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Liu K, Wu Y, Yang W, Li T, Wang Z, Xiao S, Peng Z, Li M, Xiong W, Li M, Chen X, Zhang S, Lei X. α-Ketoglutarate Improves Ovarian Reserve Function in Primary Ovarian Insufficiency by Inhibiting NLRP3-Mediated Pyroptosis of Granulosa Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300784. [PMID: 38314939 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common female infertility problem, with its pathogenesis remains unknown. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated pyroptosis has been proposed as a possible mechanism in POI. This study investigates the therapeutic effect of α-ketoglutarate (AKG) on ovarian reserve function in POI rats and further explores the potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS POI rats are caused by administration of cyclophosphamide (CTX) to determine whether AKG has a protective effect. AKG treatment increases the ovarian index, maintains both serum hormone levels and follicle number, and improves the ovarian reserve function in POI rats, as evidence by increased the level of lactate and the expression of rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis in the ovaries, additionally reduced the expression of NLRP3, Gasdermin D (GSDMD), Caspase-1, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), and Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). In vitro, KGN cells are treated with LPS and nigericin to mimic pyroptosis, then treated with AKG and MCC950. AKG inhibits inflammatory and pyroptosis factors such as NLRP3, restores the glycolysis process in vitro, meanwhile inhibition of NLRP3 has the same effect. CONCLUSION AKG ameliorates CTX-induced POI by inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis, which provides a new therapeutic strategy and drug target for clinical POI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhongxu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhenghua Peng
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Wenhao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Meixiang Li
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541001, China
| | - Xiaocan Lei
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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Naeini SH, Mavaddatiyan L, Kalkhoran ZR, Taherkhani S, Talkhabi M. Alpha-ketoglutarate as a potent regulator for lifespan and healthspan: Evidences and perspectives. Exp Gerontol 2023; 175:112154. [PMID: 36934991 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process that determined by a functional decline in cells and tissues as organisms are growing old, resulting in an increase at risk of disease and death. To this end, many efforts have been made to control aging and increase lifespan and healthspan. These efforts have led to the discovery of several anti-aging drugs and compounds such as rapamycin and metformin. Recently, alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) has been introduced as a potential anti-aging metabolite that can control several functions in organisms, thereby increases longevity and improves healthspan. Unlike other synthetic anti-aging drugs, AKG is one of the metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, and synthesized in the body. It plays a crucial role in the cell energy metabolism, amino acid/protein synthesis, epigenetic regulation, stemness and differentiation, fertility and reproductive health, and cancer cell behaviors. AKG exerts its effects through different mechanisms such as inhibiting mTOR and ATP-synthase, modulating DNA and histone demethylation and reducing ROS formation. Herein, we summarize the recent findings of AKG-related lifespan and healthspan studies and discuss AKG associated cell and molecular mechanisms involved in increasing longevity, improving reproduction, and modulating stem cells and cancer cells behavior. We also discuss the promises and limitations of AKG for delaying aging and other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Hakimi Naeini
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laleh Mavaddatiyan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rashid Kalkhoran
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Taherkhani
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Enhancement of α-Ketoglutaric Acid Production by Yarrowia lipolytica Grown on Mixed Renewable Carbon Sources through Adjustment of Culture Conditions. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Ketoglutaric acid (KGA) is a valuable compound with a wide range of applications, e.g., in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries. The present study aimed to enhance the efficiency of KGA production by Yarrowia lipolytica CBS146773 from renewable carbon sources. In the investigation, various factors that may potentially affect KGA biosynthesis were examined in bioreactor cultures performed on a simple medium containing glycerol (20 g/L) and fed with four portions of a substrate mixture (15 + 15 g/L of glycerol and rapeseed oil). It was found that the process may be stimulated by regulation of the medium pH and aeration, application of selected neutralizing agents, supplementation with thiamine and addition of sorbitan monolaurate, whereas presence of biotin and iron ions had no positive effect on KGA biosynthesis. Adjustment of the parameters improved the process efficiency and allowed 82.4 g/L of KGA to be obtained, corresponding to productivity of 0.57 g/L h and yield of 0.59 g/g. In addition, the production of KGA was characterized by a low level (≤6.3 g/L) of by-products, i.e., citric and pyruvic acids. The results confirmed the high potential of renewable carbon sources (glycerol + rapeseed oil) for effective KGA biosynthesis by Yarrowia lipolytica.
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4
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Song S, Guo Y, Yang Y, Fu D. Advances in pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108168. [PMID: 35283172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, is the most common bone disorder worldwide characterized by low bone mineral density, leaving affected bones vulnerable to fracture. Bone homeostasis depends on the precise balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone matrix formation by mesenchymal lineage osteoblasts, and involves a series of complex and highly regulated steps. Bone homeostasis will be disrupted when the speed of bone resorption is faster than bone formation. Based on various regulatory mechanisms of bone homeostasis, a series of drugs targeting osteoporosis have emerged in clinical practice, including bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, calcitonin, molecular-targeted drugs and so on. However, many drugs have major adverse effects or are unsuitable for long-term use. Therefore, it is very urgent to find more effective therapeutic drugs based on the new pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize novel mechanisms involved in the pathological process of osteoporosis, including the roles of gut microbiome, autophagy, iron balance and cellular senescence. Based on the above pathological mechanism, we found promising drugs for osteoporosis treatment, such as: probiotics, alpha-ketoglutarate, senolytics and hydrogen sulfide. This new finding may provide an important basis for elucidating the complex pathological mechanisms of osteoporosis and provide promising drugs for clinical osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, PR China
| | - Yuehua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Dehao Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, PR China.
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5
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Tabibzadeh S. Resolving Geroplasticity to the Balance of Rejuvenins and Geriatrins. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1664-1714. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Tomaszewska-Hetman L, Rywińska A, Lazar Z, Juszczyk P, Rakicka-Pustułka M, Janek T, Kuźmińska-Bajor M, Rymowicz W. Application of a New Engineered Strain of Yarrowia lipolytica for Effective Production of Calcium Ketoglutarate Dietary Supplements. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7577. [PMID: 34299193 PMCID: PMC8304598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a technology for the production of dietary supplements based on yeast biomass and α-ketoglutaric acid (KGA), produced by a new transformant of Yarrowia lipolytica with improved KGA biosynthesis ability, as well to verify the usefulness of the obtained products for food and feed purposes. Transformants of Y. lipolytica were constructed to overexpress genes encoding glycerol kinase, methylcitrate synthase and mitochondrial organic acid transporter. The strains were compared in terms of growth ability in glycerol- and oil-based media as well as their suitability for KGA biosynthesis in mixed glycerol-oil medium. The impact of different C:N:P ratios on KGA production by selected strain was also evaluated. Application of the strain that overexpressed all three genes in the culture with a C:N:P ratio of 87:5:1 allowed us to obtain 53.1 g/L of KGA with productivity of 0.35 g/Lh and yield of 0.53 g/g. Finally, the possibility of obtaining three different products with desired nutritional and health-beneficial characteristics was demonstrated: (1) calcium α-ketoglutarate (CaKGA) with purity of 89.9% obtained by precipitation of KGA with CaCO3, (2) yeast biomass with very good nutritional properties, (3) fixed biomass-CaKGA preparation containing 87.2 μg/g of kynurenic acid, which increases the health-promoting value of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwika Tomaszewska-Hetman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Street 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.R.); (Z.L.); (P.J.); (M.R.-P.); (T.J.); (M.K.-B.); (W.R.)
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7
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Asadi Shahmirzadi A, Edgar D, Liao CY, Hsu YM, Lucanic M, Asadi Shahmirzadi A, Wiley CD, Gan G, Kim DE, Kasler HG, Kuehnemann C, Kaplowitz B, Bhaumik D, Riley RR, Kennedy BK, Lithgow GJ. Alpha-Ketoglutarate, an Endogenous Metabolite, Extends Lifespan and Compresses Morbidity in Aging Mice. Cell Metab 2020; 32:447-456.e6. [PMID: 32877690 PMCID: PMC8508957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism and aging are tightly connected. Alpha-ketoglutarate is a key metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and its levels change upon fasting, exercise, and aging. Here, we investigate the effect of alpha-ketoglutarate (delivered in the form of a calcium salt, CaAKG) on healthspan and lifespan in C57BL/6 mice. To probe the relationship between healthspan and lifespan extension in mammals, we performed a series of longitudinal, clinically relevant measurements. We find that CaAKG promotes a longer, healthier life associated with a decrease in levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines. We propose that induction of IL-10 by dietary AKG suppresses chronic inflammation, leading to health benefits. By simultaneously reducing frailty and enhancing longevity, AKG, at least in the murine model, results in a compression of morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Asadi Shahmirzadi
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90191, USA
| | - Daniel Edgar
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Chen-Yu Liao
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Yueh-Mei Hsu
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Mark Lucanic
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | | | - Christopher D Wiley
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Garbo Gan
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Dong Eun Kim
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Herbert G Kasler
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Chisaka Kuehnemann
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Brian Kaplowitz
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Dipa Bhaumik
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Rebeccah R Riley
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; Healthy Longevity Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr., Singapore 117597, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd., Singapore 119228, Singapore; Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
| | - Gordon J Lithgow
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90191, USA.
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8
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Elias IM, Sinclair G, Blydt-Hansen TD. Acute Shoshin beriberi syndrome immediately post-kidney transplant with rapid recovery after thiamine administration. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13493. [PMID: 31124207 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric kidney transplant surgery is usually well tolerated, despite suboptimal physical conditioning that may result from uremia and nutritional deficiencies that accompany end-stage kidney failure. Nutritional supplementation is used to overcome such deficiencies, especially for children needing dialysis. Thiamine, a water-soluble vitamin also known as vitamin B1, is a critical cofactor in energy metabolism and may be competitively inhibited by the antimetabolite oxythiamine, a uremic toxin that accumulates in kidney failure. We report a case of a thiamine deficiency syndrome leading to overwhelming cardiac dysfunction, metabolic instability, and hemodynamic compromise, after otherwise uneventful kidney transplant surgery. Prior to transplant, this 14-year-old boy was treated with peritoneal dialysis and received thiamine supplementation. Post-transplant, the patient first developed hyperglycemia, then lactic acidosis, and subsequently hemodynamic instability despite escalating treatment with volume resuscitation and inotropic medication. He made a rapid and complete recovery after administration of IV thiamine. This is the first reported case of Shoshin beriberi syndrome in a pediatric kidney transplant recipient. Inadequate dialysis may have been a key factor, with toxin accumulation and thiamine transporter downregulation contributing to his status. Functional thiamine deficiency should be considered as a potential treatable cause of early post-transplant hemodynamic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Elias
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graham Sinclair
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom D Blydt-Hansen
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Zeng Q, Song H, Xu X, Mao W, Xie H, Liang J, Chen X, Chen D, Zhan Y. Health effects of kiwi wine on rats: an untargeted metabolic fingerprint study based on GC-MS/TOF. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13797-13807. [PMID: 35519589 PMCID: PMC9063974 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02138h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiwi wine is a popular fermentation product of kiwi fruit in Asian countries. To better understand the potential health effects of kiwi wine, an untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) approach was taken to assess the metabolic fingerprint of rats after dietary ingestion of kiwi wine. 7 differentially expressed endogenous metabolites from serum and 8 from urine were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism pathway, fat metabolism and other metabolisms and selected from the KEGG. The above results showed that kiwi wine mainly led to a pronounced perturbation of energy metabolism (especially carbohydrate metabolism) during the consumption period. After stopping the supply of kiwi wine 30 days later, 6 and 3 endogenous metabolites from serum and urine respectively were screened and involved in a small part of carbohydrate related amino acid metabolism and fat metabolism, which indicated that the effect of kiwi wine sustained a lasting effect on energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism after stopping the supply. Thus, kiwi wine might have a positive function on health associated with the metabolism of its constituents. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides a nutrition field view for the development of the kiwi wine agricultural industry via an untargeted GC-MS metabolomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Hongjin Song
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Wenjie Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Hui Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Jimin Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Xueli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Dan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
| | - Yonghua Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710071 China
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Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Emanuele E, Pareja-Galeano H, Lucia A. Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2983-3008. [PMID: 30604177 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several supplements are purported to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy subjects, or to prevent muscle wasting in atrophying situations (e.g., ageing or disuse periods). However, their effectiveness remains unclear. METHODS This review summarizes the available evidence on the beneficial impacts of several popular supplements on muscle mass or strength. RESULTS Among the supplements tested, nitrate and caffeine returned sufficient evidence supporting their acute beneficial effects on muscle strength, whereas the long-term consumption of creatine, protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to consistently increase or preserve muscle mass and strength (evidence level A). On the other hand, mixed or unclear evidence was found for several popular supplements including branched-chain amino acids, adenosine triphosphate, citrulline, β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, minerals, most vitamins, phosphatidic acid or arginine (evidence level B), weak or scarce evidence was found for conjugated linoleic acid, glutamine, resveratrol, tribulus terrestris or ursolic acid (evidence level C), and no evidence was found for other supplements such as ornithine or α-ketoglutarate (evidence D). Of note, although most supplements appear to be safe when consumed at typical doses, some adverse events have been reported for some of them (e.g., caffeine, vitamins, α-ketoglutarate, tribulus terrestris, arginine) after large intakes, and there is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of many frequently used supplements (e.g., ornithine, conjugated linoleic acid, ursolic acid). CONCLUSION In summary, despite their popularity, there is little evidence supporting the use of most supplements, and some of them have been even proven ineffective or potentially associated with adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain.,Physiology Unit. Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier S Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain. .,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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Fast, affordable and eco-friendly enzyme kinetic method for the assay of α-ketoglutaric acid in medical product and sports supplements. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 116:72-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Chen J, Su W, Kang B, Jiang Q, Zhao Y, Fu C, Yao K. Supplementation with α-ketoglutarate to a low-protein diet enhances amino acid synthesis in tissues and improves protein metabolism in the skeletal muscle of growing pigs. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1525-1537. [PMID: 30167964 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is a crucial intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and can be used for the production of ATP and amino acids in animal tissues. However, the effect of AKG on the expression patterns of genes involved in muscle protein metabolism is largely unknown, and the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we used young pigs to investigate the effects of a low crude protein (CP) diet and a low CP diet supplemented with AKG on protein accretion in their skeletal muscle. A total of 27 growing pigs with an initial body weight of 11.96 ± 0.18 kg were assigned randomly to one of the three diets: control (normal recommended 20% CP, NP), low CP (17% CP, LP), or low CP supplemented with 1% AKG (ALP). The pigs were fed their respective diets for 35 days. Free amino acid (AA) profile and hormone levels in the serum, and the expression of genes implicated in protein metabolism in skeletal muscle were examined. Results showed that compared with the control group or LP group, low-protein diets supplemented with AKG enhanced serum and intramuscular free AA concentrations, the mRNA abundances of AA transporters, and serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and decreased serum urea concentration and the mRNA levels for genes related to muscle protein degradation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that addition of AKG to a low-protein diet promotes amino acid synthesis in tissues and improves protein metabolism in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Baoju Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Kang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
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Chen J, Wu F, Yang H, Li F, Jiang Q, Liu S, Kang B, Li S, Adebowale T, Huang N, Li H, Yin Y, Fu C, Yao K. Growth performance, nitrogen balance, and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in growing pigs fed diets supplemented with alpha-ketoglutarate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Song H, Li W, Liu BM, Sun XM, Ding JX, Chen N, Ji YB, Xiang Z. Study of the estrogenic-like mechanism of glycosides of cistanche using metabolomics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cistanche deserticola, known as Rou Cong-Rong in China, has been used as a tonic for more than 1800 years, with previous studies demonstrating that glycosides of cistanche (GCs) are a main active component.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Song
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Research Center of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin
- China
| | - W. L. Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin
- China
| | - B. M. Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital
- Harbin
- China
| | - X. M. Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Research Center of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin
- China
| | - J. X. Ding
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Research Center of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin
- China
| | - N. Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Research Center of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin
- China
| | - Y. B. Ji
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Research Center of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin
- China
| | - Z. Xiang
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Research Center of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin
- China
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15
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Alpha-Ketoglutarate as a Molecule with Pleiotropic Activity: Well-Known and Novel Possibilities of Therapeutic Use. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:21-36. [PMID: 27326424 PMCID: PMC5274648 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), an endogenous intermediary metabolite in the Krebs cycle, is a molecule involved in multiple metabolic and cellular pathways. It functions as an energy donor, a precursor in the amino acid biosynthesis, a signalling molecule, as well as a regulator of epigenetic processes and cellular signalling via protein binding. AKG is an obligatory co-substrate for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, which catalyse hydroxylation reactions on various types of substrates. It regulates the activity of prolyl-4 hydroxylase, which controls the biosynthesis of collagen, a component of bone tissue. AKG also affects the functioning of prolyl hydroxylases, which, in turn, influences the function of the hypoxia-inducible factor, an important transcription factor in cancer development and progression. Additionally, it affects the functioning of enzymes that influence epigenetic modifications of chromatin: ten-eleven translocation hydroxylases involved in DNA demethylation and the Jumonji C domain containing lysine demethylases, which are the major histone demethylases. Thus, it regulates gene expression. The metabolic and extrametabolic function of AKG in cells and the organism open many different fields for therapeutic interventions for treatment of diseases. This review presents the results of studies conducted with the use of AKG in states of protein deficiency and oxidative stress conditions. It also discusses current knowledge about AKG as an immunomodulatory agent and a bone anabolic factor. Additionally, the regulatory role of AKG and its structural analogues in carcinogenesis as well as the results of studies of AKG as an anticancer agent are discussed.
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Prandini A, Morlacchini M, Sigolo S, Fiorentini L, Gallo A. Anticatabolic activity of alpha-ketoglutaric acid in growing rats. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2012.e52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Wu N, Yang M, Gaur U, Xu H, Yao Y, Li D. Alpha-Ketoglutarate: Physiological Functions and Applications. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:1-8. [PMID: 26759695 PMCID: PMC4703346 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key molecule in the Krebs cycle determining the overall rate of the citric acid cycle of the organism. It is a nitrogen scavenger and a source of glutamate and glutamine that stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscles. AKG as a precursor of glutamate and glutamine is a central metabolic fuel for cells of the gastrointestinal tract as well. AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in the skeletal muscles and can be used in clinical applications. In addition to these health benefits, a recent study has shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. AKG not only extends lifespan, but also delays age-related disease. In this review, we will summarize the advances in AKG research field, in the content of its physiological functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
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Holecek M. Evidence of a vicious cycle in glutamine synthesis and breakdown in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy-therapeutic perspectives. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:9-17. [PMID: 23996300 PMCID: PMC3930847 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial clinical and experimental evidence that ammonia is a major factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. In the article is demonstrated that in hepatocellular dysfunction, ammonia detoxification to glutamine (GLN) in skeletal muscle, brain, and likely the lungs, is activated. In addition to ammonia detoxification, enhanced GLN production may exert beneficial effects on the immune system and gut barrier function. However, enhanced GLN synthesis may exert adverse effects in the brain (swelling of astrocytes or altered neurotransmission) and stimulate catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the majority of GLN produced is released to the blood and catabolized in enterocytes and the kidneys to ammonia, which due to liver injury escapes detoxification to urea and appears in peripheral blood. As only one molecule of ammonia is detoxified in GLN synthesis whereas two molecules may appear in GLN breakdown, these events can be seen as a vicious cycle in which enhanced ammonia concentration activates synthesis of GLN leading to its subsequent catabolism and increase in ammonia levels in the blood. These alterations may explain why therapies targeted to intestinal bacteria have only a limited effect on ammonia levels in patients with liver failure and indicate the needs of new therapeutic strategies focused on GLN metabolism. It is demonstrated that each of the various treatment options targeting only one the of the ammonia-lowering mechanisms that affect GLN metabolism, such as enhancing GLN synthesis (BCAA), suppressing ammonia production from GLN breakdown (glutaminase inhibitors and alpha-ketoglutarate), and promoting GLN elimination (phenylbutyrate) exerts substantial adverse effects that can be avoided if their combination is tailored to the specific needs of each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holecek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, 500 38, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic,
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Enhanced production of α-ketoglutarate by fed-batch culture in the metabolically engineered strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wieschalka S, Blombach B, Bott M, Eikmanns BJ. Bio-based production of organic acids with Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23199277 PMCID: PMC3917452 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The shortage of oil resources, the steadily rising oil prices and the impact of its use on the environment evokes an increasing political, industrial and technical interest for development of safe and efficient processes for the production of chemicals from renewable biomass. Thus, microbial fermentation of renewable feedstocks found its way in white biotechnology, complementing more and more traditional crude oil-based chemical processes. Rational strain design of appropriate microorganisms has become possible due to steadily increasing knowledge on metabolism and pathway regulation of industrially relevant organisms and, aside from process engineering and optimization, has an outstanding impact on improving the performance of such hosts. Corynebacterium glutamicum is well known as workhorse for the industrial production of numerous amino acids. However, recent studies also explored the usefulness of this organism for the production of several organic acids and great efforts have been made for improvement of the performance. This review summarizes the current knowledge and recent achievements on metabolic engineering approaches to tailor C. glutamicum for the bio-based production of organic acids. We focus here on the fermentative production of pyruvate, L- and D-lactate, 2-ketoisovalerate, 2-ketoglutarate, and succinate. These organic acids represent a class of compounds with manifold application ranges, e.g. in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry, as food additives, and economically very interesting, as precursors for a variety of bulk chemicals and commercially important polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wieschalka
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Jo JH, Seol HY, Lee YB, Kim MH, Hyun HH, Lee HH. Disruption of genes for the enhanced biosynthesis of α-ketoglutarate in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:278-86. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of microbial strains for the enhanced production of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) was investigated using a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that overproduces of l-glutamate, by disrupting three genes involved in the α-KG biosynthetic pathway. The pathways competing with the biosynthesis of α-KG were blocked by knocking out aceA (encoding isocitrate lyase, ICL), gdh (encoding glutamate dehydrogenase, l-gluDH), and gltB (encoding glutamate synthase or glutamate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, GOGAT). The strain with aceA, gltB, and gdh disrupted showed reduced ICL activity and no GOGAT and l-gluDH activities, resulting in up to 16-fold more α-KG production than the control strain in flask culture. These results suggest that l-gluDH is the key enzyme in the conversion of α-KG to l-glutamate; therefore, prevention of this step could promote α-KG accumulation. The inactivation of ICL leads the carbon flow to α-KG by blocking the glyoxylate pathway. However, the disruption of gltB did not affect the biosynthesis of α-KG. Our results can be applied in the industrial production of α-KG by using C. glutamicum as producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Jo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 449-791, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Seol
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 449-791, Korea
| | - Yun-Bom Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 449-791, Korea
| | - Min-Hong Kim
- MH2 Biochemical, Eumseong, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 396-841, Korea
| | - Hyung-Hwan Hyun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 449-791, Korea
| | - Hyune-Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 449-791, Korea
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Park JT, Hirano JI, Thangavel V, Riebel BR, Bommarius AS. NAD(P)H oxidase V from Lactobacillus plantarum (NoxV) displays enhanced operational stability even in absence of reducing agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Filip R, Raszewski G. Bone mineral density and bone turnover in relation to serum leptin, alpha-ketoglutarate and sex steroids in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:214-20. [PMID: 18547340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that parallel changes in body weight and bone mass can be partially mediated via circulating leptin. Therefore, among the hormones involved in bone and mineral metabolism, such as oestrogens, testosterone and parathormone, leptin has recently become a subject of considerable interest. The aim of this study was to assess associations between leptin, E(2), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), SHBG, alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) and bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. DESIGN Eighty healthy, postmenopausal Caucasian women were studied. BMD of the lumbar spine (L(2)-L(4)) and femoral neck regions were examined using the dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method. Associations were evaluated in stepwise multiple regression analysis, including information on the possible confounders and effect modifiers, for example, age, years since menopause, height and weight. RESULTS Femoral neck BMD was positively correlated with weight (r = 0.52, P < 0.000001), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.48, P < 0.000006), hipline (r = 0.48, P < 0.00006), waistline (r = 0.45, P < 0.00002) and DHEA-S (r = 0.36, P < 0.0008). Correlations of E(2), SHBG, testosterone and leptin, as well as biochemical markers of bone turnover with L(2)-L(4) and femoral neck BMD were not found. In the whole study group, significant predictors of L(2)-L(4 )BMD were BMI (beta = 0.35, P < 0.01) testosterone (beta = 0.27, P < 0.05) and osteocalcin (OC) (beta = 0.22, P < 0.05) (R(2) = 0.23), while predictors of femoral neck BMD were BMI (beta = 0.42, P < 0.001), testosterone (beta = 0.24, P < 0.05), E(2) (beta = 0.19, P < 0.05), as well as osteocalcin (beta = 0.20, P < 0.05) (R(2) = 0.41). In the subgroup with BMI 30-39.9, the significant predictors of both L(2)-L(4 )and femoral neck BMD were testosterone (beta = 0.32, P < 0.05, R(2) = 0.19; beta = 0.33, P < 0.05, R(2) = 0.29) and osteocalcin (beta = 0.34, P < 0.05, R(2) = 0.19; beta = 0.45, P < 0.01, R(2) = 0.29). In the subgroup with waist : hip ratio (WHR > or = 0.85, the predictor of L(2)-L(4 )BMD was E(2) (beta = 0.38, P < 0.05) (R(2) = 0.21), whereas the predictors of femoral neck BMD were BMI (beta = 0.29, P < 0.05) and testosterone (beta = 0.35, P < 0.01) (R(2) = 0.36). CONCLUSION The main endocrine variable predicting lumbar spine BMD in overweight and obese postmenopausal females was testosterone, while the main determinants of femoral neck BMD were both testosterone and E(2). No effect was found of serum leptin on examined indicators of bone status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Filip
- Department of Bone Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland.
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Filip R, Pierzynowski SG. The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of enteraly administered alpha-ketoglutarate in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:182-9. [PMID: 18336415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of enteral alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) was studied in four experiments. Six male Sprague Dawley rats were used to investigate the excretion of AKG in urine and faeces. Thirty rats, randomly assigned to five groups, were used to investigate the distribution of AKG in body tissues. They were gavaged with AKG enriched with 3 muCi/kg BW of (14)C uniformly marked AKG. Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats were used to study the absorption of AKG (duodenum vs. ileum). Intestinal recovery of NaAKG vs. CaAKG was investigated in 36 rats. There was no significant excretion of non-metabolized AKG in the urine and faeces. There was no significant difference in the systemic levels of AKG when comparing the proximal to distal small intestine infusion. Up to 50%, 30% and 20% of gastrically delivered AKG was recovered in the stomach, 0.5, 1 and 2 h after gavage; the jejunal recovery achieved a maximum of 3%, 30 min after gavage, and was not detectable 2 h later. There was a relatively high distribution of (14)C-AKG in the tissues (e.g. liver, brain, bones, skin, muscles), 3 h after gavage, up to 70% of the administered dose. In conclusion, the high rate of retention of the carbon from AKG allows the postulation that there is a non-energetic mode of metabolism of intragastrically administered AKG. After conversion to final metabolites, AKG penetrates into all tissues and organs of rats, including the bone tissue. Intestinal absorption of AKG does not depend on the type of AKG salt administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Filip
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Bone and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
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25
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Intracellular alpha-keto acid quantification by fluorescence-HPLC. Amino Acids 2008; 36:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kristensen NB, Jungvid H, Fernández JA, Pierzynowski SG. Absorption and metabolism of alpha-ketoglutarate in growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2004; 86:239-45. [PMID: 15379910 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0396.2002.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The portal appearance of enteral alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and the effect of enteral or parenteral AKG on portal net appearance of glucose, short-chain fatty acids, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, proline and insulin were investigated in three growing pigs. During the experimental samplings the pigs were fed hourly with a standard feed mix with 5% glucose (control), 5% AKG (enteral) or no feed additive but continuously infused with AKG into the mesenteric vein in an amount equivalent to 5% of feed intake (parenteral). The arterial plasma concentration of AKG increased (p < 0.05) following both enteral (from 16+/-2 to 22+/-3 micromol/l) and parenteral (from 16+/-2 to 425+/-27 micromol/l) administration of AKG. With the enteral treatment 4+/-1% of the AKG could be accounted for in the portal vein, however, with the parenteral treatment 86+/-5% could be accounted for in the portal vein. The arterial plasma concentration of proline increased (p < 0.05) with the enteral treatment (365 +/- 3 to 443 +/- 39 micromol/l), but was not affected by the parenteral treatment (p > 0.10). The plasma concentration glutamine decreased (p < 0.05) with the parenteral treatment only. The portal net appearance of proline showed a numerical increase with the enteral treatment but no other affects on arterial concentrations or portal net appearance were found. A small accompanying study showed that only small amounts of enteral AKG was present in the small intestine. It was therefore concluded that enteral AKG has a low availability to peripheral tissues either because it is absorbed and metabolized in the stomach and duodenum or because it is metabolized by microbes in the stomach. The study showed that AKG is metabolized differently following enteral and parenteral application in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Kristensen
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Tjele, Denmark.
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Ödman P, Wellborn WB, Bommarius AS. An enzymatic process to α-ketoglutarate from l-glutamate: the coupled system l-glutamate dehydrogenase/NADH oxidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wirén M, Permert J, Larsson J. Alpha-ketoglutarate-supplemented enteral nutrition: effects on postoperative nitrogen balance and muscle catabolism. Nutrition 2003; 18:725-8. [PMID: 12297206 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enteral feeding in the early postoperative phase may improve gut integrity and reduce infectious complications after trauma and surgery. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of alpha-ketoglutarate enrichment of enteral feeding and the effect on protein metabolism after major surgery. Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery were randomly allocated to receive a standard whole-protein-based enteral nutrition solution (n = 9) or an isonitrogenous, isocaloric solution enriched with alpha-ketoglutarate (n = 11) for 5 d postoperatively. The nutritional goals by day 4 were 25 kcal and 0.17 g of nitrogen, respectively, per kilogram of body weight every 24 h. Standard blood analysis, including prealbumin and C-peptide, was performed preoperatively and on days 1, 3, and 6. Urine was collected daily for nitrogen and 3-methylhistidine analyses. Due to restricted tolerance to enteral feeding, the nitrogen delivery reached only 0.10 g of nitrogen per kilogram of body weight. Transthyretin decreased by 25% in both groups, and albumin decreased significantly in the enriched group compared with the standard nutrition. There were no significant differences in nitrogen balance, excretion of 3-methylhistidine, or clinical outcome between groups. Enrichment of a whole-protein-based formula with alpha-ketoglutarate did not improve protein metabolism or decrease muscle catabolism after major abdominal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Wirén
- Center for Surgical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Theoretically, alpha-ketoglutarate is a precursor of glutamine, a fact that may be of importance given the key regulatory properties of this amino acid. Although the literature suggests that glutamine synthesis accounts only for a marginal part of the disposal of exogenously supplied alpha-ketoglutarate, administered alpha-ketoglutarate has a potent 'sparing' effect on endogenous glutamine pools. When alpha-ketoglutarate is supplied as an ornithine salt, a synergistic effect of the two parts of the molecule increases the synthesis of glutamine or the 'sparing' of endogenous glutamine pools. In addition, alpha-ketoglutarate in combination with ornithine dramatically increases the synthesis of arginine, proline and polyamines, which also play key roles in metabolic adaptation to trauma. The recent literature suggests that the administration of alpha-ketoglutarate in combination with ornithine improves gut morphology and functions, counteracts trauma-induced dysimmunity and exerts anabolic/anticatabolic actions on protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cynober
- Laboratory of Biological Nutrition, Paris V University, France.
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Chazot C. Thérapeutique nutritionnelle chez l'hémodialysé. NUTR CLIN METAB 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(97)80007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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