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Alnemari RM, Brüßler J, Keck CM. Assessing the Oxidative State of the Skin by Combining Classical Tape Stripping with ORAC Assay. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050520. [PMID: 35631347 PMCID: PMC9146784 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant barrier system of the skin acts as the main defence against environmental pro-oxidants. Impaired skin oxidative state is linked to unhealthy conditions such as skin autoimmune diseases and cancer. Thus, the evaluation of the overall oxidative state of the skin plays a key role in further understanding and prevention of these disorders. This study aims to present a novel ex vivo model to evaluate the skin oxidative state by the measurement of its antioxidant capacity (AOC). For this the ORAC assay was combined with classical tape stripping and infrared densitometry to evaluate the oxidative state of the stratum corneum (SC). Outcomes implied the suitability of the used model to determine the intrinsic antioxidant capacity (iAOC) of the skin. The average iAOC of untreated skin was determined as 140 ± 7.4 µM TE. Skin exposure to UV light for 1 h reduced the iAOC by about 17%, and exposure for 2 h decreased the iAOC by about 30%. Treatment with ascorbic acid (AA) increased the iAOC in a dose-dependent manner and reached an almost two-fold iAOC when 20% AA solution was applied on the skin. The application of coenzyme Q10 resulted in an increase in the iAOC at low doses but decreased the iAOC when doses > 1% were applied on the skin. The results show that the combination of classical tape stripping and ORAC assay is a cost-effective and versatile method to evaluate the skin oxidative state and the pro-oxidate and antioxidative effects of topical skin treatments on the iAOC of the skin. Therefore, the model can be considered to be a valuable tool in skin research.
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Pelikh O, Pinnapireddy SR, Keck CM. Dermal Penetration Analysis of Curcumin in an ex vivo Porcine Ear Model Using Epifluorescence Microscopy and Digital Image Processing. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:281-299. [PMID: 33784713 DOI: 10.1159/000514498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Curcumin is a promising drug candidate, but its use for dermal application is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility. Thus, formulations that increase the solubility of curcumin are needed to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of curcumin. Various previous studies address this issue, but a comparison of the efficacy between these formulations remains difficult. The reason for this is a missing standard formulation as benchmark control and an easy-to-use skin penetration model that allows for a fast discrimination between different formulations. OBJECTIVE Thus, the aims of this study were the development of a curcumin standard formulation and a screening tool that allows for a fast discrimination between the dermal penetration efficacies of curcumin from different formulations. METHODS Ethanolic curcumin solutions were selected as simple and easy to produce standard formulations, and the ex vivo porcine ear model, coupled with epifluorescence microscopy and subsequent digital image analysis, was utilized to determine the dermal penetration efficacy of curcumin from the different formulations. RESULTS Results show that the utilized skin penetration model is a suitable and versatile tool that enables not only a fast determination of the dermal penetration efficacy of curcumin from different formulations but also a detailed and mechanistic information on the fate of chemical compounds after dermal penetration. Ethanolic solutions containing 0.25% curcumin were found to be the most suitable standard formulation. CONCLUSIONS Results of the study provide a new, effective screening tool for the development of dermal formulations for improved dermal delivery of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pelikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shashank R Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Goh CF, O'Flynn D, Speller R, Lane ME. Spatial resolution of drug crystallisation in the skin by X-ray micro-computed tomography. Micron 2021; 145:103045. [PMID: 33689970 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug crystallisation in the skin is recognised as a significant problem in topical and transdermal drug delivery. Our recent investigations provided new evidence of drug crystallisation in the skin, however, confirming the precise location of crystals remains challenging. Of note, most approaches used have required disruption of the membrane by tape stripping, with crystal detection limited to the superficial skin layers. Hence, a non-destructive method for complete spatial resolution of crystallised drug in skin is still lacking. In this communication, we report the application of X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to examine drug crystallisation in mammalian skin ex vivo. Permeation studies of a saturated solution of diclofenac sodium were conducted in porcine skin; subsequently, tissue samples were scanned using microCT to generate 2D and 3D maps. A layer of drug crystals was observed on the skin surface; microCT maps also confirmed the distribution of drug crystals up to a skin depth of 0.2 - 0.3 mm. MicroCT also allowed the identification of drug crystallisation as a distinct and confirmed event in the skin and as an extension from drug crystals formed on the skin. These preliminary results confirm the potential of microCT to study this important phenomenon in topical and transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel O'Flynn
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Speller
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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Al Mahrooqi JH, Khutoryanskiy VV, Williams AC. Thiolated and PEGylated silica nanoparticle delivery to hair follicles. Int J Pharm 2021; 593:120130. [PMID: 33264642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting drug delivery to hair follicles is valuable to treat conditions such as alopecia's and acne, and this shunt route may also allow drug delivery to deeper skin layers and the systemic circulation by avoiding the intact stratum corneum. Here, we investigated the effects of nanoparticle surface chemistry on their delivery into hair follicles by synthesizing fluorescent thiolated silica nanoparticles and functionalizing with 750 Da and 5000 Da methoxypolyethylene glycol maleimide (PEG). The stability of the nanoparticles in skin homogenate was verified before tape stripping of porcine-dosed tissue showed the distribution of the free fluorescent dye and different nanoparticles in the skin. Analysis of microscopic images of the skin sections revealed penetration of nanoparticles functionalized with PEG into the appendages whereas thiolated nanoparticles stayed on the surface of the skin and were removed by tape stripping. Nanoparticles functionalized with PEG 5000 Da penetrated deeper into the hair follicles compared to counterparts functionalized with PEG 750 Da. PEGylation can thus enhance targeted delivery of nanoparticulates into hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian C Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
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5
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Goh CF, Moffat JG, Craig DQM, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Monitoring Drug Crystallization in Percutaneous Penetration Using Localized Nanothermal Analysis and Photothermal Microspectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:359-370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan G. Moffat
- Asylum Research, Oxford Instruments Company, Halifax Road, HP12 3SE High Wycombe, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Q. M. Craig
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E. Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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6
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Cutaneous Permeation and Penetration of Sunscreens: Formulation Strategies and In Vitro Methods. COSMETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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7
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Ashtikar M, Langelüddecke L, Fahr A, Deckert V. Tip-enhanced Raman scattering for tracking of invasomes in the stratum corneum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2630-2639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Zhang Q, Song Y, Page SW, Garg S. Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Permeation as Modulated by Lipoderm and Pluronic Lecithin Organogel. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:587-594. [PMID: 28935590 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transdermal delivery of 2 fluorescent probes with similar molecular weight but different lipophilicity, into and through the skin from 2 commercially available transdermal bases, pluronic lecithin organogel, and Lipoderm® has been evaluated. First, in vitro penetration of fluorescein sodium and fluorescein (free acid) through porcine skin was evaluated. Retention and depth distribution profiles in skin were obtained by tape stripping and then followed by optical sectioning using multiphoton microscopy. The results showed that Lipoderm® led to an enhanced penetration of the hydrophilic compound, fluorescein sodium. For the lipophilic compound fluorescein (free acid), Lipoderm® performed similar to pluronic lecithin organogel base, where minimal drug was detected in either receptor phase. The skin retention and depth distribution results also showed that the hydrophilic fluorescein sodium had high skin retention with Lipoderm®, whereas fluorescein (free acid) had very low penetration and retention with increasing skin depth. Moreover, optical sectioning by multiphoton microscopy revealed an uneven distribution of probes across the skin in the x-y plane for both transdermal bases. This work showed that a hydrophilic compound has significantly increased skin penetration and retention when formulated with Lipoderm®, and the skin retention of the probe was the main determinant of its skin flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yunmei Song
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen W Page
- Luoda Pharma, Caringbah 2229, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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The application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis to study drug crystallisation in the stratum corneum. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 111:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Chemical ultraviolet absorbers topically applied in a skin barrier mimetic formulation remain in the outer stratum corneum of porcine skin. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:250-4. [PMID: 27321112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fate of three chemical sunscreens, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (IPMC), diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), and bis-ethylhexylphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), topically applied to mammalian skin from a skin barrier mimetic oil-in-water formulation. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for the analysis of each molecule and validated. Franz cell permeation studies were conducted following application of finite doses of the formulations to excised porcine skin. A vehicle formulation containing no sunscreens was evaluated as a control. Permeation studies were conducted for 12h after which full mass balance studies were carried out. Analysis of individual UV sunscreens was achieved with HPLC following application of the formulation to the skin with no interference from the vehicle components. No skin permeation of any of the chemical sunscreens was evident after 12h. While sunscreens were detected in up to 12 tape strips taken from the SC, 87% or more of the applied doses recovered in the first 5 tape strips. When corrected for the amount of protein removed per tape strip this corresponded to a penetration depth in porcine stratum corneum of ∼1.7μm. Mass balance studies indicated total recovery values were within accepted guidelines for cosmetic formulations. Overall, only superficial penetration into the SC was observed for each compound. These findings are consistent with the physicochemical properties of the selected UV absorbing molecules and their formulation into an ordered biomimetic barrier formulation thus support their intended use in topical consumer formulations designed to protect from UV exposure. To our knowledge this is the first report of depth profiling of chemical sunscreens in the SC that combines tape stripping and protein determination following in vitro Franz cell studies.
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11
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Simultaneous determination of active component and vehicle penetration from F-DPPC liposomes into porcine skin layers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Raj N, Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Gibbons S, Munday MR, Summers B, Lane ME. Variation in stratum corneum protein content as a function of anatomical site and ethnic group. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 38:224-31. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Raj
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - R. Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd.; Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - A. V. Rawlings
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - S. Gibbons
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - M. R. Munday
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - B. Summers
- Photobiology Laboratory; Sefako Makgatho University; Mednusa South Africa
| | - M. E. Lane
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
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Importance of a suitable working protocol for tape stripping experiments on porcine ear skin: Influence of lipophilic formulations and strip adhesion impairment. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Hoppel M, Reznicek G, Kählig H, Kotisch H, Resch GP, Valenta C. Topical delivery of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from different emulsions: Influence of emulsion composition and internal structure. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 68:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Hoppel M, Holper E, Baurecht D, Valenta C. Monitoring the distribution of surfactants in the stratum corneum by combined ATR-FTIR and tape-stripping experiments. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 28:167-75. [PMID: 25612540 DOI: 10.1159/000368444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Combined ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy and tape-stripping experiments in vitro on porcine ear skin were used to investigate the spatial distribution of different surfactants in the stratum corneum (SC). To reveal a possible connection between the size of the formed micelles and skin penetration, dynamic light-scattering measurements of the aqueous surfactant solutions were also taken. Compared to an alkyl polyglycoside and sucrose laurate, a deeper skin penetration of the anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) und sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) could be related to a smaller size of the formed micelles. Beside the differences in spatial distribution, a link between the physical presence of anionic surfactants in the SC and a decrease of skin hydration was found. Furthermore, the incorporation of SDS and SLES into the SC, even after a brief, consumer-orientated washing procedure with commercially available hair shampoos, was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hoppel
- Research Platform 'Characterisation of Drug Delivery Systems on Skin and Investigations of Involved Mechanisms', University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Nagelreiter C, Kratochvilova E, Valenta C. Dilution of semi-solid creams: Influence of various production parameters on rheological properties and skin penetration. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Validation of the combined ATR-FTIR/tape stripping technique for monitoring the distribution of surfactants in the stratum corneum. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Moran JW, Bell S. Skin permeation of organic gunshot residue: implications for sampling and analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6071-9. [PMID: 24837230 DOI: 10.1021/ac501227e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is based on detection of particulates formed from metals found in the primer. Recent concerns regarding the interpretation of GSR evidence has led to interest in alternatives such as the organic constituents (organic gunshot residue, OGSR) found in propellants. Previous work has shown OGSR to be detectable on hands for several hours after a firing event, and given the lipophilic nature of these compounds, it was expected that losses due to secondary transfer (an issue with GSR particulates) would be negligible. However, other loss mechanisms have been identified, specifically skin permeation and evaporation. This paper describes experimental and modeling studies used to elucidate characteristics of skin permeation of 5 compounds present in OGSR. Pharmaceutical methods were adapted to characterize skin permeation using a skin surrogate and Franz diffusion cells. The amount of compounds deposited on skin after an authentic firing event (1 and 2 shots) was experimentally determined and applied for the permeation experiments. A fully validated selected ion monitoring GC/MS method was developed for quantitative analysis, and easily accessible online tools were employed for modeling. Results showed that OGSR residues should be detectable on skin for many hours after a firing event of as few as one or two shots, with detection capability being a function of the efficacy of sampling and sample preparation and the instrumental method employed. The permeation rates of the OGSR compounds were sufficiently different to suggest the potential to develop methods to approximate time-since-deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wade Moran
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall Room 208, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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Quantification of nanoparticle uptake into hair follicles in pig ear and human forearm. J Control Release 2014; 179:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lu N, Chandar P, Tempesta D, Vincent C, Bajor J, McGuiness H. Characteristic differences in barrier and hygroscopic properties between normal and cosmetic dry skin. I. Enhanced barrier analysis with sequential tape-stripping. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:167-74. [PMID: 24397786 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cosmetic dry skin often has a lower hydration level but a similar apparent barrier function, as measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), than that of the normal skin. To investigate the intrinsic difference in barrier property and moisture-holding ability between the cosmetic dry and normal skin, we developed a new clinical and data analysis procedure based on sequential tape-stripping with TEWL measurement, coupled with chemical analysis for protein and natural moisturizing factors (NMF) in the stratum corneum. METHODS A clinical study consisting of 64 healthy Caucasian female subjects with normal and cosmetic dry skin was conducted according to our clinical and data collection protocols. After the baseline visual dryness assessment, 20 tape-strips were placed and removed on each test site using D-Squame tapes. TEWL was measured at baseline and after the 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th tape-strips. All tapes were analysed for protein mass via chemical extraction and the Pierce BCA protein assay, as well as using an infrared densitometry device SquameScan 850A. The stratum corneum thickness and barrier quality (water transport resistance per thickness of the stratum corneum) were decoupled from the apparent barrier function using the TEWL and protein data. RESULTS A linear relationship between 1/TEWL and cumulative protein removal was observed for both normal and cosmetic dry skin. However, the slope of the linear relation was significantly steeper for normal skin, and significantly more protein was removed from cosmetic dry skin. The results showed that on average, the barrier quality of the stratum corneum of the normal skin is about 40% higher than that of the dry skin, whereas the stratum corneum of the dry skin is about 30% thicker than that of the normal skin. In addition, the amount of SC removal in sequential tape-stripping is generally non-uniform. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that there are characteristic differences in the barrier property between normal and cosmetic dry skin. In comparison to the normal skin, the stratum corneum of the cosmetic dry skin is considerably thicker, however, with a lower barrier quality. The results also showed that the amount of the SC removal in sequential tape-stripping is generally non-uniform. Therefore, the number of tape strips is not a good indicator for the tape-stripping depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lu
- Unilever Research and Development Trumbull, 40 Merritt Boulevard, Trumbull, CT, 06611, U.S.A
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Schwarz JC, Pagitsch E, Valenta C. Comparison of ATR–FTIR spectra of porcine vaginal and buccal mucosa with ear skin and penetration analysis of drug and vehicle components into pig ear. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:595-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Schwarz JC, Hoppel M, Kählig H, Valenta C. Application of Quantitative 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Tape-Stripping Experiments with Natural Microemulsions. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2699-706. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Nagelreiter C, Raffeiner S, Geyerhofer C, Klang V, Valenta C. Influence of drug content, type of semi-solid vehicle and rheological properties on the skin penetration of the model drug fludrocortisone acetate. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Schwarz JC, Baisaeng N, Hoppel M, Löw M, Keck CM, Valenta C. Ultra-small NLC for improved dermal delivery of coenyzme Q10. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:213-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Schwarz JC, Weixelbaum A, Pagitsch E, Löw M, Resch GP, Valenta C. Nanocarriers for dermal drug delivery: Influence of preparation method, carrier type and rheological properties. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:83-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schwarz JC, Klang V, Karall S, Mahrhauser D, Resch GP, Valenta C. Optimisation of multiple W/O/W nanoemulsions for dermal delivery of aciclovir. Int J Pharm 2012; 435:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Franzen L, Windbergs M, Hansen S. Assessment of near-infrared densitometry for in situ determination of the total stratum corneum thickness on pig skin: influence of storage time. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:249-56. [PMID: 22832669 DOI: 10.1159/000339905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To perform accurate tape-stripping measurements and to control for site-specific and interindividual differences the amount of stratum corneum (SC) removed by each tape and the total SC thickness must be known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of near-infrared (NIR) densitometry at λ = 850 nm for in situ determination of the total SC thickness. Quantitative tape stripping was performed on pig ear skin. The amount of SC removed by each tape was measured by NIR densitometry and by microprotein assay. Derived from the linear correlation between both measurements, a conversion factor was calculated that relates the individual NIR densitometry readings to the thickness of the SC on the corresponding tape (l(SC-tape) [µm] = (abs.(850) - abs.(850)(blank))/23.9). The total SC thickness was determined based on the accumulated values of all tapes applied in quantitative tape stripping and compared to the values obtained from microscopic cross sections of biopsies. The total SC thickness was correctly determined by infrared densitometry independent of storage time and conditions (4°C up to 24 h; -21°C up to 3 months) in comparison with the standard histological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Franzen
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Klang V, Schwarz JC, Haberfeld S, Xiao P, Wirth M, Valenta C. Skin integrity testing and monitoring of in vitro tape stripping by capacitance-based sensor imaging. Skin Res Technol 2012; 19:e259-72. [PMID: 22672064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2012.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the frequent use of porcine ear skin for tape-stripping experiments, the peculiarities of this skin type have not been characterised in detail yet. Thus, different techniques were employed to investigate the skin surface structure of porcine ear skin and the changes in barrier function during in vitro tape stripping. To this end, the potential of capacitance-based skin hydration imaging as a means of skin quality control was investigated for the first time. METHODS The porcine ear model was characterised before and during tape stripping using transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements, capacitance-based sensor imaging, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and optical light microscopy. RESULTS The capacitance-based sensor was found to deliver precise information about the quality of the employed skin sites before and during tape stripping. The removal of stratum corneum proteins was highly reproducible even for different porcine ear types. The mean greyscale values showed an excellent linear correlation to the corresponding TEWL values and the respective penetration depth. Optical light microscopy confirmed the presence of canyons on the surface of porcine ear skin. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the capacitance-based sensor is a suitable tool for skin integrity testing of porcine ear skin in vitro and for monitoring changes in skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Schwarz J, Klang V, Hoppel M, Wolzt M, Valenta C. Corneocyte Quantification by NIR Densitometry and UV/Vis Spectroscopy for Human and Porcine Skin and the Role of Skin Cleaning Procedures. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:142-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000336787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Klang V, Haberfeld S, Hartl A, Valenta C. Effect of γ-cyclodextrin on the in vitro skin permeation of a steroidal drug from nanoemulsions: impact of experimental setup. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:535-42. [PMID: 22155409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports on the enhancement effect of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the skin permeation of dermally applied drugs exist, the majority of which is based on in vitro diffusion cell studies. The specific experimental setup of such studies may skew the obtained results, which is rarely discussed in the context of CD studies. Thus, the aim of this work was to conduct a systematic in vitro investigation of the permeation enhancement potential of γ-CD on a steroidal drug from a nanoemulsion. The role of critical diffusion cell parameters such as the dose of application, occlusive conditions, the nature of the receptor medium and the skin thickness were investigated. The results showed that significantly enhanced skin permeation rates of fludrocortisone acetate were indeed caused by 1% (w/w) of γ-CD at both finite and infinite dose conditions. At 0.5% (w/w) of γ-CD, significant enhancement was only achieved at infinite dose application. Additional in vitro tape stripping experiments confirmed these tendencies, but the observed effects did not reach statistical significance. It may be concluded that the full permeation enhancement potential of the CD as observed in the Franz-cell setup can only be realised at infinite dose conditions while preserving the formulation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klang
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Klang V, Schwarz JC, Lenobel B, Nadj M, Auböck J, Wolzt M, Valenta C. In vitro vs. in vivo tape stripping: validation of the porcine ear model and penetration assessment of novel sucrose stearate emulsions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:604-14. [PMID: 22123494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine ear skin is frequently used as a substitute for human skin in dermatological research and is especially useful for tape stripping experiments where the penetration of active substances into the uppermost skin layers is investigated. However, certain differences between the surface properties of these skin types exist, and reports on the comparability of tape stripping data obtained in vitro using porcine ear skin and data obtained in vivo on human forearm skin are scarce. Thus, we performed comparative tape stripping experiments in which the skin penetration of curcumin and fluorescein sodium from conventional microemulsions and hydrogels was investigated. In this context, the skin penetration potential of novel semi-solid macroemulsions and fluid nanoemulsions based on sucrose stearate was evaluated as well. The removed corneocytes were quantified by NIR-densitometry using recent correlation data for human and porcine proteins. The trends observed for the skin penetration into porcine ear skin were highly representative for the in vivo situation on human skin, confirming that the porcine ear is an excellent in vitro model for tape stripping experiments. Moreover, the validity of the NIR-densitometric approach for the quantification of both human and porcine stratum corneum proteins was confirmed in this study for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klang
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Semi-solid Sucrose Stearate-Based Emulsions as Dermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:275-306. [PMID: 24310496 PMCID: PMC3864235 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild non-ionic sucrose ester surfactants can be employed to produce lipid-based drug delivery systems for dermal application. Moreover, sucrose esters of intermediate lipophilicity such as sucrose stearate S-970 possess a peculiar rheological behavior which can be employed to create highly viscous semi-solid formulations without any further additives. Interestingly, it was possible to develop both viscous macroemulsions and fluid nanoemulsions with the same chemical composition merely by slight alteration of the production process. Optical light microscopy and cryo transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the sucrose ester led to the formation of an astonishing hydrophilic network at a concentration of only 5% w/w in the macroemulsion system. A small number of more finely structured aggregates composed of surplus surfactant were likewise detected in the nanoemulsions. These discoveries offer interesting possibilities to adapt the low viscosity of fluid O/W nanoemulsions for a more convenient application. Moreover, a simple and rapid production method for skin-friendly creamy O/W emulsions with excellent visual long-term stability is presented. It could be shown by franz-cell diffusion studies and in vitro tape stripping that the microviscosity within the semi-solid formulations was apparently not influenced by their increased macroviscosity: the release of three model drugs was not impaired by the complex network-like internal structure of the macroemulsions. These results indicate that the developed semi-solid emulsions with advantageous application properties are highly suitable for the unhindered delivery of lipophilic drugs despite their comparatively large particle size and high viscosity.
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