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Scheid S, Goeller M, Baar W, Wollborn J, Buerkle H, Schlunck G, Lagrèze W, Goebel U, Ulbrich F. Inhalative as well as Intravenous Administration of H 2S Provides Neuroprotection after Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in the Rats' Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5519. [PMID: 35628328 PMCID: PMC9143628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), such as it can occur in glaucoma or strokes, is associated with neuronal cell death and irreversible loss of function of the affected tissue. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered a potentially neuroprotective substance, but the most effective route of application and the underlying mechanism remain to be determined. METHODS Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in rats by a temporary increase in intraocular pressure (1 h). H2S was then applied by inhalation (80 ppm at 0, 1.5, and 3 h after reperfusion) or by intravenous administration of the slow-releasing H2S donor GYY 4137. After 24 h, the retinas were harvested for Western blotting, qPCR, and immunohistochemical staining. Retinal ganglion cell survival was evaluated 7 days after ischemia. RESULTS Both inhalative and intravenously delivered H2S reduced retinal ganglion cell death with a better result from inhalative application. H2S inhalation for 1.5 h, as well as GYY 4137 treatment, increased p38 phosphorylation. Both forms of application enhanced the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and inhalation showed a significant increase at all three time points. H2S treatment also reduced apoptotic and inflammatory markers, such as caspase-3, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The protective effect of H2S was partly abolished by the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Inhalative H2S also reduced the heat shock response including heme oxygenase (HO-1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) and the expression of radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutases (SOD1, SOD2) and catalase. CONCLUSION Hydrogen sulfide acts, at least in part, via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK1/2 to reduce apoptosis and inflammation. Both inhalative H2S and intravenous GYY 4137 administrations can improve neuronal cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Scheid
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.G.); (W.B.); (J.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Max Goeller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.G.); (W.B.); (J.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Baar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.G.); (W.B.); (J.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Jakob Wollborn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.G.); (W.B.); (J.W.); (H.B.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.G.); (W.B.); (J.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye-Center, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (G.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Wolf Lagrèze
- Eye-Center, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (G.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, St. Franziskus-Hospital, 48145 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.G.); (W.B.); (J.W.); (H.B.)
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Liu X, Ward K, Xavier C, Jann J, Clark AF, Pang IH, Wu H. The novel triterpenoid RTA 408 protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells against H2O2-induced cell injury via NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Redox Biol 2015; 8:98-109. [PMID: 26773873 PMCID: PMC4731949 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell damage is an important factor in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Previous studies have shown that RTA 408, a synthetic triterpenoid compound, potently activates Nrf2. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of RTA 408 in cultured RPE cells during oxidative stress and to determine the effects of RTA 408 on Nrf2 and its downstream target genes. Primary human RPE cells were pretreated with RTA 408 and then incubated in 200μM H2O2 for 6h. Cell viability was measured with the WST-8 assay. Apoptosis was quantitatively measured by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining and Hoechst 33342 fluorescent staining. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured using colorimetric assays. Nrf2 activation and its downstream effects on phase II enzymes were examined by Western blot. Treatment of RPE cells with nanomolar ranges (10 and 100nM) of RTA 408 markedly attenuated H2O2-induced viability loss and apoptosis. RTA 408 pretreatment significantly protected cells from oxidative stress-induced GSH loss, GSSG formation and decreased ROS production. RTA 408 activated Nrf2 and increased the expression of its downstream genes, such as HO-1, NQO1, SOD2, catalase, Grx1, and Trx1. Consequently, the enzyme activities of NQO1, Grx1, and Trx1 were fully protected by RTA 408 pretreatment under oxidative stress. Moreover, knockdown of Nrf2 by siRNA significantly reduced the cytoprotective effects of RTA 408. In conclusion, our data suggest that RTA 408 protect primary human RPE cells from oxidative stress-induced damage by activating Nrf2 and its downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Keith Ward
- REATA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irving, TX, USA
| | - Christy Xavier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jamieson Jann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, UNTHSC, Ft. Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hongli Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Organ-Protective Effects of Red Wine Extract, Resveratrol, in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:568634. [PMID: 26161238 PMCID: PMC4487914 DOI: 10.1155/2015/568634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a polyphenol extracted from red wine, possesses potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, including the reduction of free radicals and proinflammatory mediators overproduction, the alteration of the expression of adhesion molecules, and the inhibition of neutrophil function. A growing body of evidence indicates that resveratrol plays an important role in reducing organ damage following ischemia- and hemorrhage-induced reperfusion injury. Such protective phenomenon is reported to be implicated in decreasing the formation and reaction of reactive oxygen species and pro-nflammatory cytokines, as well as the mediation of a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, including the nitric oxide synthase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, deacetylase sirtuin 1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, hemeoxygenase-1, and estrogen receptor-related pathways. Reperfusion injury is a complex pathophysiological process that involves multiple factors and pathways. The resveratrol is an effective reactive oxygen species scavenger that exhibits an antioxidative property. In this review, the organ-protective effects of resveratrol in oxidative stress-related reperfusion injury will be discussed.
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Rochette L, Ghibu S, Richard C, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of α-lipoic acid and therapeutic potential. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:114-25. [PMID: 23293044 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to worldwide health. The exact mechanisms underlying the disease are unknown; however, there is growing evidence that the excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with hyperglycemia, causes oxidative stress in a variety of tissues. In this context, various natural compounds with pleiotropic actions like α-lipoic acid (LA) are of interest, especially in metabolic diseases such as diabetes. LA, either as a dietary supplement or a therapeutic agent, modulates redox potential because of its ability to match the redox status between different subcellular compartments as well as extracellularly. Both the oxidized (disulfide) and reduced (di-thiol: dihydro-lipoic acid, DHLA) forms of LA show antioxidant properties. LA exerts antioxidant effects in biological systems through ROS quenching but also via an action on transition metal chelation. Dietary supplementation with LA has been successfully employed in a variety of in vivo models of disease associated with an imbalance of redox status: diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The complex and intimate association between increased oxidative stress and increased inflammation in related disorders such as diabetes, makes it difficult to establish the temporal sequence of the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- INSERM UMR866, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Cardio-Métaboliques, Université de Bourgogne, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Zhang Z, Qin X, Zhao X, Tong N, Gong Y, Zhang W, Wu X. Valproic acid regulates antioxidant enzymes and prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat retina. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:429-37. [PMID: 22458760 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.653616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES To investigate whether valproic acid (VPA) has a neuroprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat retina, and to elucidate the potential antioxidant mechanisms involved. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham (group A), sham plus VPA (group B), I/R plus vehicle (group C), and I/R plus VPA (group D). Retinal I/R injury was produced by inducing an exceedingly high intraocular pressure (IOP). Prior to insult, VPA was administered subcutaneously (300 mg/kg twice daily) for 7 days, after which the animal was sacrificed. Levels of retinal malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined. Protein expressions of retinal poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) and nitrotyrosine (NT) were analyzed by Western blotting 24 h after injury. Apoptosis of retinal cells was evaluated 24 h after I/R injury by immunofluorescence of activated caspase-3 in histological sections of retina. Seven days after reperfusion, electroretinography (ERG) was performed, and retinal histological changes were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS Following ischemia, the thickness of the entire retina, including the inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL), as well as the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) were significantly greater in group D than in group C (p < 0.05). VPA suppressed I/R-induced reductions in ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes (p < 0.05). VPA attenuated I/R-induced activation of caspase-3 in ganglion cells and INL cells (p < 0.001). VPA significantly decreased MDA levels and increased activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in group D (p < 0.05). VPA attenuated activation of PAR and accumulation of NT in the retina after I/R (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS VPA protects the retina from I/R injury by enhancing anti-oxidative effects and inhibiting apoptosis of retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenZhen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Agardh CD, Gustavsson C, Hagert P, Nilsson M, Agardh E. Expression of antioxidant enzymes in rat retinal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Metabolism 2006; 55:892-8. [PMID: 16784960 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the expression and protein levels of antioxidant enzymes in the rat retina exposed to oxidative stress induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Retinal ischemia was induced in female Wistar rats by ligation of the optic nerve and vessels behind the left eye bulb, and was followed by reperfusion for 0, 3, 6, or 24 hours. The right eye served as control. RNA and protein were extracted simultaneously from each retina. Expressions of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), catalase (CAT), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and the catalytic subunit of glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLc) were analyzed with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and related to the endogenous control cyclophilin B. Protein levels were measured with Western blot analysis. During the early phase (0 or 3 hours) of reperfusion, no changes were seen in enzyme expression. After 6 hours, GCLc expression increased by a factor of 1.14 (P = .034), followed by a decline of 0.80 after 24 hours (P = .00004), according to the comparative Ct method. After 24 hours of reperfusion, GPx1 expression increased by a factor of 1.14 (P = .028), and CAT had decreased by 0.82 (P = .022). Expressions of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase showed a tendency toward a decrease by factors of 0.86 (P = .055) and 0.88 (P = .053), respectively, after 24 hours. Protein levels did not differ for any of the antioxidants, regardless of reperfusion time. The slightly increased messenger RNA expression of GPx1 after 24 hours of reperfusion with a concomitant very modest decrease in CAT and GCLc expression and no change in protein levels indicate a very modest, if any, response to oxidative stress generated by ischemia followed by reperfusion in rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-David Agardh
- Unit on Vascular Diabetic Complications, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Osborne NN, Casson RJ, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Graham M, Melena J. Retinal ischemia: mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23:91-147. [PMID: 14766318 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. At the cellular level, ischemic retinal injury consists of a self-reinforcing destructive cascade involving neuronal depolarisation, calcium influx and oxidative stress initiated by energy failure and increased glutamatergic stimulation. There is a cell-specific sensitivity to ischemic injury which may reflect variability in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors on a given cell. A number of animal models and analytical techniques have been used to study retinal ischemia, and an increasing number of treatments have been shown to interrupt the "ischemic cascade" and attenuate the detrimental effects of retinal ischemia. Thus far, however, success in the laboratory has not been translated to the clinic. Difficulties with the route of administration, dosage, and adverse effects may render certain experimental treatments clinically unusable. Furthermore, neuroprotection-based treatment strategies for stroke have so far been disappointing. However, compared to the brain, the retina exhibits a remarkable natural resistance to ischemic injury, which may reflect its peculiar metabolism and unique environment. Given the increasing understanding of the events involved in ischemic neuronal injury it is hoped that clinically effective treatments for retinal ischemia will soon be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville N Osborne
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6AW, UK.
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Jones SA, McArdle F, Jack CI, Jackson MJ. Effect of antioxidant supplementation on the adaptive response of human skin fibroblasts to UV-induced oxidative stress. Redox Rep 2000; 4:291-9. [PMID: 10772068 DOI: 10.1179/135100099101535133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of supplementation with substances having antioxidant properties on the adaptive responses of human skin fibroblasts to UV-induced oxidative stress was studied in vitro. UVR was found to induce a substantial oxidative stress in fibroblasts, resulting in an increased release of superoxide anions and an increase in lipid peroxidation (shown by an elevated malonaldehyde content). Sub-lethal doses of UVR were also found to induce adaptive responses in the fibroblast antioxidant defences, with a transient rise in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities followed by a slower, large increase in cellular glutathione content. Supplementation of the fibroblasts with the antioxidants, Trolox (a water soluble analogue of alpha-tocopherol), ascorbic acid or beta-carotene, had differential effects on these responses. Trolox supplementation reduced the UVR-induced cellular oxidative stress and adaptive response in a predictable concentration-dependent manner. This was in contrast to ascorbic acid which increased superoxide release from fibroblasts. At low doses, ascorbate supplements also reduced the magnitude of the adaptive increases in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and increase in glutathione content. Beta-carotene had a similar effect to ascorbic acid, reducing the extent of the adaptations to UVR at lower doses while simultaneously increasing superoxide release and malonaldehyde content. These in vitro data indicate that only the vitamin E analogue suppressed UVR-induced oxidative stress in a predictable manner and suggest that common dietary antioxidants may not be equally effective in reducing the potential deleterious effects of UVR-induced oxidative stress in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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