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Navarrete-Meneses MP, Ochoa-Mellado I, Gutiérrez-Álvarez R, Martínez-Anaya D, Juárez-Figueroa U, Durán-McKinster C, Lieberman-Hernández E, Yokoyama-Rebollar E, Gómez-Carmona S, Del Castillo-Ruiz V, Pérez-Vera P, Salas-Labadía C. Cytogenomic characterization of small supernumerary marker chromosomes in patients with pigmentary mosaicism. Front Genet 2024; 15:1356786. [PMID: 38711916 PMCID: PMC11071077 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1356786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The combination of gene content on the marker chromosome, chromosomal origin, level of mosaicism, origin mechanism (chromothripsis), and uniparental disomy can influence the final characterization of sSMCs. Several chromosomal aberrations, including sSMCs, have been observed in 30%-60% of patients with pigmentary mosaicism, and in more than 80%, chromosomal abnormalities are present in the mosaic state. In patients with pigmentary mosaicism the most representative chromosomes involved in sSMCs are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20, and X. In this study, we included the complete clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of seven patients with pigmentary mosaicism associated with the presence of SMCs of different chromosomal origins. Methods The patients were diagnosed by the Genetics and Dermatology Department of three different hospitals. Cytogenetic and FISH analyses were performed on peripheral blood, light skin, and dark skin. FISH analysis was performed using different probes, depending on the marker chromosome description. Different array analysis was performed. Results To date, of the seven cases studied, the chromosomal origins of six were successfully identified by FISH or array analysis. The chromosomes involved in SMCs were 6, 9, 15, and 18, X. The most frequently found was the centric minute structure. Discussion To date, this group of seven patients constitutes the largest clinical and cytogenetically finely described study of cases with pigmentary mosaicism associated with sSMCs. Undoubtedly, analysis of the two skin types is a fundamental part of our study, as numerical differences may occur in the cell lines found in each skin type. The knowledge generated in this study will help delineate a very heterogeneous entity more accurately, and in the future, analyzing more patients with PM will likely establish a more definite association with the presence of this genetic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Navarrete-Meneses
- Genetic and cancer Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics (Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I. Ochoa-Mellado
- Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R. Gutiérrez-Álvarez
- Genetic and cancer Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics (Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D. Martínez-Anaya
- Genetic and cancer Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics (Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - U. Juárez-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C. Durán-McKinster
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - S. Gómez-Carmona
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Centro de Rehabilitación e Inclusión Infantil Teletón, Cancún, México
| | | | - P. Pérez-Vera
- Genetic and cancer Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics (Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C. Salas-Labadía
- Genetic and cancer Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics (Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico
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Greco E, Yakovlev P, Kornilov N, Vyatkina S, Bogdanova D, Ermakova M, Tarasova Y, Tikhonov A, Pendina A, Biricik A, Sessa MT, Listorti I, Ronsini C, Greco PF, Victor A, Barnes F, Zouves C, Spinella F, Viotti M. Two clinical case reports of embryonic mosaicism identified with PGT-A persisting during pregnancy as true fetal mosaicism. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:315-323. [PMID: 36610460 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The health risks associated with transferring embryos classified as mosaic by preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) are currently unknown. Such embryos produce PGT-A results indicating the presence of both euploid and aneuploid cells and have historically been deselected from transfer and grouped with uniformly aneuploid embryos as 'abnormal'. In recent years, numerous groups have reported the intentional transfer of mosaic embryos in the absence of uniformly euploid embryos, largely observing births of seemingly healthy babies. However, it remains to be understood whether the embryonic mosaicism invariably becomes resolved during the ensuing pregnancy, or whether the placenta and/or fetal tissues retain aneuploid cells, and if so to what potential clinical effect. Here, we report two cases of mosaicism persisting from the embryonic stage to the established pregnancy. Case 1 involved an embryonic low-level segmental mosaic loss in Chromosome (Chr) 1, which was confirmed in amniocentesis as well as in brain tissue of the products of conception. This pregnancy was terminated due to the chromosomal pathologies associated with 1p36 deletion syndrome, such as severe intellectual disability. Case 2 involved a low-level mosaic Chr 21 trisomy, which was confirmed with chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. The ensuing pregnancy was terminated after ultrasound identification of severe abnormalities in the placenta and fetus. Together, these two cases should be taken into account for risk-benefit assessments of prospective mosaic embryo transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Greco
- Villa Mafalda, Centre For Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UniCamillus International University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pavel Yakovlev
- Next Generation Clinic, Centre For Reproductive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kornilov
- Next Generation Clinic, Centre For Reproductive Medicine, Moscow, Russia.,Next Generation Clinic, Centre For Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Vyatkina
- Next Generation Clinic, Centre For Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Bogdanova
- Next Generation Clinic, Centre For Reproductive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Ermakova
- Medical Genetic Center of the Group of companies "Mother and Child", Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Tarasova
- Medical Genetic Center of the Group of companies "Mother and Child", Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Tikhonov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Pendina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anil Biricik
- Eurofins Genoma Group, Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Listorti
- Villa Mafalda, Centre For Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ronsini
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Viotti
- Zouves Fertility Center, Foster City, CA, USA.,Zouves Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Foster City, CA, USA
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Sun ML, Zhang HG, Liu XY, Yue FG, Jiang YT, Li SB, Liu RZ. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) inherited from her mosaic sSMC(15) mother and a literature review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 59:963-967. [PMID: 33218423 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We characterized a maternally inherited small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 15 according to prenatal detection and made a review on the prenatal sSMC(15) cases with mosaic maternal inheritance. CASE REPORT A 29-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 19 weeks of gestation due to the high risk of Down syndrome in maternal serum screening. No abnormalities were observed in prenatal ultrasound findings. G-banding analysis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+mar. Subsequently, we recalled the couple back for chromosomal analysis. The father's karyotype was normal while the mother's karyotype was 47,XX,+mar[15]/46,XX[35]. Molecular genetic analysis was utilized to identify the marker chromosome. The chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) results of the mother showed there existed microduplications in the locus of 14q32.33, 15q21.1, 19p12 and Xq26.2, respectively. Then Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes for chromosomes 13/21, 14/22, and 15 was applied on the mother and the fetus. And the marker chromosomes for the mother and the fetus were all finally identified as inv dup(15) (D15Z1++, SNRPN-, PML-), which illustrated that the fetus inherited the sSMC(15) from her mother. Finally, a healthy female infant was delivered with no phenotypic abnormalities at 39 weeks. CONCLUSION The combined utilization of the molecular genetic technologies, such as FISH and CMA, plays a critical role in the identification of the origins and genetic constitutions of sSMC, which would make a significant contribution to genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hong-Guo Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Fa-Gui Yue
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Shi-Bo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK, USA
| | - Rui-Zhi Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
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Blyth U, Craciunas L, Hudson G, Choudhary M. Maternal germline factors associated with aneuploid pregnancy loss: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2021; 27:866-884. [PMID: 33969392 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miscarriage describes the spontaneous loss of pregnancy before the threshold of viability; the vast majority occur before 12 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage affects one in four couples and is the most common complication of pregnancy. Chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo are identified in ∼50% of first trimester miscarriages; aneuploidy accounts for 86% of these cases. The majority of trisomic miscarriages are of maternal origin with errors occurring during meiotic division of the oocytes. Chromosome segregation errors in oocytes may be sporadic events secondary to advancing maternal age; however, there is increasing evidence to suggest possible maternal germline contributions to this. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of this review was to appraise critically the existing evidence relating to maternal germline factors associated with pregnancy loss secondary to embryo aneuploidy, identify limitations in the current evidence base and establish areas requiring further research. SEARCH METHODS The initial literature search was performed in September 2019 and updated in January 2021 using the electronic databases OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. No time or language restrictions were applied to the searches and only primary research was included. Participants were women who had suffered pregnancy loss secondary to numerical chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo. Study identification and subsequent data extraction were performed by two authors independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to judge the quality of the included studies. The results were synthesized narratively. OUTCOMES The literature search identified 2198 titles once duplicates were removed, of which 21 were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. They reported on maternal germline factors having variable degrees of association with pregnancy loss of aneuploid origin. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) gene ontology database was used as a reference to establish the functional role currently attributed to the genes reported. The majority of the cases reported and included were secondary to the inheritance of maternal structural factors such as Robertsonian translocations, deletions and insertions. Germline factors with a plausible role in aneuploid pregnancy loss of maternal origin included skewed X-inactivation and CGG repeats in the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. Studies that reported the association of single gene mutations with aneuploid pregnancy loss were conflicting. Single gene mutations with an uncertain or no role in aneuploid pregnancy loss included mutations in synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3), mitotic polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) and meiotic stromal antigen 3 (STAG3) spindle integrity variants and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). WIDER IMPLICATIONS Identifying maternal genetic factors associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy will expand our understanding of cell division, non-disjunction and miscarriage secondary to embryo aneuploidy. The candidate germline factors identified may be incorporated in a screening panel for women suffering miscarriage of aneuploidy aetiology to facilitate counselling for subsequent pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Blyth
- Newcastle Fertility Centre at Life, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laurentiu Craciunas
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Meenakshi Choudhary
- Newcastle Fertility Centre at Life, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Hochstenbach R, Liehr T, Hastings RJ. Chromosomes in the genomic age. Preserving cytogenomic competence of diagnostic genome laboratories. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:541-552. [PMID: 33311710 PMCID: PMC8115145 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation of clinical genetic laboratories in External Quality Assessment schemes (EQAs) is a powerful method to ascertain if any improvement or additional training is required in the diagnostic service. Here, we provide evidence from recent EQAs that the competence in recognizing and interpreting cytogenetic aberrations is variable and could impact patient management. We identify several trends that could affect cytogenomic competence. Firstly, as a result of the age distribution among clinical laboratory geneticists (CLGs) registered at the European Board of Medical Genetics, about 25-30% of those with experience in cytogenetics will retire during the next decade. At the same time, there are about twice as many molecular geneticists to cytogeneticists among the younger CLGs. Secondly, when surveying training programs for CLG, we observed that not all programs guarantee that candidates gather sufficient experience in clinical cytogenomics. Thirdly, we acknowledge that whole genome sequencing (WGS) has a great attraction to biomedical scientists that wish to enter a training program for CLG. This, with a larger number of positions available, makes a choice for specialization in molecular genetics logical. However, current WGS technology cannot provide a diagnosis in all cases. Understanding the etiology of chromosomal rearrangements is essential for appropriate follow-up and for ascertaining recurrence risks. We define the minimal knowledge a CLG should have about cytogenomics in a world dominated by WGS, and discuss how laboratory directors and boards of professional organizations in clinical genetics can uphold cytogenomic competence by providing adequate CLG training programs and attracting sufficient numbers of trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Hochstenbach
- Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Liehr
- University Clinic Jena, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Rosalind J Hastings
- GenQA, Level 1, The Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Whether to transfer mosaic embryos: a cytogenetic view of true mosaicism by amniocentesis. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:33-43. [PMID: 33962907 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies has increasingly been employed for embryo selection, resulting in a recent surge in mosaic embryos. According to the cytogenetic results, which types of mosaic embryo survive early pregnancy, progress to the second trimester and finally result in a live birth? DESIGN This study evaluated 30,587 pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis from January 2004 to March 2020 at the cytogenic centre of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Samples from amniocentesis were cultured using the in-situ method. The types and distribution of level III chromosomal mosaicism (two or more cells with the same abnormality in two or more colonies and both culture dishes, clinically referred to as 'true mosaicism') were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Among the 30,587 women, 78 cases (0.26%) of level III chromosomal mosaicism were identified. The types of chromosomal mosaicism were classified as sex chromosome mosaicism (SCM), autosomal chromosome mosaicism (ACM) and marker chromosome mosaicism (MCM), with SCM, ACM and MCM accounting for 58.97%, 32.05% and 8.97% of cases, respectively. The most common mosaic cell lines were monosomy X and trisomy 21. The most common mosaic cell line progressing to live birth was monosomy X. CONCLUSIONS Mosaic monosomy X and trisomy 21 are the most common cell lines of true mosaicism determined by amniocentesis. Monosomy X mosaicism is the most common cell line in live births. For women considering the transfer of these types of mosaic embryo in a circumstance where euploid embryos are unavailable, clinicians should provide careful prenatal counselling, detailed ultrasonography and amniocentesis.
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Liehr T, Williams HE, Ziegler M, Kankel S, Padutsch N, Al-Rikabi A. Small supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosome 14 and/or 22. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:13. [PMID: 33632263 PMCID: PMC7908736 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are additional derivative chromosomes present in an otherwise numerically and structurally normal karyotype. They may derive from each of the 24 human chromosomes, and most contain a normal centromeric region with an alphoid sequence from a single chromosome. The majority of human chromosomes have a unique centromeric DNA-sequence enabling their indubitable characterization. However, chromosomes 14 and 22 share a common centromeric sequence D14/22Z1, and sSMCs with this DNA-stretch can derive from either chromosome. Euchromatin-carrying sSMCs(14 or 22) may be further characterized by molecular cytogenetics. However, in most diagnostic laboratories, heterochromatic sSMCs cannot be differentiated between chromosomes 14 or 22 derivation and are often reported as der(14 or 22). Still, heterochromatic sSMC(14 or 22) can be distinguished from each other using the D22Z4 probe (non-commercial) localized to 22p11.2. Herein, 355 sSMC(14 or 22) analyzed in the authors’ laboratory during the last ~ 20 years are summarized to address the questions: (1) What are the true frequencies of chromosome 14- and chromosome 22- derived sSMCs within D14/22Z1-positive cases? (2) Does sub-characterization of sSMC(14) and sSMC(22) make a difference in routine diagnostics? These questions could be answered as follows: (ad 1) within the studied group of sSMCs ~ 40% are derived from chromosome 14 and ~ 60% from chromosome 22; (ad 2) the knowledge on exact sSMC origin can help to save costs in routine diagnostics; i.e. in a clinically abnormal person with sSMC(14) a test for uniparental disomy is indicated, which is not necessary if a chromosome 22 origin for the sSMC was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Heather E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Monika Ziegler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kankel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Niklas Padutsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Karamysheva TV, Gayner TA, Muzyka VV, Orishchenko KE, Rubtsov NB. Two Separate Cases: Complex Chromosomal Abnormality Involving Three Chromosomes and Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome in Patients with Impaired Reproductive Function. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121511. [PMID: 33348590 PMCID: PMC7766715 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For medical genetic counseling, estimating the chance of a child being born with chromosome abnormality is crucially important. Cytogenetic diagnostics of parents with a balanced karyotype are a special case. Such chromosome rearrangements cannot be detected with comprehensive chromosome screening. In the current paper, we consider chromosome diagnostics in two cases of chromosome rearrangement in patients with balanced karyotype and provide the results of a detailed analysis of complex chromosomal rearrangement (CCR) involving three chromosomes and a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) in a patient with impaired reproductive function. The application of fluorescent in situ hybridization, microdissection, and multicolor banding allows for describing analyzed karyotypes in detail. In the case of a CCR, such as the one described here, the probability of gamete formation with a karyotype, showing a balance of chromosome regions, is extremely low. Recommendation for the family in genetic counseling should take into account the obtained result. In the case of an sSMC, it is critically important to identify the original chromosome from which the sSMC has been derived, even if the euchromatin material is absent. Finally, we present our view on the optimal strategy of identifying and describing sSMCs, namely the production of a microdissectional DNA probe from the sSMC combined with a consequent reverse painting.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormal Karyotype
- Abortion, Habitual/genetics
- Adult
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Painting
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/ultrastructure
- DNA Probes
- Female
- Gene Duplication
- Genetic Counseling
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infertility, Female/genetics
- Infertility, Male/genetics
- Male
- Metaphase
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V. Karamysheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (K.E.O.); (N.B.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(383)-363-49-63 (ext. 1332)
| | - Tatyana A. Gayner
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Center of New Medical Technologies, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Muzyka
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (K.E.O.); (N.B.R.)
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin E. Orishchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (K.E.O.); (N.B.R.)
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay B. Rubtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (K.E.O.); (N.B.R.)
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Towards New Approaches to Evaluate Dynamic Mosaicism in Ring Chromosome 13 Syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2020; 2019:7250838. [PMID: 31976095 PMCID: PMC6949681 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7250838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with ring chromosome 13 may show characteristics observed in a deletion syndrome and could present a set of dismorphies along with intellectual disability, according to chromosomal segments involved in the genetic imbalance. Nevertheless, ring anomalies likewise is called "dynamic mosaicism", phenomena triggered by the inner instability concerning the ring structure, thus leading to the establishment of different cell clones with secondary aberrations. Phenotypic features, such as growth failure and other anomalies in patients with this condition have been associated with an inherent ring chromosome mitotic instability, while recent studies offer evidence on a role played by the differential loss of genes implicated in development. Here, we observed similar mosaicism rates and specific gene loss profile among three individuals with ring chromosome 13 using GTW-banding karyotype analyses along with FISH and CGH-array approaches. Karyotypes results were: patient 1-r(13)(p13q32.3), patient 2-r(13)(p11q33.3), and patient 3-r(13)(p12q31.1). Array-CGH has revealed qualitative genetic differences among patients in this study and it was elusive in precise chromosomal loss statement, ranging from 13 Mb, 6.8 Mb, and 30 Mb in size. MIR17HG and ZIC2 loss was observed in a patient with digital anomalies, severe growth failure, microcephaly and corpus callosum agenesis while hemizygotic EFNB2 gene loss was identified in two patients, one of them with microphtalmia. According to these findings, it can be concluded that specific hemizygotic loss of genes related to development, more than dynamic mosaicism, may be causative of congenital anomalies shown in patients with ring 13 chromosome.
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Yang Y, Hao W. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings of isodicentric Y chromosomes. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:55. [PMID: 31890035 PMCID: PMC6935080 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isodicentric Y chromosomes [idic(Y)] are one of the most common structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome. The prenatal diagnosis of isodicentric Y chromosomes is of vital importance, and the postnatal phenotypes vary widely. Therefore, we present six patients prenatally diagnosed with isodicentric Y chromosomes and review the literature concerning the genotype-phenotype correlations. Method The clinical materials of six patients were obtained. Cytogenetic and molecular approaches were carried out for these six patients. Results Isodicentric Y chromosomes were found in all sixpatients. Among them, four patients presented with a mosaic 45,X karyotype, one patient had a 46,XY cell line, and one patient was nonmosaic. Five of these six isodicentric Y chromosomes had a breakpoint in Yq11.2, and the other had a breakpoint in Yp11.3. The molecular analysis demonstrated different duplications and deletions of the Y chromosome. Finally, three patients chose to terminate the pregnancy, two patients gave birth to normal-appearing males, and one patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion The incorporation of multiple cytogenetic and molecular techniques would offer a more comprehensive understanding of this structural chromosomal abnormality for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China
| | - Wang Hao
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China.,2Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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Molecular Characterization of Mosaicism for a Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome Derived from Chromosome Y in an Infertile Male with Apparently Normal Phenotype: A Case Report and Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9398275. [PMID: 31828149 PMCID: PMC6885818 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9398275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs), equal in size or smaller than chromosome 20 of the same metaphase, can hardly be identified through traditional banding technique. They are usually associated with intelligent disability, growth retardation, and infertility, but the genotype-phenotype correlations are still complicated for their complex origins and constitutions. Herein, we identified a 26-year-old Chinese infertile male who carried a mosaic sSMC and was diagnosed as severe oligospermia. The G-banding analysis initially described his karyotype as mos 47, XY, +mar[32]/46, XY[18]. The chromosomal microarray analysis results showed a 25.5 Mb gain in Yp11.31q11.23 and a 0.15 Mb loss in Yq12. Two SRY signals were discovered in the “seemingly” normal chromosome Y in both cell lines using SRY probe: one normal SRY was located on the distal tip of the short arm of chromosome Y while the other SRY was located on the terminal of long arm in the same chromosome Y. The sSMC(Y) was finally identified as der(Y) (pter ⟶ q11.23) (SRY-). To our knowledge, the chromosomal Y anomalies, SRY gene translocated from der(Y) (pter ⟶ q11.23) to qter of normal chromosome Y, were not reported before. Our findings indicated that the mosaic presence of sSMC(Y) may be the main cause of severe oligospermia although no other apparent abnormalities were observed in the proband. Further research on association between sSMC(Y) and spermatogenesis impairment should be investigated. It is recommended measures of traditional and molecular cytogenetic analysis should be taken to determine the origins and constitutions of sSMC so as to offer more appropriate genetic counseling for the infertile sSMC carriers.
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12
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Zhang H, Liu X, Geng D, Yue F, Jiang Y, Liu R, Wang R. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a mosaic small supernumerary marker chromosome derived from chromosome Y in an azoospermic male: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16661. [PMID: 31348322 PMCID: PMC6708658 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) can be usually discovered in the patients with mental retardation, infertile couples, and prenatal fetus. We aim to characterize the sSMC and explore the correlation between with sSMC and male infertility. PATIENT CONCERNS A 26-year-old Chinese male was referred for infertility consultation in our center after 1 year of regular unprotected coitus and no pregnancy. DIAGNOSIS Cytogenetic G-banding analysis initially described a mosaic karyotype 47,X,Yqh-,+mar[28]/46,X,Yqh-[22] for the proband, while his father showed a normal karyotype. The chromosome microarray (CMA) analysis showed there existed a duplication of Yp11.32q11.221, a deletion of Yq11.222q12, a duplication of 20p11.1 for the patient. Azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletion analysis for the patient showed that he presented a de novo AZFb+c deletion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization further confirmed the sSMC was an sSMC(Y) with SRY signal, Y centromere, and Yq deletion. INTERVENTIONS The patient would choose artificial reproductive technology to get his offspring according to the genetic counseling. OUTCOMES The sSMC in our patient was proved to be an sSMC(Y), derived from Yq deletion. The spermatogenesis failure of the proband might be due to the synthetic action of sSMC(Y) mosaicism and AZFb+c microdeletion. LESSONS It is nearly impossible to detect the chromosomal origin of sSMC through traditional banding techniques. The molecular cytogenetic characterization could be performed for identification of sSMC so that comprehensive genetic counseling would be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguo Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongfeng Geng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fagui Yue
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Stembalska A, Gil J, Laczmanska I, Sasiadek M. Clinical Observation of a Child with Prenatally Diagnosed De Novo Partial Trisomy of Chromosome 20. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2019; 38:245-256. [PMID: 30893560 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1576818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) represent a group of structural chromosome rearrangements that cannot be characterized by conventional cytogenetic analysis, but can be identified by microarray studies. sSMCs are observed in approximately 0.075% of prenatal cytogenetic tests with clinical pathology in no more than 30% of sSMCS carriers. CASE We present a boy who was diagnosed prenatally with a partial trisomy of chromosome 20. An increased nuchal translucency NT >99%tile, fetal neck cysts and abnormalities of the lumbosacral spine were observed in prenatal screening. After birth, facial dysmorphism, small male genitalia and defects of the vertebrae were observed. In the fourth year of life, dysmorphic features, brachydactyly, small male genitalia, short stature, psychomotor delay, hyperactivity as well as conductive hearing loss became apparent. CONCLUSION Partial trisomy of chromosome 20, covering the region 20q21→20q23, results in serious clinical complications, including dysmorphic features and delay in psychomotor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Gil
- a Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | | | - Maria Sasiadek
- a Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
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14
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Karaman B, Kayserili H, Ghanbari A, Uyguner ZO, Toksoy G, Altunoglu U, Basaran S. Pallister-Killian syndrome: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular findings in 15 cases. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:45. [PMID: 30140312 PMCID: PMC6098576 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pallister Killian syndrome (PKS, OMIM 601803) is a rare genetic disorder with a distinct phenotype caused by tissue- limited mosaicism tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosome 12, which usually cytogenetically presents as an extra isochromosome 12p.Wide phenotypic variability in PKS has been reported, ranging from pre-to perinatal death due to multiple congenital anomalies, especially diaphragmatic hernia, and classic phenotypes including seizures, severe developmental delay, macrosomia at birth, deafness, and distinct dysmorphic features, such as coarse face, temporal alopecia, a small nose with anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, and hypo-/hyper- pigmented streaks on the skin. Results Karyotypes obtained from cultured peripheral lymphocytes of 13 cases, who were diagnosed as PKS, were normal, while karyotypes obtained from cultured skin samples and buccal mucosa revealed the supernumerary mosaic i(12p). Mosaic karyotype was found in both fibroblast and buccal mucosa in 14 of 15 patients in our series, whereas in one stillbirth, following the clinical diagnosis of PKS, skin and buccal smear samples were taken, and all karyotypes from cultured fibroblasts revealed a supernumerary i(12p), while I-FISH study showed 60% mosaicism in mucosal cells. Conclusions We here share the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic findings of 15 cases with PKS phenotype and the parental origin of seven i(12p) identified by molecular analyses. To our knowledge, this is the largest series of PKS patients with parental origin study from a single center. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because we specifically found no differences in the phenotypes of cases with either a maternal or paternal origin of the extra element and differential imprinting appeared not to be a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Karaman
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet cad.34039 Capa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet cad.34039 Capa, İstanbul, Turkey.,2Medical Genetics Department & Genetic Diagnosis Center, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Asadollah Ghanbari
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet cad.34039 Capa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet cad.34039 Capa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güven Toksoy
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet cad.34039 Capa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet cad.34039 Capa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Basaran
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet cad.34039 Capa, İstanbul, Turkey
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15
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Liehr T, Hamid Al-Rikabi AB. Impaired Spermatogenesis due to Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes: The Reason for Infertility Is Only Reliably Ascertainable by Cytogenetics. Sex Dev 2018; 12:281-287. [PMID: 30089300 DOI: 10.1159/000491870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertile male with small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) were studied. Overall, 37 own patients and 166 cases from the literature were included. sSMCs of our own cases were characterized by multicolor-FISH probe sets. Available clinical data of the infertile males were also evaluated, and meta-analysis on suitability of molecular karyotyping for sSMC characterization was done. As a result, sSMCs can be optimally characterized by single-cell directed (molecular) cytogenetics. In infertile males, sSMCs derive predominantly from one of the acrocentric chromosomes, mainly chromosomes 15, 14, and 22. Interestingly, altered spermiograms were found in 62% of the males with an sSMC, while the remainder cases had infertility in connection with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Meta-analysis for detectability of sSMCs by aCGH revealed that 81-87% of the cases would have not been picked up by exclusive use of that approach. Thus, as impaired spermatogenesis is known to be indicative for gross chromosomal anomalies in infertile male patients, it can be concluded from this study that the presence of sSMCs also needs to be considered. However, sSMCs can only be reliably detected by standard karyotyping and not by modern high throughput approaches like aCGH and next-generation sequencing.
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16
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Germline mosaicism is a pitfall in the diagnosis of “sporadic” X-linked Alport syndrome. J Nephrol 2018; 32:155-159. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Tesner P, Drabova J, Stolfa M, Kudr M, Kyncl M, Moslerova V, Novotna D, Kremlikova Pourova R, Kocarek E, Rasplickova T, Sedlacek Z, Vlckova M. A boy with developmental delay and mosaic supernumerary inv dup(5)(p15.33p15.1) leading to distal 5p tetrasomy - case report and review of the literature. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:29. [PMID: 29760779 PMCID: PMC5941596 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With only 11 patients reported, 5p tetrasomy belongs to rare postnatal findings. Most cases are due to small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) or isochromosomes. The patients share common but unspecific symptoms such as developmental delay, seizures, ventriculomegaly, hypotonia, and fifth finger clinodactyly. Simple interstitial duplications leading to trisomies of parts of 5p are much more frequent and better described. Duplications encompassing 5p13.2 cause a defined syndrome with macrocephaly, distinct facial phenotype, heart defects, talipes equinovarus, feeding difficulties, respiratory distress and anomalies of the central nervous system, developmental delay and hypotonia. Case presentation We present a boy with dysmorphic features, developmental delay, intellectual disability and congenital anomalies, and a mosaic sSMC inv dup(5)(p15.33p15.1). He is the fourth and the oldest reported patient with distal 5p tetrasomy. His level of mosaicism was significantly different in lymphocytes (13.2%) and buccal cells (64.7%). The amplification in our patient is smaller than that in the three previously published patients but the only phenotype difference is the absence of seizures in our patient. Conclusions Our observations indicate that for the assessment of prognosis, especially with respect to intellectual functioning, the level of mosaicism could be more important than the extent of amplification and the number of extra copies. Evaluation of the phenotypical effect of rare chromosomal aberrations is challenging and each additional case is valuable for refinement of the genotype-phenotype correlation. Moreover, our patient demonstrates that if the phenotype is severe and if the level of sSMC mosaicism is low in lymphocytes, other tissues should be tested. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13039-018-0377-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Tesner
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Drabova
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Stolfa
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kudr
- 2Department of Paediatric Neurology, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kyncl
- 3Department of Radiology, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Moslerova
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Drahuse Novotna
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Kremlikova Pourova
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Kocarek
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Rasplickova
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sedlacek
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vlckova
- 1Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic
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18
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Tesner P, Vlckova M, Drabova J, Vseticka J, Klimova A, Lastuvkova J, Zidovska J, Kremlikova Pourova R, Hancarova M, Sedlacek Z, Kocarek E. Molecular Cytogenetic Diagnostics of Marker Chromosomes: Analysis in Four Prenatal Cases and Long-Term Clinical Evaluation of Carriers. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 154:187-195. [DOI: 10.1159/000488790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prenatal finding of a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) is a challenge for genetic counseling. Our analytic algorithm is based on sSMC frequencies and multicolor FISH to accelerate the procedure. The chromosomal origin, size, and degree of mosaicism of the sSMC then determine the prognosis. We illustrate the effectiveness on 4 prenatally identified de novo mosaic sSMCs derived from chromosomes 13/21, X, 3, and 17. Three sSMC carriers had a good prognosis and apparently healthy children were born, showing no abnormality till the last examination at the age of 4 years. One case had a poor prognosis, and the parents decided to terminate the pregnancy. Our work contributes to the laboratory and clinical management of prenatally detected sSMCs. FISH is a reliable method for fast sSMC evaluation and prognosis assessment; it prevents unnecessary delays and uncertainty, allows informed decision making, and reduces unnecessary pregnancy terminations.
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19
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Al-Rikabi ABH, Pekova S, Fan X, Jančušková T, Liehr T. Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome May Provide Information on Dosage-insensitive Pericentric Regions in Human. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:192-199. [PMID: 29606906 PMCID: PMC5850507 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170717163830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytogenetically visible chromosomal imbalances in humans are deleterious and adverse in the majority of the cases. However, healthy persons living with chromosomal imbalances in the range of several megabasepairs (Mbps) in size, like carriers of small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes (sSMCs) exist. MATERIALS & METHODS The identification of healthy sSMC carriers with euchromatic centromere-near (ECN) imbalances led to the following proposal: ECN-regions do not contain any dosage sensitive genes. Due to own previous work, dosage-insensitive pericentric ECN-regions were already determined with an accuracy of 0.3 and 5 Mbp. Based on this data we established 43 new pericentromeric probe sets spanning about 3-5 Mbp of each euchromatic human chromosome arm starting from the known insensitive regions towards distal. Such so called pericentromeric-critical region fluorescence in situ hybridization (PeCR-FISH) probe sets were applied exemplarily and successful here in 15 sSMC cases as available from the Else Kröner-Fresenius-sSMC-cellbank . CONCLUSION Most of the involved sSMC breakpoints could be characterized as a higher resolution than before. An unexpected result was that in 5/15 cases cryptic mosaicism was characterized. The latter is also to be considered to have potentially an influence on the clinical outcome in these so-called discontinuous sSMCs. Overall, the suitability of PeCR-FISH to characterize sSMCs was proven; the potential of this probe set to further delineate sizes of dosage insensitive pericentric regions is obvious but dependent on suited cases. Furthermore, discontinuous sSMCs can be identified by this approach and this new subtype of sSMC needs to be studied in more detail in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B. Hamid Al-Rikabi
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, 07747Jena, Germany
| | - Sona Pekova
- Synlab Genetics s.r.o., Evropska 176/16, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Xioabo Fan
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, 07747Jena, Germany
| | - Tereza Jančušková
- Synlab Genetics s.r.o., Evropska 176/16, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, 07747Jena, Germany
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20
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Detection of paternal uniparental disomy 9 in a neonate with prenatally detected mosaicism for a small supernumerary marker chromosome 9 and a supernumerary ring chromosome 9. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 56:527-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Chen CP, Ko TM, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Lai ST, Yang CW, Pan CW, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of mosaicism for a small supernumerary marker chromosome derived from chromosome 16. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 56:545-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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22
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Divergent Levels of Marker Chromosomes in an hiPSC-Based Model of Psychosis. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:519-528. [PMID: 28216146 PMCID: PMC5355568 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of generating presumably clonal human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from two carriers of a complex structural rearrangement, each having a psychotic disorder, we also serendipitously generated isogenic non-carrier control hiPSCs, finding that the rearrangement occurs as an extrachromosomal marker (mar) element. All confirmed carrier hiPSCs and differentiated neural progenitor cell lines were found to be mosaic. We caution that mar elements may be difficult to functionally evaluate in hiPSC cultures using currently available methods, as it is difficult to distinguish cells with and without mar elements in live mosaic cultures.
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23
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Quinonez SC, Gelehrter TD, Uhlmann WR. A Marfan syndrome-like phenotype caused by a neocentromeric supernumerary ring chromosome 15. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:268-273. [PMID: 27739187 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) are abnormal chromosomes that cannot be characterized by standard banding cytogenetic techniques. A minority of sSMC contain a neocentromere, which is an ectopic centromere lacking the characteristic alpha-satellite DNA. The phenotypic manifestations of sSMC and neocentromeric sSMC are variable and range from severe intellectual disability and multiple congenital anomalies to a normal phenotype. Here we report a patient with a diagnosis of Marfan syndrome and infertility found to have an abnormal karyotype consisting of a chromosome 15 deletion and a ring-type sSMC likely stabilized by a neocentromere derived via a mechanism initially described by Barbara McClintock in 1938. Analysis of the sSMC identified that it contained the deleted chromosome 15 material and also one copy of FBN1, the gene responsible for Marfan syndrome. We propose that the patient's diagnosis arose from disruption of the FBN1 allele on the sSMC. To date, a total of 29 patients have been reported with an sSMC derived from a chromosomal deletion. We review these cases with a specific focus on the resultant phenotypes and note significant difference between this class of sSMC and other types of sSMC. Through this review we also identified a patient with a clinical diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 who lacked a family history of the condition but was found to have a chromosome 17-derived sSMC that likely contained NF1 and caused the patient's disorder. We also review the genetic counseling implications and recommendations for a patient or family harboring an sSMC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C Quinonez
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas D Gelehrter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wendy R Uhlmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hu YA, Cui Y, Fan X, Wu Q, Li W, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling in a fetus associated with risk of Angelman syndrome with a small supernumerary marker chromosome derived from chromosome 22. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:37. [PMID: 27148405 PMCID: PMC4855799 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. AS patients concomitant with sSMC are rather rare events. It will provide more useful and proper information for genetic counseling to identify the sSMC origin. CASE PRESENTATION A 27-year-old woman was referred for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis at 26 weeks of gestation due to her elder daughter, diagnosed as Angelman syndrome (AS) with an interstitial deletion in one of the chromosomes 15, carrying a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC). The G-banding results of the woman and her current fetus both were 47,XX,+mar. In this paper, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results showed that there was no deletion of chromosome 15 in the woman and fetus. We demonstrated that the proband's sSMC was maternally inherited and was an inv dup(22)(q11.1) , and that the deletion in 15q11.2-q13.1 was de novo. CONCLUSIONS Taking into account above results and normal phenotypes of the proband's mother, in this case we suggest that the sSMC don't increase the recurrence risk of AS. After prenatal diagnosis, the woman chose to continue the pregnancy, and finally gave birth to a normal female infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Hu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Yingxia Cui
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Qiuyue Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
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Heng HHQ, Regan SM, Liu G, Ye CJ. Why it is crucial to analyze non clonal chromosome aberrations or NCCAs? Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:15. [PMID: 26877768 PMCID: PMC4752783 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cytogenetics has largely focused its efforts on the identification of recurrent karyotypic alterations, also known as clonal chromosomal aberrations (CCAs). The rationale of doing so seems simple: recurrent genetic changes are relevant for diseases or specific physiological conditions, while non clonal chromosome aberrations (NCCAs) are insignificant genetic background or noise. However, in reality, the vast majority of chromosomal alterations are NCCAs, and it is challenging to identify commonly shared CCAs in most solid tumors. Furthermore, the karyotype, rather than genes, represents the system inheritance, or blueprint, and each NCCA represents an altered genome system. These realizations underscore the importance of the re-evaluation of NCCAs in cytogenetic analyses. In this concept article, we briefly review the definition of NCCAs, some historical misconceptions about them, and why NCCAs are not insignificant "noise," but rather a highly significant feature of the cellular population for providing genome heterogeneity and complexity, representing one important form of fuzzy inheritance. The frequencies of NCCAs also represent an index to measure both internally- and environmentally-induced genome instability. Additionally, the NCCA/CCA cycle is associated with macro- and micro-cellular evolution. Lastly, elevated NCCAs are observed in many disease/illness conditions. Considering all of these factors, we call for the immediate action of studying and reporting NCCAs. Specifically, effort is needed to characterize and compare different types of NCCAs, to define their baseline in various tissues, to develop methods to access mitotic cells, to re-examine/interpret the NCCAs data, and to develop an NCCA database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H. Q. Heng
- />Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- />Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3226 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Sarah M. Regan
- />Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- />Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Guo Liu
- />Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Christine J. Ye
- />The Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Unrevealed mosaicism in the next-generation sequencing era. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:513-30. [PMID: 26481646 PMCID: PMC4819561 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosaicism refers to the presence in an individual of normal and abnormal cells that are genotypically distinct and are derived from a single zygote. The incidence of mosaicism events in the human body is underestimated as the genotypes in the mosaic ratio, especially in the low-grade mosaicism, stay unrevealed. This review summarizes various research outcomes and diagnostic questions in relation to different types of mosaicism. The impact of both tested biological material and applied method on the mosaicism detection rate is especially highlighted. As next-generation sequencing technologies constitute a promising methodological solution in mosaicism detection in the coming years, revisions in current diagnostic protocols are necessary to increase the detection rate of the unrevealed mosaicism events. Since mosaicism identification is a complex process, numerous examples of multistep mosaicism investigations are presented and discussed.
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Genomic Copy Number Variation Affecting Genes Involved in the Cell Cycle Pathway: Implications for Somatic Mosaicism. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:757680. [PMID: 26421275 PMCID: PMC4569762 DOI: 10.1155/2015/757680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic genome variations (mosaicism) seem to represent a common mechanism for human intercellular/interindividual diversity in health and disease. However, origins and mechanisms of somatic mosaicism remain a matter of conjecture. Recently, it has been hypothesized that zygotic genomic variation naturally occurring in humans is likely to predispose to nonheritable genetic changes (aneuploidy) acquired during the lifetime through affecting cell cycle regulation, genome stability maintenance, and related pathways. Here, we have evaluated genomic copy number variation (CNV) in genes implicated in the cell cycle pathway (according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes/KEGG) within a cohort of patients with intellectual disability, autism, and/or epilepsy, in which the phenotype was not associated with genomic rearrangements altering this pathway. Benign CNVs affecting 20 genes of the cell cycle pathway were detected in 161 out of 255 patients (71.6%). Among them, 62 individuals exhibited >2 CNVs affecting the cell cycle pathway. Taking into account the number of individuals demonstrating CNV of these genes, a support for this hypothesis appears to be presented. Accordingly, we speculate that further studies of CNV burden across the genes implicated in related pathways might clarify whether zygotic genomic variation generates somatic mosaicism in health and disease.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung
In der Zytogenetik werden Zellen im Gegensatz zu molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen individuell analysiert. Dadurch können Zellen mit verschiedenen Karyotypen (Zellmosaike) aufgedeckt werden. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Probleme der diagnostischen Befunderhebung und -interpretation chromosomaler Mosaike. Eine besondere Herausforderung liegt darin, dass zwischen echten Mosaiken einerseits und Kulturartefakten, Pseudomosaiken, Alterseffekten, mütterlicher Kontamination oder Chimärismus andererseits unterschieden werden muss. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein chromosomales Mosaik in der zytogenetischen Routinediagnostik zu übersehen, ist sehr hoch, da hier nur ca. 15 von 1012 Körperzellen und dazu in der Regel nur ein einziger Gewebetyp untersucht werden. Einige zytogenetische Mosaike sind typisch für bestimmte Syndrome, wie z. B. das Pallister-Killian-, das Katzenaugen oder das Ullrich-Turner-Syndrom; andere sind charakteristisch für bestimmte Krankheitsbilder, einschließlich hämatologischer maligner Erkrankungen.
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Eggermann T, Kotzot D. Uniparentale Disomien und Mosaike. MED GENET-BERLIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-014-0004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Für die Entstehung von uniparentalen Disomien (UPD) sind verschiedene Mechanismen bekannt, von denen insbesondere der häufigste, der „trisomy rescue“, mit Mosaiken aus einer trisomen Zelllinie und einer disomen 46,XN-Zelllinie mit UPD einhergehen kann. Daher wird diskutiert, ob ein Großteil der UPD schwache oder nichterkannte Mosaike sein könnten. Inwieweit eine trisome Zelllinie den Phänotyp beeinflusst, hängt wahrscheinlich vom Chromosom und v. a. vom prozentualen Anteil im jeweiligen Gewebe ab. Möglicherweise haben die trisomen Zellen mancher UPD-Mosaike sogar einen Selektionsnachteil, sodass sie zumindest postnatal in der Routineanalytik aus Lymphozyten nicht darstellbar sind. Bei Beteiligung eines Chromosoms, für das „Imprinting“-Phänomene bekannt sind, muss die entsprechende Erkrankung berücksichtigt werden. Während die postnatale molekulare Abklärung einer UPD bei Vorliegen einer entsprechenden klinischen Symptomatik und/oder chromosomaler bzw. molekularer Vorbefunde indiziert ist, sind im Rahmen der pränatalen Testung auf UPD und Imprinting-Erkrankungen die Konsequenzen eines positiven Befunds vor der Diagnostik im Rahmen einer genetischen Beratung mit den Eltern zu diskutieren. Die Bedeutung von Mosaiken für die UPD-Diagnostik muss vor dem Hintergrund des beteiligten Chromosoms bzw. der assoziierten Erkrankung, des zugrunde liegenden Entstehungsmechanismus und der verwendeten Methode bewertet werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Aff1 grid.412301.5 0000000086531507 Institut für Humangenetik Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen Pauwelsstr. 30 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Dieter Kotzot
- Aff2 grid.5361.1 0000000088532677 Sektion Humangenetik, Department für Medizinische Genetik, Molekulare und Klinische Pharmakologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
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Al-Rohil RN, Leung D, Andrew Carlson J. Congenital vulnerability of cutaneous segments arising from skin mosaicism: A genetic basis for locus minoris resistentiae. Clin Dermatol 2014; 32:577-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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