a buildup of unengulfed cell debris. During mycobacterial infection, macrophages with lysosomal storage cannot migrate toward infected macrophages undergoing apoptosis in the tuberculous granuloma. The unengulfed apoptotic macrophages undergo secondary necrosis, causing granuloma breakdown and increased mycobacterial growth. Macrophage lysosomal storage similarly impairs migration to newly infecting mycobacteria. This phenotype is recapitulated in human smokers, who are at increased risk for tuberculosis. A majority of their alveolar macrophages exhibit lysosomal accumulations of tobacco smoke particulates and do not migrate to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The incapacitation of highly microbicidal first-responding macrophages may contribute to smokers’ susceptibility to tuberculosis. Lysosomal storage diseases reduce macrophage endocytic recycling and migration Reduced macrophage migration increases tuberculosis severity via granuloma breakdown Tobacco smoke particles accumulate in lysosomes of smokers’ alveolar macrophages Lysosomal particles reduce smokers’ macrophage migration to infecting mycobacteria
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell D Berg
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steven Levitte
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Seónadh M O'Leary
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - C J Cambier
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kevin K Takaki
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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11
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Kopf M, Schneider C, Nobs SP. The development and function of lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:36-44. [PMID: 25521683 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gas exchange is the vital function of the lungs. It occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium surrounding the alveoli, separated only by a fused basement membrane 0.2-0.5 μm in thickness. This tenuous barrier is exposed to dangerous or innocuous particles, toxins, allergens and infectious agents inhaled with the air or carried in the blood. The lung immune system has evolved to ward off pathogens and restrain inflammation-mediated damage to maintain gas exchange. Lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells are located in close proximity to the epithelial surface of the respiratory system and the capillaries to sample and examine the air-borne and blood-borne material. In communication with alveolar epithelial cells, they set the threshold and the quality of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel P Nobs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Williams AE, Chambers RC. The mercurial nature of neutrophils: still an enigma in ARDS? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L217-30. [PMID: 24318116 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00311.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition resulting from direct and indirect insults to the lung. It is characterized by disruption of the endothelial-epithelial barrier, alveolar damage, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. A key feature of ARDS is the accumulation of neutrophils in the lung microvasculature, interstitium, and alveolar space. Despite a clear association between neutrophil influx into the lung and disease severity, there is some debate as to whether neutrophils directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. The primary function of neutrophils is to provide immediate host defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Neutrophils release numerous antimicrobial factors such as reactive oxygen species, proteinases, and neutrophil extracellular traps. However, these factors are also toxic to host cells and can result in bystander tissue damage. The excessive accumulation of neutrophils in ARDS may therefore contribute to disease progression. Central to neutrophil recruitment is the release of chemokines, including the archetypal neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8, from resident pulmonary cells. However, the chemokine network in the inflamed lung is complex and may involve several other chemokines, including CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL7. This review will therefore focus on the experimental and clinical evidence supporting neutrophils as key players in ARDS and the chemokines involved in recruiting them into the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Williams
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Univ. College London, Rayne Institute, 5 Univ. St., London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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