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Boussamet L, Montassier E, Soulillou JP, Berthelot L. Anti α1-3Gal antibodies and Gal content in gut microbiota in immune disorders and multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2021; 235:108693. [PMID: 33556564 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations suggest that Gal antigen content in gut microbiota and anti-Gal antibody response may influence inflammation in immune related disorders. In this review we summarized the current knowledge on antibody response to the Gal epitope in various immune disorders. We discuss the origin of Gal antigen associated to gut microbiota. In multiple sclerosis, the possible mechanisms by which the altered microbiota and/or circulating anti-Gal level could affect the immune response in this disease are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Boussamet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Montassier
- Microbiota Hosts Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistances (MiHAR), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Service des urgences, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laureline Berthelot
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Hurh S, Kang B, Choi I, Cho B, Lee EM, Kim H, Kim YJ, Chung YS, Jeong JC, Hwang JI, Kim JY, Lee BC, Surh CD, Yang J, Ahn C. Human antibody reactivity against xenogeneic N-glycolylneuraminic acid and galactose-α-1,3-galactose antigen. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:279-92. [PMID: 27373998 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the development of α1,3-galactosyl transferase-knockout (GTKO) pigs, acute humoral xenograft rejection caused by antibodies against non-Gal antigens, along with complement activation, are hurdles that need to be overcome. Among non-Gal antigens, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is considered to play an important role in xenograft rejection in human. METHODS We generated human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells that expressed xenogeneic Neu5Gc (HEK293-pCMAH) or α1,3Gal (HEK293-pGT) antigen and investigated the degree of human antibody binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against these antigens using 100 individual human sera. RESULTS Both IgM and IgG bound to α1,3Gal, while only IgG bound to Neu5Gc. Of the ABO blood groups, the degree of IgG binding to α1,3Gal was highest for blood group A. The degree of CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells was significantly lower than that against HEK293-pGT cells. However, CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells was significantly higher than that against control HEK293 cells. In addition, the severity of CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells positively correlated with that against GTKO pig aortic endothelial cells (PAECs), suggesting that Neu5Gc is the main antigen in GTKO PAECs. Similar to antibody-binding activity, only IgG binding correlated with CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells. The most common subclass of IgGs against Neu5Gc was IgG1, which typically induces strong complement activation. CONCLUSIONS We showed that IgG-mediated CDC was detected in Neu5Gc-overexpressed HEK293 cells incubated with human sera; however, this antibody reactivity to Neu5Gc was highly variable among individuals. Our results suggest that additional modifications to the CMAH gene should be considered for widespread use of pig organs for human transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Hurh
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bohae Kang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Bumrae Cho
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwajung Kim
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young June Kim
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yun Shin Chung
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Department of Nephrology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea.,Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.,Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea.,Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Smorodin EP, Kurtenkov OA, Sergeyev BL, Branovets JS, Izotova JG, Formanovsky AA. Specificity of serum anti-A(di) IgG antibodies from patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2012; 32:170-90. [PMID: 21574090 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2011.552584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the glycosylation in cancer may lead to an aberrant expression of A, B incompatible or xenogeneic blood group related antigens. To characterize the specificity of IgG antibodies to A, B, and related glycans in sera of gastrointestinal cancer patients, serum probes and affinity-isolated antibodies were analyzed in the indirect and competitive ELISA using a set of homogenous polyacrylamide (PAA) glycoconjugates. Monoreactive antibodies recognizing A(di) (I) and cross-reactive antibodies to A(di)/B(di)/B(tri) (II) or A(di)/A(tri)/Fs(di)/Core5 (III) were affinity-isolated on A(di)-PAA-Sepharose. The population I showed a higher affinity to A(di)-PAA than cross-reactive antibodies. The antibodies II were more specific to B(di) and may belong to the core alpha-Gal reactive antibodies but are also capable of recognizing A(di). The antibodies III were more specific to A(tri); they agglutinated A-erythrocytes and belong to anti-A isoantibodies reactive to xenogeneic oligosaccharides. The purified antibody samples were non- or faintly reactive to Tn. The IC(50) values of PAA glycoconjugates ranged from 6 × 10(-8) to 7 × 10(-6) M. No or weak binding of antibodies to the unrelated antigens used in the detection of polyreactivity (ferritin, casein, and DNA) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniy P Smorodin
- Department of Oncology and Immunology, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Smorodin EP, Kurtenkov OA, Shevchuk IN, Tanner RH. The isolation and characterization of human natural alphaGal-specific IgG antibodies applicable to the detection of alphaGal-glycosphingolipids. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2005; 26:145-56. [PMID: 15794123 DOI: 10.1081/ias-200051999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Galalpha1-3Galbeta (alphaGal) hapten is xenogeneic for humans; natural anti-alphaGal antibodies are present in human serum. To study the possible abnormal expression of the alphaGal in humans and the pathophysiological role of antibodies, the method of affinity purification of human anti-alphaGal IgG was developed. The specificity of antibodies was evaluated using polyacrylamide (PAA)-based glycoconjugates in direct and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The purified antibodies exhibited alphaGal-restricted specificity. The IC50 value for alphaGal-PAA was equal to 4 x 10(-8) M. In a competitive assay, the Galalpha1-3(Fucalpha1-2)Galbeta-PAA (trisaccharide of blood group B) was found to be one hundred times less active inhibitor than alphaGal-PAA. The multivalent alphaGal-PAA was 1100 times more potent an inhibitor than the monovalent spacered alphaGal-saccharide. The antibodies did not show any reactivity to the negatively charged antigens (DNA, human tumor-derived mucins). At a concentration of 2 microg/mL, the antibodies agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes but not hare erythrocytes. The high reactivity of antibodies to the alphaGal-glycosphingolipids of rabbit erythrocytes and the pig kidney was shown by a modified sensitive method of thin-layer chromatography with immunodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Smorodin
- Department of Oncology & Immunology, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Dahl K, Kirkeby S, d'Apice AFJ, Mathiassen S, Hansen AK. The bacterial flora of α-Gal knockout mice express the α-Gal epitope comparable to wild type mice. Transpl Immunol 2005; 14:9-16. [PMID: 15814276 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human genome possesses pseudogenes for the enzyme alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase and hence, human cells and tissues do not express the Galalpha terminated trisaccharide structure Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc, the so-called alpha-Gal epitope. Circulating antibodies specific for this carbohydrate epitope are, however, present in high amounts in humans. It has previously been hypothesized that the antibody production is induced by the presence of the alpha-Gal epitope in the cell walls of the enteric flora, especially Enterobacteriaceae spp. However, in mice, in which the epitope has been deleted by targeted mutation of the gal-transferase gene, alpha-Gal antibodies do not appear without prior immunization, although the mice through their growth probably have been exposed to a normal bacterial flora of e.g. Enterobacteriaceae spp. It is unknown whether there are different types of immune reactions to antigenic carbohydrate expressing bacteria and whether there are discrepancies in the enteric flora between these knockout mice and their wild type litter mates. In this study the enteric flora of alpha-Gal knockout and wild type mice was compared both in relation to the prevalence of different types of bacteria in the two groups of mice, as well as in relation to the expression of the epitope on the surface of Enterobacteriaceae spp. Our results showed that the enteric flora did not differ significantly between knockout and wild type mice and that it was comparable to the flora known to be present in the intestines of other mice. All Enterobacteriaceae spp. examined expressed the alpha-Gal epitope no matter whether they were isolated from knockout or wild type mice. It is, therefore, discussed whether it is more reasonable to assume that alpha-Gal antibodies in mammals that do not produce alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase such as in the knock mice and in humans are the result of another antigen stimulant than these common representatives of the enteric flora, that we isolated from the two types of mice. Possible candidates for a carrier in humans could be bacteria or viruses not isolated from barrier-bred mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dahl
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Welfare, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 35, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Posekany KJ, Pittman HK, Bradfield JF, Haisch CE, Verbanac KM. Induction of cytolytic anti-Gal antibodies in alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout mice by oral inoculation with Escherichia coli O86:B7 bacteria. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6215-22. [PMID: 12379700 PMCID: PMC130328 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6215-6222.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring antibodies against [Gal alpha-1,3-Gal] structures (anti-Gal antibodies) are the primary effectors of human hyperacute rejection (HAR) of nonhuman tissue. Unlike most mammals, humans lack a functional alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene and produce abundant anti-Gal antibodies, putatively in response to GalT(+) enteric bacteria. GalT knockout (KO) mice have been generated as a small animal model of HAR but inconsistently express anti-Gal antibodies. We hypothesized that enteric exposure of GalT KO mice to live GalT(+) bacteria would produce cytolytic anti-Gal antibodies. Naive mice lacking anti-Gal antibodies were orally immunized with 10(10) live GalT(+) Escherichia coli O86:B7 bacteria and assayed for anti-Gal antibody titer, isotype, and cytolytic activity. Fecal samples were tested for E. coli O86:B7 prior to and after inoculation. In two separate experiments, 77 to 100% (n = 31) of mice developed serum anti-Gal immunoglobulin G (IgG; titer, 1:5 to 1:80) and/or anti-Gal IgM antibodies (titer, 1:5 to 1:1,280) 14 days postinoculation. Induced anti-Gal antibodies caused complement-mediated cytolysis of GalT(+) target cells, with extensive cytolysis observed consistently at serum IgM titers of >/=1:320. Absorption with synthetic [Gal alpha-1,3-Gal] inhibited both antibody binding and cytolysis. E. coli O86:B7 was recovered from stool samples from 83 to 94% of inoculated mice but not from naive mice, thus confirming enteric exposure. These findings demonstrate that oral inoculation with E. coli O86:B7 is a novel and effective method to induce cytolytic anti-Gal antibodies in GalT KO mice and support the premise that enteric exposure to GalT(+) bacteria induces anti-Gal antibodies in humans. These studies also suggest a role for GalT KO mice in elucidating anti-Gal responses in microbial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Posekany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
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Hernàndez DE, Cohen A, Fisher D, Correnti M, Harner R. Antibody levels against galactosyl (alpha1 --> 3) galactose epitopes in cervical mucus from patients with human papillomavirus infection. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 84:374-7. [PMID: 11855872 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2001.6516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The general objective of the present study is to quantify antigalactosyl (alpha1 --> 3) galactose (anti-Gal) antibody levels in the cervical mucus of patients with/without human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and, as specific objectives, to compare these levels in the different HPV subgroups and with the presence of intraepithelial lesions. METHODS Sixty women between 18 and 35 years old (mean: 26 years) were studied through the following methods: vaginal cytology, colposcopy, biopsy of suspicious lesions, sample taking for evaluating HPV presence through PCR and hybridization, and quantification of anti-Gal levels using ELISA with laminin antigen extracted from the Engelbreth-Horm-Swarm cell line. RESULTS The presence of HPV was detected in 55% of patients; 45% of them had intermediate/high oncogenic risk HPV, 12% had low oncogenic risk HPV, and the other 43% had both subgroups. There were significantly higher anti-Gal levels in the HPV+ group when compared with the HPV- group (P < 0.0001); also, when dividing the HPV+ group into one subgroup with normal cytology and another with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, we found higher values in the latter group (P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in anti-Gal levels in the various HPV subgroups. CONCLUSION High anti-Gal levels are found in the cervical mucus of patients with HPV infection and CIN 1, which suggests the participation of local humoral immunity in cervical lesions.
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