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Abstract
The human RECQ4 gene encodes an ATP-dependent DNA helicase that contains a conserved superfamily II helicase domain located at the center of the polypeptide. RECQ4 is one of the five RECQ homologs in human cells, and its helicase domain is flanked by the unique amino and carboxyl termini with sequences distinct from other members of the RECQ helicases. Since the identification of the RECQ4 gene in 1998, multiple RECQ4 mutations have been linked to the pathogenesis of three clinical diseases, which are Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Baller-Gerold syndrome, and RAPADILINO. Patients with these diseases show various developmental abnormalities. In addition, a subset of RECQ4 mutations are associated with high cancer risks, especially for osteosarcoma and/or lymphoma at early ages. The discovery of clinically relevant RECQ4 mutations leads to intriguing questions: how is the RECQ4 helicase responsible for preventing multiple clinical syndromes? What are the mechanisms by which the RECQ4 disease mutations cause tissue abnormalities and drive cancer formation? Furthermore, RECQ4 is highly overexpressed in many cancer types, raising the question whether RECQ4 acts not only as a tumor suppressor but also an oncogene that can be a potential new therapeutic target. Defining the molecular dysfunctions of different RECQ4 disease mutations is imperative to improving our understanding of the complexity of RECQ4 clinical phenotypes and the dynamic roles of RECQ4 in cancer development and prevention. We will review recent progress in examining the molecular and biochemical properties of the different domains of the RECQ4 protein. We will shed light on how the dynamic roles of RECQ4 in human cells may contribute to the complexity of RECQ4 clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Chou-Wei Chang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major congenital anomaly with an incidence of ∼1% of live births and is a significant cause of birth defect-related mortality. The genetic mechanisms underlying the development of CHD are complex and remain incompletely understood. Known genetic causes include all classes of genetic variation including chromosomal aneuploidies, copy number variants, and rare and common single-nucleotide variants, which can be either de novo or inherited. Among patients with CHD, ∼8%-12% have a chromosomal abnormality or aneuploidy, between 3% and 25% have a copy number variation, and 3%-5% have a single-gene defect in an established CHD gene with higher likelihood of identifying a genetic cause in patients with nonisolated CHD. These genetic variants disrupt or alter genes that play an important role in normal cardiac development and in some cases have pleiotropic effects on other organs. This work reviews some of the most common genetic causes of CHD as well as what is currently known about the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Gui B, Song Y, Hu X, Li H, Qin Z, Su J, Li C, Fan X, Li M, Luo J, Feng Y, Song L, Chen S, Gong C, Shen Y. Novel pathogenic RECQL4 variants in Chinese patients with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Gene 2018; 654:110-115. [PMID: 29462647 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder mainly characterized by cutaneous poikiloderma, sparse hair, short stature and skeletal defects. Deleterious mutations in the RecQ-like DNA helicase type 4 (RECQL4) gene have been detected in approximately two-thirds of RTS cases. METHODS Three Chinese patients from two unrelated families were enrolled for clinical evaluation. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) using a custom panel consisting of 705 short-stature-related genes was performed for the probands. Variants detected by NGS were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and examined in family members. RESULTS The probands presented with characteristic features of severe growth delay, poikiloderma mostly on the face, buttocks and extremities, sparse or absent hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows, forearm reduction defects, small hands with hypoplasia of the middle phalanx (little finger) in one of the probands, epicanthus, hypertelorism, and dental abnormalities. In addition, novel auricle features and other rare facial features, including narrow palpebral fissure, depressed nasal bridge, and small chin were exhibited. Four novel RECQL4 variants were identified, including three pathogenic frameshift variants, c.1724_1725delAC, p.His575fs*7; c.2421dupT, p.Asp808*; c.1770_1807del, p.Pro591fs*2, and one likely pathogenic missense variant, c.691G>A, p.Gly231Ser. CONCLUSION Our study expands the mutational spectrum of RECQL4 gene and reveals novel phenotypes observed in Chinese RTS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoheng Gui
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Yanning Song
- National Center for Children's Health, China, Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, PR China
| | - Xuyun Hu
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, PR China
| | - Hongdou Li
- Institute of Reproduction & Development, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Zailong Qin
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Jiasun Su
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Mengting Li
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Jingsi Luo
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Liping Song
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China.
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- National Center for Children's Health, China, Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, PR China.
| | - Yiping Shen
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, PR China; Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, PR China; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Goussot R, Prasad M, Stoetzel C, Lenormand C, Dollfus H, Lipsker D. Expanding phenotype of hereditary fibrosing poikiloderma with tendon contractures, myopathy, and pulmonary fibrosis caused by FAM111B mutations: Report of an additional family raising the question of cancer predisposition and a short review of early-onset poikiloderma. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 3:143-150. [PMID: 28349113 PMCID: PMC5358901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Goussot
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg et Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
| | - Megana Prasad
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, Faculté de médecine de Strasbourg, Institut de génétique médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, Faculté de médecine de Strasbourg, Institut de génétique médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Lenormand
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg et Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, Faculté de médecine de Strasbourg, Institut de génétique médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dan Lipsker
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg et Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
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Fu W, Ligabue A, Rogers KJ, Akey JM, Monnat RJ. Human RECQ Helicase Pathogenic Variants, Population Variation and "Missing" Diseases. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:193-203. [PMID: 27859906 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heritable loss of function mutations in the human RECQ helicase genes BLM, WRN, and RECQL4 cause Bloom, Werner, and Rothmund-Thomson syndromes, cancer predispositions with additional developmental or progeroid features. In order to better understand RECQ pathogenic and population variation, we systematically analyzed genetic variation in all five human RECQ helicase genes. A total of 3,741 unique base pair-level variants were identified, across 17,605 potential mutation sites. Direct counting of BLM, RECQL4, and WRN pathogenic variants was used to determine aggregate and disease-specific carrier frequencies. The use of biochemical and model organism data, together with computational prediction, identified over 300 potentially pathogenic population variants in RECQL and RECQL5, the two RECQ helicases that are not yet linked to a heritable deficiency syndrome. Despite the presence of these predicted pathogenic variants in the human population, we identified no individuals homozygous for any biochemically verified or predicted pathogenic RECQL or RECQL5 variant. Nor did we find any individual heterozygous for known pathogenic variants in two or more of the disease-associated RECQ helicase genes BLM, RECQL4, or WRN. Several postulated RECQ helicase deficiency syndromes-RECQL or RECQL5 loss of function, or compound haploinsufficiency for the disease-associated RECQ helicases-may remain missing, as they likely incompatible with life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Fu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alessio Ligabue
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kai J Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joshua M Akey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Raymond J Monnat
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Colombo EA, Fontana L, Roversi G, Negri G, Castiglia D, Paradisi M, Zambruno G, Larizza L. Novel physiological RECQL4 alternative transcript disclosed by molecular characterisation of Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome sibs with mild phenotype. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:1298-304. [PMID: 24518840 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is a rare genodermatosis caused by biallelic mutations of the RECQL4 gene and is characterised by poikiloderma, sparse hair, eyelashes and/or eyebrows, small stature, skeletal and dental abnormalities and cancer predisposition. Mutations predicted to result in the loss of RECQL4 protein have been associated with osteosarcoma risk, but mutation(s)-phenotype correlations are better addressed by combined DNA and RNA analyses. We describe two siblings with a mild phenotype, mainly restricted to the skin, who carry the unreported paternal c.2272C>T alteration in exon 14 and the previously reported maternal exon 15 c.2492_2493delAT, both predicted to result in premature termination codons (p.(Arg758*), p.(His831Argfs*52)). However real-time and transcript analysis showed, in the carrier father and affected daughter, increased levels of a novel RECQL4 physiological alternative transcript with partial in-frame skipping of exon 14, generated by increased usage of a weak cryptic splice site. This alternative transcript is expressed in all controls and tested tissues, its upregulation is specific to the paternal c.2272C>T mutation and depends on the abrogation of the binding motifs for SF2 and SRp55 serine/arginine-rich proteins with bypass of the mutation site located in the skipped exon 14 portion. Moreover, in the proband the increased levels of the alternative transcript, likely encoding a protein isoform with residual activity, may compensate for the dearth of the canonical transcript with the c.2492_2493delAT, accounting for the mild clinical phenotype of the siblings. Our results emphasise the value of RNA analysis to better predict the effects of RECQL4 mutations on the clinical phenotype.
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