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Richmond JM, Strassner JP, Essien KI, Harris JE. T-cell positioning by chemokines in autoimmune skin diseases. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:186-204. [PMID: 30977191 PMCID: PMC6553463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune skin diseases are complex processes in which autoreactive cells must navigate through the skin tissue to find their targets. Regulatory T cells in the skin help to mitigate autoimmune inflammation and may in fact be responsible for the patchy nature of these conditions. In this review, we will discuss chemokines that are important for global recruitment of T cell populations to the skin during disease, as well as signals that fine-tune their localization and function. We will describe prototypical disease responses and chemokine families that mediate these responses. Lastly, we will include an overview of chemokine-targeting drugs that have been tested as new treatment strategies for autoimmune skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - James P Strassner
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kingsley I Essien
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Hong M, Park JB, Kim YS, Lee DH, Kim H, Lee JI, Ahn HS, Sohn TS, Lee TK, Song JY, Jeong SC, Yeo CD, Chae HS, Do Han K, Vu D, Lee YB. Association between Cockroach-specific Immunoglobulin E and periodontitis in Korean male adults Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46373. [PMID: 28401926 PMCID: PMC5388886 DOI: 10.1038/srep46373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the tooth supporting tissues (periodontium) and associated with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. However, there has been no nation-wide population based epidemiologic study regarding any association between periodontitis and serum IgE. Among the 8,958 participants in the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1), 1,731 adults aged 19 to 64 who had measured serum IgE were included in the analysis. Dentists examined the periodontal status of the participants. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the odds ratio of periodontitis in association with total IgE and specific IgE to cockroach and house dust mite. In males, total IgE showed a positive correlation with the presence of periodontitis. The participants in the highest tertile of cockroach specific IgE (T3, >31.6 kU/L) had a significantly increased risk of periodontitis (OR = 2.108; 95% CI, 1.233–3.606). In females, the inverse association occurred between total IgE and periodontitis (OR = 0.409; 95% CI, 0.200–0.839). The present study firstly demonstrated the association between periodontitis and serum IgE, using the Korean nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional health examination and survey. This study suggested a positive correlation between periodontitis and cockroach-specific IgE in Korean male adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Hong
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - HeeYeon Kim
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Im Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Suk Ahn
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Seo Sohn
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Kyu Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yen Song
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Jeong
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Dong Yeo
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hiun Suk Chae
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Do Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - David Vu
- Wing Dental Center, Alberta, Canada
| | - Young Bok Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Jairaman A, Maguire CH, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Allergens stimulate store-operated calcium entry and cytokine production in airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32311. [PMID: 27604412 PMCID: PMC5015156 DOI: 10.1038/srep32311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant immune responses to environmental allergens including insect allergens from house dust mites and cockroaches contribute to allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma in susceptible individuals. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) play a critical role in this process by sensing the proteolytic activity of allergens via protease-activated receptors (PAR2) to initiate inflammatory and immune responses in the airway. Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is an important signaling event in this process, yet the fundamental mechanism by which allergens induce Ca2+ elevations in AECs remains poorly understood. Here we find that extracts from dust mite and cockroach induce sustained Ca2+ elevations in AECs through the activation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels encoded by Orai1 and STIM1. CRAC channel activation occurs, at least in part, through allergen mediated stimulation of PAR2 receptors. The ensuing Ca2+ entry then activates NFAT/calcineurin signaling to induce transcriptional production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. These findings highlight a key role for CRAC channels as regulators of allergen induced inflammatory responses in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Jairaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
| | - Chelsea H Maguire
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
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Goel C, Gaur SN, Bhati G, Arora N. DC type 2 polarization depends on both the allergic status of the individual and protease activity of Per a 10. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1113-21. [PMID: 26033313 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cockroach proteases are important risk factors for asthma development in predisposed individuals. In the present study, effect of allergic status of patients on DCs polarization in response to protease allergen Per a 10 was investigated. Cockroach-allergic, other-allergic patients and healthy individuals were selected following the guidelines of ATS/ARIA. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from the selected individuals and stimulated with Per a 10. Flow cytometric analysis showed a significantly high expression of CD80 and CD86 on DCs from cockroach-allergic patients after Per a 10 stimulation as compared to healthy individuals or other-allergic patients (P<0.05). Per a 10 induced comparable level of CD83 expression on DCs from all the 3 groups, showing it was irrespective of the allergic status. CD40 expression was significantly low (P<0.05) on the DCs from cockroach-allergic patients as compared to healthy individuals or other-allergic patients. Further, proteolytically active Per a 10 induced lower CD40 expression on DCs than the heat-inactivated Per a 10 (P<0.05) indicating role of protease activity in the generation of an immune response. The sCD40 level in active Per a 10 stimulated DC cultures was significantly higher than in heat-inactivated Per a 10 (P<0.05). There was two-fold decrease (P<0.05) in IL-12 production by active Per a 10-stimulated DCs than heat-inactivated Per a 10-stimulated DCs. Per a 10-stimulated DCs from cockroach-allergic patients secreted high levels of IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α than that from healthy individuals or other-allergic patients (P<0.05). Furthermore, Per a 10-stimulated DCs from cockroach-allergic patients induced increased secretions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α and low IL-12 by T cells as compared to those from other groups (P<0.05). Thus, in presence of Per a 10 allergen, polarization of DCs shifts toward type 2 in cockroach-allergic patients but not in the healthy individuals or other-allergic patients. In conclusion, both allergic status of the individual and protease activity of Per a 10 are important parameters that participate in DCs polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Goel
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - S N Gaur
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India
| | | | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
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Portnoy J, Chew GL, Phipatanakul W, Williams PB, Grimes C, Kennedy K, Matsui EC, Miller JD, Bernstein D, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan D, Lang D, Nicklas R, Oppenheimer J, Randolph C, Schuller D, Spector S, Tilles SA, Wallace D, Seltzer J, Sublett J. Environmental assessment and exposure reduction of cockroaches: a practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:802-8.e1-25. [PMID: 23938214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "Environmental assessment and remediation: a practice parameter." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single person, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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Yoshida T, Matsuwaki Y, Asaka D, Hama T, Otori N, Moriyama H. The expression of protease-activated receptors in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161 Suppl 2:138-46. [PMID: 23711865 DOI: 10.1159/000350386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study suggested that protease-activated receptors (PARs) are involved in allergic respiratory diseases, such as asthma. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common chronic airway diseases, but little is understood about its pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to compare the expression and distribution of PARs in biopsy specimens obtained from CRS and control patients. METHODS Biopsy specimens were obtained from 7 pituitary tumor patients as controls, 8 CRS patients with aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA), 7 CRS patients with aspirin-induced asthma (AIA), and 7 CRS patients without asthma (CRS). Sections were stained for PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3 and PAR-4 using specific polyclonal antibodies. Staining was scored semiquantitatively for both intensity and distribution. To confirm the presence of PARs on inflammatory cells, double staining with eosinophil cationic protein (EG2) and elastase was also performed. RESULTS Both the epithelium and the infiltrating inflammatory cells in the CRS with asthma groups showed significant upregulation of the expression of PAR-2 and PAR-3 compared with the CRS without asthma group and the control group. In the patients with CRS complicated by asthma, eosinophils were increased among PAR-2- and PAR-3-positive cells. In the patients with CRS not complicated by asthma, neutrophils were increased among PAR-2-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the expression of PAR-2 and PAR-3 on epithelial cells, eosinophils and neutrophils may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS. CRS may be able to be treated by targeting PAR-2 and PAR-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Yoshida
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Jeong KY, Choi SY, Lee JH, Lee JS, Yong TS, Hong CS, Park JW. Preparation and characterization of an extract of german cockroach from a korean source. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 5:102-5. [PMID: 23449858 PMCID: PMC3579088 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2013.5.2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cockroach (CR) is an important cause of respiratory allergic disorders. We prepared a German CR extract in a standardized way and analyzed its allergenic properties. METHODS The extract was prepared from German CR (Blattella germanica) obtained from a Korean colony, and its allergenic activity was compared with that of the commercial Hollister-Stier (HS) extract. The concentrations of Bla g 1 and Bla g 2 were measured, and an in vitro specific IgE binding inhibition assay was performed to assess IgE reactivity. Proteolytic activity was examined by gelatin zymography. RESULTS Bla g 1 and Bla g 2 were detected at 405 U/mg and 273 ng/mg, respectively, in the Korean extract, and at 187 U/mg and 56 ng/mg, respectively, in the HS extract. The Korean extract showed 94.2% inhibition of IgE reactivity, as compared with the HS extract. A similar pattern of IgE-reactive bands was detected for the two extracts, indicating that their allergenic components are similar. The proteolytic activities of the Korean and HS extracts were found to be similar in gelatin zymography. The endotoxin levels in the Korean and HS extracts were 3,440 EU/mL and 6,580 EU/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The German CR extract was prepared in a standardized way. The extract produced in this study will be useful for the development of allergy diagnostics and immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kang BN, Ha SG, Ge XN, Reza Hosseinkhani M, Bahaie NS, Greenberg Y, Blumenthal MN, Puri KD, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. The p110δ subunit of PI3K regulates bone marrow-derived eosinophil trafficking and airway eosinophilia in allergen-challenged mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L1179-91. [PMID: 22427531 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00005.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trafficking and recruitment of eosinophils during allergic airway inflammation is mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family of signaling molecules. The role played by the p110δ subunit of PI3K (PI3K p110δ) in regulating eosinophil trafficking and recruitment was investigated using a selective pharmacological inhibitor (IC87114). Treatment with the PI3K p110δ inhibitor significantly reduced murine bone marrow-derived eosinophil (BM-Eos) adhesion to VCAM-1 as well as ICAM-1 and inhibited activation-induced changes in cell morphology associated with reduced Mac-1 expression and aberrant cell surface localization/distribution of Mac-1 and α4. Infused BM-Eos demonstrated significantly decreased rolling and adhesion in inflamed cremaster muscle microvessels of mice treated with IC87114 compared with vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K p110δ significantly attenuated eotaxin-1-induced BM-Eos migration and prevented eotaxin-1-induced changes in the cytoskeleton and cell morphology. Knockdown of PI3K p110δ with siRNA in BM-Eos resulted in reduced rolling, adhesion, and migration, as well as inhibition of activation-induced changes in cell morphology, validating its role in regulating trafficking and migration. Finally, in a mouse model of cockroach antigen-induced allergic airway inflammation, oral administration of the PI3K p110δ inhibitor significantly inhibited airway eosinophil recruitment, resulting in attenuation of airway hyperresponsiveness in response to methacholine, reduced mucus secretion, and expression of proinflammatory molecules (found in inflammatory zone-1 and intelectin-1). Overall, these findings indicate the important role played by PI3K p110δ in mediating BM-Eos trafficking and migration by regulating adhesion molecule expression and localization/distribution as well as promoting changes in cell morphology that favor recruitment during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bit Na Kang
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
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Kool M, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Cellular networks controlling Th2 polarization in allergy and immunity. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:6. [PMID: 22403589 PMCID: PMC3292286 DOI: 10.3410/b4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the development of Th1 (type 1 T helper cells), Th17 and Treg (regulatory T cells), little is known of the mechanisms governing Th2 development, which is important for immunity to helminths and for us to understand the pathogenesis of allergy. A picture is emerging in which mucosal epithelial cells instruct dendritic cells to promote Th2 responses in the absence of IL-12 (interleukin 12) production and provide instruction through thymic stromal lymphopoieitin (TSLP) or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). At the same time, allergens, helminths and chemical adjuvants elicit the response of innate immune cells like basophils, which provide more polarizing cytokines and IL-4 and reinforce Th2 immunity. This unique communication between cells will only be fully appreciated if we study Th2 immunity in vivo and in a tissue-specific context, and can only be fully understood if we compare several models of Th2 immune response induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kool
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Flemish Institute of BiotechnologyVIB, GhentBelgium
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Flemish Institute of BiotechnologyVIB, GhentBelgium
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Role of Allergen Source-Derived Proteases in Sensitization via Airway Epithelial Cells. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:903659. [PMID: 22523502 PMCID: PMC3303585 DOI: 10.1155/2012/903659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activity is a characteristic common to many allergens. Allergen source-derived proteases interact with lung epithelial cells, which are now thought to play vital roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Allergen source-derived proteases act on airway epithelial cells to induce disruption of the tight junctions between epithelial cells, activation of protease-activated receptor-2, and the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These facilitate allergen delivery across epithelial layers and enhance allergenicity or directly activate the immune system through a nonallergic mechanism. Furthermore, they cleave regulatory cell surface molecules involved in allergic reactions. Thus, allergen source-derived proteases are a potentially critical factor in the development of allergic sensitization and appear to be strongly associated with heightened allergenicity.
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Sensitization to cockroach allergen: immune regulation and genetic determinants. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:563760. [PMID: 22272212 PMCID: PMC3261483 DOI: 10.1155/2012/563760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a major public health concern. Cockroach allergen exposure and cockroach allergic sensitization could contribute to the higher prevalence of asthma. However, the underlying immune mechanism and the genetic etiology remain unclear. Recent advances have demonstrated that several receptors (PAR-2, TLRs, CLRs) and their pathways mediate antigen uptake from the environment and induce allergies by signaling T cells to activate an inappropriate immune response. Cockroach-derived protease can disturb airway epithelial integrity via PAR-2 and leads to an increased penetration of cockroach allergen, resulting in activation of innate immune cells (e.g., DCs) via binding to either TLRs or CLRs. The activated DCs can direct cells of the adaptive immune system to facilitate promotion of Th2 cell response and subsequently increase risk of sensitization. Mannose receptor (MR), as a CLR, has been shown to mediate Bla g2 (purified cockroach allergen) uptake by DCs and to determine allergen-induced T cell polarization. Additionally, genetic factors may play an important role in conferring the susceptibility to cockroach sensitization. Several genes have been associated with cockroach sensitization and related phenotypes (HLA-D, TSLP, IL-12A, MBL2). In this review, we have focused on studies on the cockroach allergen induced immunologic responses and genetic basis for cockroach sensitization.
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Willart M, Hammad H. Lung dendritic cell-epithelial cell crosstalk in Th2 responses to allergens. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:772-7. [PMID: 22074731 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have been shown to be responsible for the initiation and maintenance of adaptive Th2 responses in asthma. It is increasingly clear that DC functions are strongly influenced by crosstalk with neighboring cells like epithelial cells, which can release a number of innate cytokines promoting Th2 responses. Clinically relevant allergens often interfere directly or indirectly with the innate immune functions of airway epithelial cells and DC. A better understanding of these interactions might lead to a better prevention and ultimately to new treatments for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Willart
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, University of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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