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Fernandez-Duque E, Huck M, Van Belle S, Di Fiore A. The evolution of pair-living, sexual monogamy, and cooperative infant care: Insights from research on wild owl monkeys, titis, sakis, and tamarins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171 Suppl 70:118-173. [PMID: 32191356 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
"Monogamy" and pair bonding have long been of interest to anthropologists and primatologists. Their study contributes to our knowledge of human evolutionary biology and social evolution without the cultural trappings associated with studying human societies directly. Here, we first provide an overview of theoretical considerations, followed by an evaluation of recent comparative studies of the evolution of "social monogamy"; we are left with serious doubts about the conclusions of these studies that stem from the often poor quality of the data used and an overreliance on secondary sources without vetting the data therein. We then describe our field research program on four "monogamous" platyrrhines (owl monkeys, titis, sakis, and tamarins), evaluate how well our data support various hypotheses proposed to explain "monogamy," and compare our data to those reported on the same genera in comparative studies. Overall, we found a distressing lack of agreement between the data used in comparative studies and data from the literature for the taxa that we work with. In the final section, we propose areas of research that deserve more attention. We stress the need for more high-quality natural history data, and we urge researchers to be cautious about the uncritical use of variables of uncertain internal validity. Overall, it is imperative that biological anthropologists establish and follow clear criteria for comparing and combining results from published studies and that researchers, reviewers, and editors alike comply with these standards to improve the transparency, reproducibility, and interpretability of causal inferences made in comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Owl Monkey Project, Fundación ECO, Formosa, Argentina.,Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina.,College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maren Huck
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Sarie Van Belle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.,Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.,Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
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2
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Getting better temporal and spatial ecology data for threatened species: using lightweight GPS devices for small primate monitoring in the northern Andes of Colombia. Primates 2018; 60:93-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Young JW, Shapiro LJ. Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:37-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyNortheast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED)Rootstown Ohio, 44272
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of TexasAustin Texas, 78712
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4
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Barnett AA, de Oliveira T, Soares da Silva RF, de Albuquerque Teixeira S, Tomanek P, Todd LM, Boyle SA. Honest error, precaution or alertness advertisement? Reactions to vertebrate pseudopredators in red-nosed cuxiús (Chiropotes albinasus
),
a high-canopy neotropical primate. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Barnett
- Núcleo de Biodiversidade; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA); Manaus AM Brazil
- Amazon Mammals Research Group; INPA; Manaus AM Brazil
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology; Roehampton University; London UK
| | - Tadeu de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Estadual do Maranhão; São Luís MA Brazil
| | | | | | - Pavel Tomanek
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Behavior; Czech University of Life Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lucy M. Todd
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology; Roehampton University; London UK
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5
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CABANA F, DIERENFELD ES, Wirdateti, DONATI G, NEKARIS KAI. Exploiting a readily available but hard to digest resource: A review of exudativorous mammals identified thus far and how they cope in captivity. Integr Zool 2018; 13:94-111. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis CABANA
- Wildlife Nutrition CentreWildlife Reserves Singapore
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupOxford Brookes University Oxford UK
| | | | - Wirdateti
- Zoological DivisionIndonesian Institute of Science Cibinong Indonesia
| | - Giuseppe DONATI
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupOxford Brookes University Oxford UK
| | - K. A. I. NEKARIS
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupOxford Brookes University Oxford UK
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6
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Bartlett TQ, Light LE, Brockelman WY. Long‐term home range use in white‐handed gibbons (
Hylobates lar
) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:192-203. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thad Q. Bartlett
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Lydia E.O. Light
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Warren Y. Brockelman
- Ecology LaboratoryBIOTEC Central Research Unit, National Science and Technology Development AgencyThailand
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José-Domínguez JM, Asensio N, García CJG, Huynen MC, Savini T. Exploring the Multiple Functions of Sleeping Sites in Northern Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca leonina). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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LI D, GRUETER CC, REN B, LI M, PENG Z, WEI F. Distribution of sleeping sites of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, China. Integr Zool 2013; 8:327-34. [PMID: 24344956 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong LI
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
- College of Life Sciences; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Cyril C. GRUETER
- Anthropological Institute and Museum; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Baoping REN
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ming LI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhengsong PENG
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
- College of Life Sciences; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
| | - Fuwen WEI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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9
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Ferrari SF, Hilário RR. Seasonal variation in the length of the daily activity period in buffy-headed marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps): An important consideration for the analysis of foraging strategies in observational field studies of primates. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:385-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Ferrari
- Department of Ecology; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão Brazil
- Graduate Program in Zoology; Federal University of Paraíba; João Pessoa Brazil
| | - Renato R. Hilário
- Graduate Program in Zoology; Federal University of Paraíba; João Pessoa Brazil
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10
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Spatiotemporal Interactions Among Three Neighboring Groups of Free-Ranging White-Footed Tamarins (Saguinus leucopus) in Colombia. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Effects of Habitat Degradation on Sleeping Site Choice and Use in Sahamalaza Sportive Lemurs (Lepilemur sahamalazensis). INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Corriale MJ, Muschetto E, Herrera EA. Influence of group sizes and food resources in home-range sizes of capybaras from Argentina. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-030.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Caperos JM, Morcillo A, Peláez F, Fidalgo A, Sánchez S. The Effect of Infant Body Mass on Carrier Travel Speed in Cotton-top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Sleeping site selection by golden-backed uacaris, Cacajao melanocephalus ouakary (Pitheciidae), in Amazonian flooded forests. Primates 2012; 53:273-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Use of sleeping trees by ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) demonstrates the importance of nearby food. Primates 2012; 53:287-96. [PMID: 22350274 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Examination of the characteristics and locations of sleeping sites helps to document the social and ecological pressures acting on animals. We investigated sleeping tree choice for four groups of Colobus vellerosus, an arboreal folivore, on 298 nights at the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana using five non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: predation avoidance, access to food, range and resource defense, thermoregulation, and a null hypothesis of random selection. C. vellerosus utilized 31 tree species as sleeping sites and the species used differed per group depending on their availability. Groups used multiple sleeping sites and minimized their travel costs by selecting trees near feeding areas. The percentage that a food species was fed upon annually was correlated with the use of that species as a sleeping tree. Ninety percent of the sleeping trees were in a phenophase with colobus food items. Entire groups slept in non-food trees on only one night. These data strongly support the access to food hypothesis. Range and resource defense was also important to sleeping site choice. Groups slept in exclusively used areas of their home range more often than expected, but when other groups were spotted on the edge of the core area, focal groups approached the intruders, behaved aggressively, and slept close to them, seemingly to prevent an incursion into their core range. However, by sleeping high in the canopy, in large, emergent trees with dense foliage, positioning themselves away from the main trunk on medium-sized branches, and by showing low rates of site reuse, C. vellerosus also appeared to be avoiding predation in their sleeping site choices. Groups left their sleep sites later after cooler nights but did not show behavioral thermoregulation, such as huddling. This study suggests that access to food, range and resource defense, and predation avoidance were more important considerations in sleeping site selection than thermoregulation for ursine colobus.
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16
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Paternity and relatedness in a polyandrous nonhuman primate: testing adaptive hypotheses of male reproductive cooperation. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Hilário RR, Ferrari SF. Feeding ecology of a group of buffy-headed marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps): fungi as a preferred resource. Am J Primatol 2010; 72:515-21. [PMID: 20120010 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycophagy is a relatively rare behavior in primates and has only been recorded in five callitrichid species. Here, we present data on the feeding ecology of a free-ranging group of Callithrix flaviceps, which was studied in the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Southeastern Brazil, in 2008. In contrast with other marmosets, which are typically gummivorous, the study group was predominantly mycophagous-insectivorous, with fungi corresponding to 64.8% of total feeding records, and gum (6.1%) and fruit (3.3%) together providing only a minor part of the diet. Prey corresponded to 25.8% of the group's diet. The fungi (Mycocitrus spp.) consumed by the marmosets were found attached to the stems of Merostachys bamboo. As the animal component of the group's diet was similar to that recorded in studies of other marmosets, we propose that fungi were exploited primarily as a substitute for plant material, in particular exudates. This highly mycophagous diet may be determined by two principal factors: (1) the abundance of fungi within the study area, and (2) the avoidance of bark gouging, for which C. flaviceps may be less specialized than most other marmosets. These conclusions are supported by comparisons with other marmoset groups, which indicate an ecological specialization for mycophagy in C. flaviceps, and that the species will resort to gummivory in habitats where fungi are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato R Hilário
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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18
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19
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Rylands AB. Ranging behaviour and habitat preference of a wild marmoset group, Callithrix humeralifer (Callitrichidae, Primates). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Smith AC, Knogge C, Huck M, Löttker P, Buchanan-Smith HM, Heymann EW. Long-term patterns of sleeping site use in wild saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached tamarins (S. mystax): effects of foraging, thermoregulation, predation, and resource defense constraints. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 134:340-53. [PMID: 17632801 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping sites are an important aspect of an animal's ecology given the length of time that they spend in them. The sleep ecology of wild saddleback and mustached tamarins is examined using a long-term data set covering three mixed-species troops and 1,300+ tamarin nights. Seasonal changes in photoperiod accounted for a significant amount of variation in sleeping site entry and exit times. Time of exit was more closely correlated with sunrise than time of entry was with sunset. Both species entered their sleeping sites when light levels were significantly higher than when they left them in the morning. Troops of both species used >80 individual sites, the majority being used once. Mustached tamarins never used the same site for more than two consecutive nights, but saddlebacks reused the same site for up to four consecutive nights. Mustached tamarins slept at significantly greater heights than saddleback tamarins. There were consistent interspecific differences in the types of sites used. Neither the presence of infants, season, nor rainfall affected the types or heights of sites chosen. Sleeping sites were located in the central area of exclusive use more often than expected, and their position with respect to fruiting trees indicated a strategy closer to that of a multiple central place forager than a central place forager. These findings are discussed in light of species ecology, with particular reference to predation risk, which is indicated as the major factor influencing the pattern of sleeping site use in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Smith
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Changes in experimental conditions alter anti-predator vigilance and sequence predictability in captive marmosets. Behav Processes 2007; 77:351-6. [PMID: 18006248 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-predator vigilance and its sequence predictability in captive adult male black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) was analyzed under three experimental conditions: (1) four novel (maze) environment habituation trials; (2) six taxidermized (cat) predator confrontation trials in the same maze environment; and (3) four additional maze-only trials, in the absence of the cat stimulus. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences (aerial vs. terrestrial) were observed in scan and glance behaviors within and between the three experimental conditions. Furthermore, inter-scan bout sequence significantly deviated from randomness during the initial maze habituation and predator confrontation trials, as well as during all predator removal trials. This parameter, however, followed a random pattern during the course of the remaining sessions. Therefore, vigilance in marmosets seems to be an important and highly organized component of this species' anti-predation repertoire, inasmuch as it occurs at high rates, alters according to specific environmental cues and has a subtle differential adaptive response after repeated trials.
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Stone AI. Responses of squirrel monkeys to seasonal changes in food availability in an eastern Amazonian forest. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:142-57. [PMID: 17154390 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forests are characterized by marked temporal and spatial variation in productivity, and many primates face foraging problems associated with seasonal shifts in fruit availability. In this study, I examined seasonal changes in diet and foraging behaviors of two groups of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), studied for 12 months in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia, an area characterized by seasonal rainfall. Squirrel monkeys were primarily insectivorous (79% of feeding and foraging time), with fruit consumption highest during the rainy season. Although monkeys fed from 68 plant species, fruit of Attalea maripa palms accounted for 28% of annual fruit-feeding records. Dietary shifts in the dry season were correlated with a decline in ripe A. maripa fruits. Despite pronounced seasonal variation in rainfall and fruit abundance, foraging efficiency, travel time, and distance traveled remained stable between seasons. Instead, squirrel monkeys at this Eastern Amazonian site primarily dealt with the seasonal decline in fruit by showing dietary flexibility. Consumption of insects, flowers, and exudates increased during the dry season. In particular, their foraging behavior at this time strongly resembled that of tamarins (Saguinus sp.) and consisted of heavy use of seed-pod exudates and specialized foraging on large-bodied orthopterans near the forest floor. Comparisons with squirrel monkeys at other locations indicate that, across their geographic range, Saimiri use a variety of behavioral tactics during reduced periods of fruit availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita I Stone
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Hankerson SJ, Franklin SP, Dietz JM. Tree and forest characteristics influence sleeping site choice by golden lion tamarins. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:976-88. [PMID: 17358010 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lion tamarin monkeys are among a small number of primates that repeatedly use a few tree holes for the majority of their sleeping sites. To better understand why lion tamarins rely on tree holes as sleeping sites, we compared the physical characteristics of frequently used sleeping sites, infrequently used sleeping sites, and randomly selected forest locations at multiple spatial scales. From 1990 to 2004, we recorded 5,235 occurrences of sleeping site use by 10 groups of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) in Poço das Antas Reserve, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Of those, 63.6% were tree holes. Bamboo accounted for an additional 17.5% of observations. Frequently used tree holes were more likely to be found in living trees and their entrances were at lower canopy heights than infrequently used tree holes. We also found that frequently used sleeping sites, in comparison to random sites, were more likely to be found on hillsides, be close to other large trees, have a lower percent of canopy cover, and have larger diameter at breast height. Topography and small-scale variables were more accurate than were habitat-level classifications in predicting frequently used sleeping sites. There are ample tree holes available to these lion tamarins but few preferred sites to which they return repeatedly. The lion tamarins find these preferred sites wherever they occur including in mature forest and in relics of older forest embedded in a matrix of secondary forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hankerson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Franklin SP, Hankerson SJ, Baker AJ, Dietz JM. Golden lion tamarin sleeping-site use and pre-retirement behavior during intense predation. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:325-35. [PMID: 17154389 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping sites, their patterns of use, and cryptic pre-retirement behavior mitigate predation risk at sleeping sites and could influence prey fitness. We evaluated sleeping-site usage for 10 groups of golden lion tamarins (GLTs) from a population that recently suffered a substantial decline due to predation at sleeping sites. We recorded the average number of nights that groups spent at their different sleeping sites to determine whether patterns of sleeping-site use were influenced by predation risk, as measured by the rate of encounters with predators, or the availability of suitable sleeping sites, as measured by the size of a group's home range and amount of mature forest within their home range. In addition, we measured travel speed to sleeping sites and compared this speed with that recorded at other times of day. GLT groups spent more nights on average at each of their sleeping sites compared to other callitrichid species for which data are available. Predation risk and habitat characteristics were not significant predictors of how many times groups used each of their different sleeping sites. Groups significantly increased their travel speed just before entering the sleeping site. Rapid locomotion to secure tree cavities may help GLTs avoid crepuscular and nocturnal predators; however, we speculate that this strategy failed numerous GLTs in our study population during the previous decade because they used sleeping sites that were accessible to predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Franklin
- Program in Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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Franklin SP, Miller KE, Baker AJ, Dietz JM. Do cavity-nesting primates reduce scent marking before retirement to avoid attracting predators to sleeping sites? Am J Primatol 2006; 69:255-66. [PMID: 17146798 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The largest population of endangered golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, GLTs) decreased from approximately 330 to 220 individuals between 1995 and 2000 due to a dramatic increase in predation at sleeping sites. We used behavioral data from eight social groups in this population to test two hypotheses: First, if GLTs attempt to mitigate the risk of predation at sleeping sites, they should reduce their rates of scent marking just prior to retirement. Second, if the benefits of scent marking prior to entering the sleeping site merit an increase in the rate of marking, then tamarins should increase their rate of pre-retirement scent marking during the breeding season, when such behavior would have its greatest impact on reproductive fitness. We used a generalized linear model (GLM) repeated-measures analysis to compare rates of daytime scent marking with rates of marking just prior to retirement for males and females. In addition, we compared scent marking prior to retiring in the nonbreeding season to marking rates before retirement in the breeding season for males and both sexes considered concurrently. Contrary to our expectations, GLTs significantly increased their rates of scent marking during the 30 min prior to entering their sleeping site-an observation driven by an increase in male (but not female) rates of marking. Rates of marking before entering the sleeping site were greater in the nonbreeding season compared to the breeding season, when both sexes were considered concomitantly and when males were evaluated alone. We conclude that GLTs do not attempt to minimize predation risk by decreasing scent marking in the period before they enter their sleeping site, and that tamarins do not scent mark at this time of day in order to transmit information about reproductive status or to control reproduction of subordinates. We speculate that scent marking in the 30 min prior to entering sleeping sites may serve to reduce predation risk by enabling tamarin groups to return quickly to favored sleeping sites in the evening when crepuscular predators are active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Franklin
- Program in Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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LI D, GRUETER CC, REN B, ZHOU Q, LI M, PENG Z, WEI F. Characteristics of night-time sleeping places selected by golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, China. Integr Zool 2006; 1:141-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2006.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
This paper reviews recent findings on scent-marking behavior in wild New World primates. These findings are used to examine three functional hypotheses: territoriality, regulation of social and reproductive dominance, and mating competition/mate attraction. Available data provide little evidence for a territorial function of scent-marking behavior in New World primates. Evidence for a function in the regulation of social and reproductive dominance is ambiguous. The patterns of scent marking found so far (i.e., rates of scent marking according to sex and social or reproductive status, and the spatial distribution of scent marks), and the sparse information on responses to scent marks are consistent with a hypothesized function in intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice. Suggestions for future research are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard W Heymann
- Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany.
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28
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Cui L, Quan R, Xiao W. Sleeping sites of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (
Rhinopithecus bieti
) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.‐W. Cui
- Faculty of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - R.‐C. Quan
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - W. Xiao
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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29
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Sri Kantha S, Suzuki J. Sleep quantitation in common marmoset, cotton top tamarin and squirrel monkey by non-invasive actigraphy. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 144:203-10. [PMID: 16626986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep quantitation data on the Neotropical primate species, apart from the squirrel monkey, are still sparse. As such, we have quantitated sleep in the common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), cotton top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) reared in one primate facility simultaneously, by non-invasive actigraphy. The range in total sleep time/24h measured for male adult common marmosets, cotton top tamarins and squirrel monkeys were 713-793 min (n=4), 707-889 min (n=4) and 459-475 min (n=2) respectively. The range in sleep episode length /12h dark phase for marmosets, tamarins and squirrel monkeys were 21-52 min (n=3), 10-28 min (n=4) and 9-15 min (n=2) respectively. Since vigilance is a critical evolutionary adaptive feature of predator avoidance among Callitrichid monkeys and squirrel monkeys, the shorter ranges in sleep episode length recorded, even under captivity, in this study could be interpreted as probable indicators of such vigilance behavior during the rest phase. We hypothesize that the vigilance behavior when it exists during a primate's active phase should also prevail when it is at rest (sleep). This hypothesis deserves additional testing in female Callitrichid monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Sri Kantha
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Kyoto University-Primate Research Institute, Inuyama City 484-8506, Japan
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30
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Effects of Individual and Group Characteristics on Feeding Behaviors in Wild Leontopithecus rosalia. INT J PRIMATOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-005-8854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Sleeping sites of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in defaunated urban forest fragments: a strategy to maximize food intake. J Zool (1987) 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s095283690500662x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Barros M, de Souza Silva MA, Huston JP, Tomaz C. Multibehavioral analysis of fear and anxiety before, during, and after experimentally induced predatory stress in Callithrix penicillata. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 78:357-67. [PMID: 15219778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A detailed behavioral analysis of nine Callithrix penicillata was conducted in the Marmoset Predator Confrontation Test (MPCT) during (a) four habituation trials with no "predator," (b) six confrontation trials with the predator (taxidermized oncilla cat, Felis tigrina), and (c) four trials with the predator removed. The marmosets habituated to the test apparatus with significant decreases in locomotion, exploration and long calls. Initial exposure to the predator elicited mainly fear-related behaviors (proximic avoidance, tsik-tsik vocalization, swaying/tongue in-out), whereas repeated confrontations attenuated these behaviors, concomitant to an increase in anxiety-associated responses (scratching/grooming/scent marking). The initial behavioral repertoire, observed before confrontations, was fully restored only upon removal of the predator. This easily discernable complex defensive behavioral repertoire is hoped to provide a comprehensive baseline for studying the biological substrates of fear/anxiety parameters in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barros
- Institute of Physiological Psychology and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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33
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Porter LM. Forest use and activity patterns of Callimico goeldii in comparison to two sympatric tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus labiatus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2004; 124:139-53. [PMID: 15160367 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Callimico goeldii, Saguinus fuscicollis, and S. labiatus are sympatric in northern Bolivia and differ from each other in patterns of spatial and structural use of their environment. C. goeldii has a home range five times larger than that of mixed-species troops of S. fuscicollis and S. labiatus. The larger overlapping home range of C. goeldii allows it to move among Saguinus troops, giving it access to a wide range of different microhabitats. All three species use the most common microhabitat in the area, primary forest with dense understory, more than any other microhabitat type. C. goeldii habitat use varies by season, with bamboo and Heliconia microhabitats used more during the dry season. Each species shows preferences for different height classes: C. goeldii is found almost exclusively in the understory, S. fuscicollis uses the understory and middle canopy, and S. labiatus is found mostly in the middle canopy. These height class preferences are reflected in each species' locomotor styles, with C. goeldii showing the highest rates of vertical clinging and leaping, and S. labiatus showing the highest rates of branch-to-branch leaping and quadrupedal movement. The results suggest that C. goeldii may be restricted to forests with dense understory and a mosaic of other microhabitats. Furthermore, C. goeldii does not appear to use its tegulae for large branch foraging, but rather for vertical clinging and leaping between small vertical supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Porter
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-3100, USA.
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34
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Hankerson SJ, Caine NG. Pre-retirement predator encounters alter the morning behavior of captive marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi). Am J Primatol 2004; 63:75-85. [PMID: 15195329 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available on the long-term effect an encounter with a predator has on its potential prey. Anecdotal reports from field research indicate that even unsuccessful attacks by predators on callitrichids have long-lasting effects. The subjects for this study were two groups of Geoffroy's marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi) housed outside, off exhibit, at the Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Before they retired in the evening, the marmosets were observed under one of three conditions: snake model, cloth control, and no-stimulus control. Data were collected the following morning for 1 hr after the animals emerged from the sleeping box. Compared to control conditions, exposure to the snake model before retirement the previous evening was associated with significantly more vigilance checks (i.e., inspecting the area where the stimulus was last seen), and a delay in beginning to forage on the ground. These results suggest that callitrichids use recent threatening experiences to guide their vigilance behavior 12 hr after the threat is detected, and that they adjust their early morning behavior in response to potential predatory threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hankerson
- Department of Psychology, California State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, California, USA.
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35
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Castro CSSD. Tamanho da área de vida e padrão de uso do espaço em grupos de sagüis, Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81752003000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Heymann EW. Spatial patterns of scent marking in wild moustached tamarins, Saguinus mystax: no evidence for a territorial function. Anim Behav 2000; 60:723-730. [PMID: 11124870 DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
I investigated whether scent marking has a territorial function in wild moustached tamarins. I examined the spatial distribution of scent marking within the home ranges of four groups of this neotropical primate and tested predictions from Gorman & Mills' (1984, Journal of Zoology,202, 535-547) model for border and 'hinterland' marking. Although home ranges were economically defensible, no evidence was found for increased marking along the territorial boundary or in areas of home range overlap, but there was also no evidence for hinterland marking. Observed distributions of scent marking in exclusively used and overlapping areas of the home range did not deviate from distributions that would be expected if scent marking occurred at random (expectation based both on size of area and on frequency of quadrat occupation), and there was a strong correlation between frequency of quadrat occupation and frequency of scent marking per quadrat. These results indicate that scent marking has no territorial function in moustached tamarins. This is in line with mainly qualitative findings from the majority of other studies on wild marmosets and tamarins. These and other findings on scent marking in moustached tamarins suggest that this behaviour functions mainly in intersexual communication. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- EW Heymann
- Abteilung Verhaltensforschung und Ökologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum
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37
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Windfelder TL. Observations on the birth and subsequent care of twin offspring by a lone pair of wild emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator). Am J Primatol 2000; 52:107-13. [PMID: 11051446 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2345(200010)52:2<107::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The birth of emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) twins was observed in the wild. The mother was a member of lone pair in a marked population of emperor tamarins in the Manu National Park, Peru. This report describes the birth and provides subsequent information on infant care and survival. Despite some difficulties, this lone pair of relatively young, primiparous emperor tamarins was able to successfully raise twin offspring to the age of at least 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Windfelder
- Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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38
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Abstract
In this paper we describe the use of space and feeding ecology of seven groups of golden lion tamarins observed for a total of 2,164 hr in Poço das Antas Reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Relative to habitat availability in the home ranges of these groups, lion tamarins spent more time than expected in relatively undisturbed swamp forests and less time than expected in more degraded hillside and pasture habitats. Home range area was correlated with group biomass but not group size. Golden lion tamarins fed primarily on fruits and small animal prey, but relied heavily on floral nectar during seasonal periods of relatively low fruit availability. Compared to other New World monkeys, lion tamarins used larger home range areas and exhibited longer daily path lengths than would be predicted by group biomass alone. We suggest that this pattern of foraging and use of space may be explained by the relatively greater availability of cryptic prey and their microhabitats in forests that are flooded and/or have closed canopies than in forests that are in earlier stages of succession where prey may be more susceptible to desiccation during the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dietz
- Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA.
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39
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Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on the introduced, free-ranging patas monkey population of Southwestern Puerto Rico (SWPR). It describes information on the population size, social group composition, diet, daily ranging patterns, and patas home range during a 3 year period. The patas monkey population in the study area consisted of approximately 120 individuals in four heterosexual groups and several all-male bands. Within their home ranges (26.8 km2), the population density was 4.47 individuals/km2. Home range size among the population's four heterosexual groups varied from 3.72 km2 to 15.39 km2, and minimum daily distance traveled ranged from 0.8-2.0 km. In general, the social structure and mating system of this population parallels what has been described for African populations. However, habitat use, ranging behavior, and the quality of intergroup interactions suggests that patas of this population exhibit territorial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J González-Martínez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, Sabana Seca.
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40
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Abstract
The sleeping habits of wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) were investigated to assess the risk of predation and predation-avoidance behavior. Sleeping sites were distributed throughout home ranges, including areas where they overlapped with neighbors, and appeared to be selected independently of habitat characteristics. Individuals did not build night nests or otherwise manipulate the vegetation around the sleeping place but slept on open branches. Group members usually slept in separate trees, and, except for females with infants, they never shared a sleeping place. Sleeping trees were entered several hours before dusk and were used for about 14-17 h. The majority of sleeping trees were used only once, and fewer were selected repeatedly by the same or other group members. Usually females with infants went into a sleeping tree first, then juveniles, and last were mostly subadult and adult males. Intragroup competition over access to a sleeping place was observed once. Average time difference between the first and last group member to enter a sleeping tree was 13 min. The sequence of departure from sleeping trees was more variable. Gibbon sleeping habits seem to primarily reflect adaptations to minimize predation risk. The predation-risk hypothesis was indirectly supported by observations of mobbing pythons, alarm calls given in response to birdes of prey flying low over the canopy, and more importantly by 1) the predominant use of large sleeping trees, which were among the tallest trees available, particularly by adult females with small infants and juveniles, 2) an unpredictable long-term pattern of reuse of sleeping places, and 3) inconspicuous presleep behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Reichard
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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41
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Abstract
The influence of abiotic environmental factors on the period of activity of a single group of South American common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, Callitrichidae, Primates) was investigated under semi-free conditions. A group of eight members had a territory consisting of a heated wooden hut with a veranda, surrounded by an open area with a few trees (ca. 3.5 m high) and three runways made out of roofing slats, on which feeding places and sleeping boxes were fixed. The food supply was held constant throughout the observation period with respect to amount, composition and spatial distribution. From July to November 1995, the times of the onset and cessation of activity were determined using a video camera. An electronic weather station recorded the temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, and light intensity at intervals of 5 min. There was a linear correlation between day light length and the length of the period of activity over a day length of 10 to 14 hr. With shorter day lengths, the marmosets were also active during the twilight, whereas with longer day lengths a sleep phase during the late morning was introduced. Ambient temperature and humidity had also an effect on the time when activity began or ceased. Callithrix jacchus has one of the longest activity periods within the Callitrichidae. The time of sunrise or sunset, temperature, and humidity accounted for 66.2% of the variation in the time when activity began and 75.5% of the variance in the cessation of activity of the study group within the multivariate model. The results from the present study add to the indications that in the Callitrichidae there is a strong selection pressure for the highest possible energy saving during the comparatively long phase of inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suchi
- Ethologische Station der Anthropologischen Einrichtungen, Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Anderson JR. Sleep-related behavioural adaptations in free-ranging anthropoid primates. Sleep Med Rev 2000; 4:355-373. [PMID: 12531175 DOI: 10.1053/smrv.2000.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several aspects of behaviour relating to sleep in monkeys and apes are reviewed, including sleeping site selection, approach to and departure from sleeping sites, social behaviour at the sites, and nocturnal activities. Illustrative examples are given for each topic. Good sleeping sites for primates give protection from predators and/or some physical comfort from the elements and other sources of disturbance. Availability of sleeping sites may determine ranging patterns and whether an area is exploited or not. Times of retiring and resumption of daytime activities are influenced by foraging and ranging requirements. Social relationships and their influencing factors continue during the night, including dominance, kinship, affiliation and sex. Social partners may be used for thermoregulation and for increasing postural stability. Primates show a range of solutions to the problems surrounding sleep, and similarities and differences between monkeys and the large-bodied, nest-building great apes are described. Knowledge of natural sleep-related phenomena in non-human primates can provide valuable insights for human sleep research, and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
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43
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Smith AC. Interspecific differences in prey captured by associating saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached (Saguinus mystax) tamarins. J Zool (1987) 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Home range of a Geoffroy's marmoset group, Callithrix geoffroyi (Primates, Callitrichidae) in South-eastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE BIOLOGIA 2000; 60:275-281. [PMID: 10959111 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-71082000000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The home range of one group of the Geoffroy's marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) was studied in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil, between February 1993 and January 1994. The total home range was 23.3 ha and the area used in the dry season was significantly larger than that of the wet season. The smallest distance travelled by group was 480 m/day in May and the longest was 1,980 m/day in March, but with no significant differences between seasons. The total home range used for this species agrees with the ecological grouping of the genus Callithrix proposed by Rylands & Faria (1993) and may be associated with the habitat structure, the limit of the fragment and the inexistence of neighbouring groups.
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45
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Passos FDC, Keuroghlian A. Foraging behavior and microhabitats used by black lion tamarins, Leontopithecus chrysopygus (Mikan) (Primates, Callitrichidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81751999000600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Abstract
A social group of five saddle-back tamarins (
Saguinus fuscicollis
) were allowed 15 min per day in a sizeable room adjacent to their home cage. Every other day two additional novel test objects were placed in the room; one contained food on first presentation, and the next day the locations of both were sometimes moved. From the outset, and even when there were 30 objects to choose from, the animals were acute in detecting the novel objects and in remembering the objects and the locations in which they had found food. Whichever individuals had eaten first were among the first to approach the next day. Subsequent tests showed that such one-trial learning was not dependent on object-novelty; that the animals probably remembered all 30 objects and the location of each; and that they spontaneously performed what amounts to generalized delayed matching to sample. The data match or surpass the asymptotic performances of other marmosets on, for example, learning set tasks but are consistent with what is known about the foraging habits of wild S. fuscicollis. Optim al foraging theory is less likely to be an overestimate of animals’ mental capacities than previous studies are an underestimate.
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47
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Savage A, Giraldo LH, Soto LH, Snowdon CT. Demography, group composition, and dispersal in wild cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) groups. Am J Primatol 1996; 38:85-100. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)38:1<85::aid-ajp7>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/1994] [Accepted: 03/02/1995] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Heymann EW. Sleeping habits of tamarins,Saguinus mystaxandSaguinus fuscicollis(Mammalia; Primates; Callitrichidae), in north-eastern Peru. J Zool (1987) 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Activity and ranging patterns in relation to fruit utilization by Brown Capuchins (Cebus apella) in French Guiana. INT J PRIMATOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02735799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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De La Torre S, Campos F, De Vries T. Home range and birth seasonality ofSaguinus nigricollis graellsi in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Am J Primatol 1995; 37:39-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350370105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/1994] [Accepted: 01/15/1995] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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