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Iyer RR, Renteria CA, Yang L, Sorrells JE, Park J, Sun L, Yu Z, Huang Y, Marjanovic M, Mirica LM, Boppart SA. Tracking the binding of multi-functional fluorescent tags for Alzheimer's disease using quantitative multiphoton microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200105. [PMID: 35686672 PMCID: PMC9728943 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A recent theranostic approach to address Alzheimer's disease (AD) utilizes multifunctional targets that both tag and negate the toxicity of AD biomarkers. These compounds, which emit fluorescence with both an activation and a spectral shift in the presence of Aβ, were previously characterized with traditional fluorescence imaging for binary characterization. However, these multifunctional compounds have broad and dynamic emission spectra that are dependent on factors such as the local environment, presence of Aβ deposits, etc. Since quantitative multiphoton microscopy is sensitive to the binding dynamics of molecules, we characterized the performance of two such compounds, LS-4 and ZY-12-OMe, using Simultaneous Label-free Autofluorescence Multi-harmonic (SLAM) microscopy and Fast Optical Coherence, Autofluorescence Lifetime imaging and Second harmonic generation (FOCALS) microscopy. This study shows that the combination of quantitative multiphoton imaging with multifunctional tags for AD offers new insights into the interaction of these tags with AD biomarkers and the theranostic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishyashring R. Iyer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Carlos A. Renteria
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Janet E. Sorrells
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhengxin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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2
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Sun L, Cho HJ, Sen S, Arango AS, Huynh TT, Huang Y, Bandara N, Rogers BE, Tajkhorshid E, Mirica LM. Amphiphilic Distyrylbenzene Derivatives as Potential Therapeutic and Imaging Agents for Soluble and Insoluble Amyloid β Aggregates in Alzheimer's Disease. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10462-10476. [PMID: 34213901 PMCID: PMC8762579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and efficient therapeutic and early diagnostic agents for AD are still lacking. Herein, we report the development of a novel amphiphilic compound, LS-4, generated by linking a hydrophobic amyloid-binding distyrylbenzene fragment with a hydrophilic triazamacrocycle, which dramatically increases the binding affinity toward various amyloid β (Aβ) peptide aggregates, especially for soluble Aβ oligomers. Moreover, upon the administration of LS-4 to 5xFAD mice, fluorescence imaging of LS-4-treated brain sections reveals that LS-4 can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bind to the Aβ oligomers in vivo. In addition, the treatment of 5xFAD mice with LS-4 reduces the amount of both amyloid plaques and associated phosphorylated tau aggregates vs the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, while microglia activation is also reduced. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate the observation that introducing a hydrophilic moiety into the molecular structure of LS-4 can enhance the electrostatic interactions with the polar residues of the Aβ species. Finally, exploiting the Cu2+-chelating property of the triazamacrocycle, we performed a series of imaging and biodistribution studies that show the 64Cu-LS-4 complex binds to the amyloid plaques and can accumulate to a significantly larger extent in the 5xFAD mouse brains vs the wild-type controls. Overall, these results illustrate that the novel strategy, to employ an amphiphilic molecule containing a hydrophilic moiety attached to a hydrophobic amyloid-binding fragment, can increase the binding affinity for both soluble and insoluble Aβ aggregates and can thus be used to detect and regulate various Aβ species in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hong-Jun Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Soumyo Sen
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andres S Arango
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Truc T Huynh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nilantha Bandara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Buck E Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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3
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Carosi JM, Hein LK, van den Hurk M, Adams R, Milky B, Singh S, Bardy C, Denton D, Kumar S, Sargeant TJ. Retromer regulates the lysosomal clearance of MAPT/tau. Autophagy 2020; 17:2217-2237. [PMID: 32960680 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1821545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome axis enables the clearance and degradation of cytoplasmic components including protein aggregates, damaged organelles and invading pathogens. Protein aggregation and lysosomal system dysfunction in the brain are common features of several late-onset neurological disorders including Alzheimer disease. Spatial overlap between depletion of the endosomal-sorting complex retromer and MAPT/tau aggregation in the brain have been previously reported. However, whether retromer dysfunction plays a direct role in mediating MAPT aggregation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the autophagy-lysosome axis is the primary mode for the clearance of aggregated species of MAPT using both chemical and genetic approaches in cell models of amyloid MAPT aggregation. We show that depletion of the central retromer component VPS35 causes a block in the resolution of autophagy. We establish that this defect underlies marked accumulation of cytoplasmic MAPT aggregates upon VPS35 depletion, and that VPS35 overexpression has the opposite effect. This work illustrates how retromer complex integrity regulates the autophagy-lysosome axis to suppress MAPT aggregation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Carosi
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy & Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leanne K Hein
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark van den Hurk
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert Adams
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Bridget Milky
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Sanjna Singh
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cedric Bardy
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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4
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Schröder N, Schaffrath A, Welter JA, Putzka T, Griep A, Ziegler P, Brandt E, Samer S, Heneka MT, Kaddatz H, Zhan J, Kipp E, Pufe T, Tauber SC, Kipp M, Brandenburg LO. Inhibition of formyl peptide receptors improves the outcome in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:131. [PMID: 32331524 PMCID: PMC7181500 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the increase of Aβ1-42 burden and its accumulation to senile plaques, leading the reactive gliosis and neurodegeneration. The modulation of glia cell function represents an attractive therapeutic strategy, but is currently limited by an incomplete understanding of its relevance for AD. The chemotactic G-protein coupled formyl peptide receptor (FPR), which is known to modulate Aβ1-42 uptake and signal transduction, might be one candidate molecule regulating glia function in AD. Here, we investigate whether the modulation of FPR exerts beneficial effects in an AD preclinical model. Methods To address this question, APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD mice were treated for 20 weeks with either the pro-inflammatory FPR agonist fMLF, the FPR1/2 antagonist Boc2 or the anti-inflammatory FPR2 agonist Ac2-26. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated using a Morris water maze test. Immunohistological staining, gene expression studies, and flow cytometry analyses were performed to study neuronal loss, gliosis, and Aß-load in the hippocampus and cortex, respectively. Results FPR antagonism by Boc2-treatment significantly improved spatial memory performance, reduced neuronal pathology, induced the expression of homeostatic growth factors, and ameliorated microglia, but not astrocyte, reactivity. Furthermore, the elevated levels of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus were reduced by Boc2-treatment, presumably by an induction of amyloid degradation. Conclusions We suggest that the modulation of FPR signaling cascades might be considered as a promising therapeutic approach for alleviating the cognitive deficits associated with early AD. Additional studies are now needed to address the downstream effectors as well as the safety profile of Boc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schröder
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Schaffrath
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josua A Welter
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Putzka
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Griep
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa Brandt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Samer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eugenia Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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5
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Evaluation of the methoxy-X04 derivative BSC4090 for diagnosis of prodromal and early Alzheimer's disease from bioptic olfactory mucosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:973-984. [PMID: 30421149 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology precedes the onset of clinical symptoms by several decades. Thus, biomarkers are required to identify prodromal disease stages to allow for the early and effective treatment. The methoxy-X04-derivative BSC4090 is a fluorescent ligand which was designed to target neurofibrillary tangles in AD. BSC4090 staining was previously detected in post-mortem brains and olfactory mucosa derived from AD patients. We tested BSC4090 as a potential diagnostic marker of prodromal and early AD using olfactory mucosa biopsies from 12 individuals with AD, 13 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 10 cognitively normal (CN) controls. Receiver-operating curve analysis revealed areas under the curve of 0.78 for AD versus CN and of 0.86 for MCI due to AD versus MCI of other causes. BSC4090 labeling correlated significantly with cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau protein phosphorylated at T181. Using NMR spectroscopy, we find that BSC4090 binds to fibrillar and pre-fibrillar but not to monomeric tau. Thus, BSC4090 may be an interesting candidate to detect AD at the early disease stages.
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6
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Zhang J, Sandberg A, Konsmo A, Wu X, Nyström S, Nilsson KPR, Konradsson P, LeVine H, Lindgren M, Hammarström P. Detection and Imaging of Aβ1-42 and Tau Fibrils by Redesigned Fluorescent X-34 Analogues. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Alexander Sandberg
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Audun Konsmo
- Department of Physics; The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Xiongyu Wu
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Sofie Nyström
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - K. Peter R. Nilsson
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Peter Konradsson
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Harry LeVine
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40536-0230 USA
| | - Mikael Lindgren
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
- Department of Physics; The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Per Hammarström
- Division of chemistry; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
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7
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Verwilst P, Kim HS, Kim S, Kang C, Kim JS. Shedding light on tau protein aggregation: the progress in developing highly selective fluorophores. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2249-2265. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00706j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly selective fluorophores for tau protein aggregates, a key feature of Alzheimer's disease, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soobin Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- Korea
| | - Chulhun Kang
- The School of East-West Medical Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Korea
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8
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Zhu B, Zhang T, Jiang Q, Li Y, Fu Y, Dai J, Li G, Qi Q, Cheng Y. Synthesis and evaluation of pyrazine and quinoxaline fluorophores for in vivo detection of cerebral tau tangles in Alzheimer's models. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11558-11561. [PMID: 30204164 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06897f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The quinoxaline derivative 3b is a candidate probe for fluorescence turn-on detection of tau tangles both in vitro and in mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals
- Guangzhou 510663
- China
| | - Qingrong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
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